• 심성연구
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• 제35권2호
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• pp.85-112
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• 2020

분석심리학은 정신건강의학과 진료실에서 만나는 환자들을 이해하는데 어떻게 도움이 되는가? 수련 중인 젊은 정신과 의사들을 교육하면서 분석심리학의 지식이 어떤 때 필요한가를 고민해 봤다. 저자가 환자를 진료하면서 흔히 접하게 되는 몇 가지 주제들을 분석심리학의 관점에서 고찰해 보았다. 우리를 찾아오는 환자들은 증상(문제점)을 가지고 온다. 고통을 느끼며 동반 된 증상은 없애야 할 병리 현상이기 전에 환자의 내면의 문제에 접근할 수 있는 중요한 통로이다. 비슷한 증상의 호소나 문제라도 그 환자가 인생의 전반기의 환자인지 후반기의 사람인지에 따라서 치료자의 접근하는 태도를 달리할 수 있다. 치료자는 환자가 말하는 내용과 거기에 더해서 말하지 못하거나 알지 못하는 부분까지를 알려고 노력해야 한다. 의식에 더해 무의식까지를 본다는 것이 전체를 보려는 분석심리학의 관점이다. 환자를 보면서 초기에 치료 방법의 적응증과 금기를 판단할 때도 진단이 중요하지만, 치료자의 경험을 포함한 능력도 치료 방법의 선택에 영향을 미친다. 환자가 호소하는 문제를 논리적으로 옳고 그름이 아닌 현상 그 자체를 사실로 인정하는 현상학적 입장을 견지하는 것도 중요하다. 그 증상이 무슨 까닭에 발생했는지 원인론적인 관점을 묻는 동시에 왜 하필이면 지금 그리고 무슨 목적으로라는 의문에 환자와 함께 치료자는 답을 찾으려 해야 한다. 치료자는 환자의 고통을 해소해주기 위해 노력하는 동시에 그 고통의 의미를 함께 찾아보고, 환자에게서 치료의 가능성을 찾으려 노력해야 한다. 환자가 말하는 것을 듣는 법부터 페르소나와 그림자를 이해하고 꿈이나 민담과 신화에 관한 관심까지 진료현장에서 분석심리학적 지식은 다각적으로 적용된다. 결론적으로 분석심리학은 실용적이며 유용한 치료적 도구로서 실제 정신건강의학과 진료실에서 폭넓게 사용 가능한 학문 분야이다. 환자를 이해하는데 또 치료자 스스로가 치료의 도구가 되려는 이의 교육과 성장에도 중요한 기회를 제공할 수 있다.

• 대한간호
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• 제28권3호
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• pp.52-67
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• 1989

True nursing care means total nursing care which includes physical, emotional and spiritual care. The modern nursing care has tendency to focus toward physical care and needs attention toward emotional and spiritual care. The total nursing care is mandatory for patients with terminal cancer and for this purpose, hospice care became emerged. Hospice case originated from the place or shelter for the travellers to Jerusalem in medieval stage. However, the meaning of modem hospice care became changed to total nursing care for dying patients. Modern hospice care has been developed in England, and spreaded to U.S.A. and Canada for the patients with terminal cancer. Nowaday, it became a part of nursing care and the concept of hospice care extended to the palliative care of the cancer patients. Recently, it was introduced to Korea and received attention as model of total nursing care. This study was attempted to assess the efficacy of hospice care. The purpose of this study was to prove a difference in terms of physical, emotional a d spiritual aspect between the group who received hospice care and who didn't receive hospice care. The subject for this study were 113 patients with advanced cancer who were hospitalized in the S different hospitals. 67 patients received hospice care in 4 different hospitals, and 46 patients didn't receive hospice care in another 4 different hospitals. The method of this study was the questionaire which was made through the descriptive study. The descriptive study was made by individual contact with 102 patients cf advanced cancer for 9 months period. The measurement tool for questionaire was made by author through the descriptive study, and included the personal religious orientation obtained from chung(originated R. Fleck) and 5 emotional stages before dying from Kubler Ross. The content ol questionaire consisted in 67 items which included 11 for general characteristics, 10 for related condition with cancer, 13 for wishes far physical therapy, 13 for emotional reactions and 20 for personal religious orientation. Data for this study was collected from Aug. 25 to Oct. 6 by author and 4 other nurse's who received education and training by author for the collection of data. The collected data were ana lysed using descriptive statistics, $X^2-test$, t-test and pearson correlation coefficient. Results of the study were as follows: "H.C Group" means the group of patient with cancer who received hospice care. "Non H.C Group" means the group of patient with cancer who did not receive hospice care. 1. There is a difference between H.C Group and Non H.C Group in term of the number of physical symptoms, subjective degree of pain sensation and pain control, subjective beliefs in physical cure, emotional reaction, help of present emotional and spiritual care from other personal, needs of emotional and spiritual care in future, selection of treatment method by patients and personal religious orientation. 2. The comparison of H.C Group and Non H.C Group 1) There is no difference in wishes for physical therapy between two groups(p=.522). Among Non H.C Group, a group, who didn't receive traditional therapy and herb medicine was higher than a group who received these in degree of belief that the traditional therapy and herb medicine can cure their disease, and this result was higher in comparison to H.C Group(p=.025, p=.050). 2) Non H.C Group was higher than H.C Group in degree of emotional reaction(p=.050). H.C Group was higher than Non H.C Group in denial and acceptant stage among 5 different emotional stages before dying described by Kubler Ross, especially among the patient who had disease more than 13 months(p=.0069, p=.0198). 3) Non H.C Group was higher than H. C Group in demanding more emotional and spiritual care to doctor, nurse, family and pastor(p=. 010). 4) Non H.C Group was higher than H.C Group in demanding more emotional and spiritual care to each individual of doctor, nurse and family (p=.0110, p=.0029, P=. 0053). 5) H.C Group was higher th2.n Non H.C Group in degree of intrinsic behavior orientation and intrinsic belief orientation of personal religious orientation(p=.034, p=.026). 6) In H.C Group and Non H.C Group, the degree of emotional demanding of christians was significantly higher than non christians to doctor, nurse, family and pastor(p=. 000, p=.035). 7) In H.C Group there were significant positive correlations as following; (1) Between the degree of emotional demandings to doctor, nurse, family & pastor and: the degree of intrinsic behavior orientation in personal religious orientation(r=. 5512, p=.000). (2) Between the degree of emotional demandings to doctor, nurse. family & pastor and the degree of intrinsic belief orientation in personal religious orientation(r=.4795, p=.000). (3) Between the degree of intrinsic behavior orientation and the degree of intrinsic: belief orientation in personal religious orientation(r=.8986, p=.000). (4) Between the degree of extrinsic religious orientation and the degree of consensus religious orientation in personal religious orientation (r=. 2640, p=.015). In H.C. Group there were significant negative correlations as following; (1) Between the degree of intrinsic behavior orientation and extrinsic religious orientation in personal religious orientation (r=-.4218, p=.000). (2) Between the degree or intrinsic behavior orientation and consensus religious orientation in personal religious orientation(r=-. 4597, p=.000). (3) Between the degree of intrinsic belief orientations and the degree of extrinsic religious orientation in personal religious orientation(r=-.4388, p=.000). (4) Between the degree of intrinsic belief orientation and the degree of consensus religious orientation in personal religious orientation(r=-. 5424, p=.000). 8) In Non H.C Group there were significant positive correlation as following; (1) Between the degree of emotional demandings to doctor, nurse, family & pastor and the degree of intrinsic behavior orientation in personal religious orientation(r= .3566, p=.007). (2) Between the degree of emotional demandings to doctor, nurse, family & pastor and the degree of intrinsic belief orientation in personal religious orientation(r=.3430, p=.010). (3) Between the degree of intrinsic behavior orientation and the degree of intrinsic belief orientation in personal religious orientation(r=.9723, p=.000). In Non H.C Group there were significant negative correlation as following; (1) Between the degree of emotional demandings to doctor, nurse, family & pastor and the degree of extrinsic religious orientation in personal religious orientation(r= -.2862, p=.027). (2) Between the degree of intrinsic behavior orientation and the degree of extrinsic religious orientation in personal religious orientation(r=-. 5083, p=.000). (3) Between the degree of intrinsic belief orientation and the degree of extrinsic religious orientation in personal religious orientation(r=-. 5013, p=.000). In conclusion above datas suggest that hospice care provide effective total nursing care for the patients with terminal cancer, and hospice care is mandatory in all medical institutions.

• 대한간호
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• 제31권4호
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• pp.77-99
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• 1992

The study was carried out at W. hospital, an affiliated hospital of Y university, involved a total of 163 patients who were discharged from the hospital between May 1990 und March 199J. Data collection was twice, just prior to discharge and a minimum of three months post discharge. Thirty patients who lived within a hour travel time of the hospital received home care during the three months post discharge. Nursing diagnoses and nursing interventions For these patients were analyzed in this study. The results of the study are summarized as follows : 1. Discharge needs for the subjects of the study were analyzed using Gordon's eleven Functional categories and it was found that 48.3% of the total sample had identified nursing needs. Of these, the needs most frequently identified were in the categories of sexuality, 79.3 %, health perception, 68.2 % self concept, 62.5 %, and sleep and rest 62.5 %. Looking ut j he nursing diagnosis that were made for the 30 patients receiving home care, the following diagnoses were the most frequently given; alteration in sexual pattern 79.3%, alterations in health maintenance, 72.6%, alteration in comfort, 68.0%, depression, 64.0%, noncompliance with diet therapy, 6.3.7%, alteration in self concept, 55.6%, and alteration in sleep pattern, 53%. 2. In looking at the effects of home nursing care as demonstrated by changes in the functional categories over the three month period, it was Found that of the 11 functional categories, the need level for health perception, nutrition, activity and self concept decreased slightly over the three month period. On the average sleep patterns improved, but restfulness was slightly less and bowel elimination patterns improved but satisfaction with urinary elimination was slightly less. On the other hand, role enactment, sexuality, stress management and spirituality decreased slightly. The only results that were statistically significant at the 0.05 level were improvement. in digestion and decrease in pain. No statistically significant changes were found in ability related to ADL, the total ADL Score at discharge was $19.78{\pm}8.234, and after 3 months $19.01{\pm}8.12$. Considering that a majority of the patients were over 60 years of age and that many had brain or spinal cord injuries, the fact that their ADL ability did nor deteriorate after discharge can be interpreted as related to a positive impact by the home health care nurses. Similarly there was a slight be not statistically significant decrease in the quality of life scores between the two lest times(l47.83 at discharge and 113.02 at the three month period). Again, when the chronic nature of thee problems facing these patients is considered this maintenance of quality of life can be interpreted as a positive impact by the home health care nurses. 3. One of the home care nursing activities was diagnosis. For this activity it was found that for nine functional health categories(sexuality and spirituality excepted) there were 20 nursing diagnoses. The most frequent were noncompliance, alteration in skin integrity both actual and potential, and impaired physical mobility in that order. 4. Delivery of home health care by the home health nurses included the following nursing activities; assessment, patient education, demonstration of care activities, counselling, direct care to the patient and referrals. Direct care included changing dressings, bladder irrigations, changing Foley catheters, measurement of residual urine, perineal care, position change, back care, oral hygiene, exercise and massage of motion exercises, cleansing enemas, tracheostomy suctioning and tracheostomy care, care of dentures, applications of heat and other similar nursing activities. In conclusion almost 50% of (he sample indicated a need for continued nursing care at the time of discharge and for the patients in the sample who received home care there was a slight decrease in nursing needs but while the patients had chronic and debilitation problems there was ill decrease in ADL abilities or in quality of life. Further study needs Lo be done La increase the reliability and validity of the tool that was used to measure home health care needs. It is also recommended that study by done using a randomized sampling with a control group to compare patients who receive home care with those who do not.

• 대한골관절종양학회지
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• 제9권2호
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• pp.148-154
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• 2003

목적: 신경초종은 말초신경 혹은 중추신경에 발생하는 종양이나 대개 무통성 종괴를 주소로 내원하며 신경증상이 드물기 때문에 임상적으로 신경섬유종, 결절종 혹은 지방종 등과 감별이 어려운 경우가 자주 있다. 이에 신경초종의 자기공명영상의 특징적 소견 찾아 조직학적 소견과 비교, 분석하고 임상적 특징 및 수술적 치료의 결과를 알아보기 위해 본 연구를 시행하였다. 대상 및 방법: 1996년 1월부터 2002년 6월까지 수술적 제거술 후 병리조직학적으로 신경초종으로 확진 된 73명의 환자 중 사지에서 발생한 67명을 대상으로 임상기록, MRI 및 EMG 소견, 조직병리 소견, 수술 후 경과 및 합병증 등을 후향적으로 분석하였다. 남녀의 발생빈도 차이는 없었으며, 초진시 나이는 최소 8세에서 최고 75세로 평균 44.7세였다. 추시기간은 최단 3 개월에서 최장 46개월, 평균 9.7개월이었다. 결과: 자기공명영상 검사는 근육들 사이에 T1강조영상에서 중간 신호강도, T2강조영상에서 높은 신호강도를 나타내는 경계가 분명한 방추형의 연부 조직 음영이 특징적으로 모신경에 연결되어 보였다. T2 강조상에서는 주변부의 고강도 신호와 중심부의 저강도 신호를 나타내는 target pattern이 6례(15%)에서 나타났고, 24례(62%)에서 높은 신호강도 내부에 특징적으로 비균질의 저강도 신호 음영이 나타나 fasciculation 같이 보였다. 25례(64%)에서는 다양한 크기의 낭종성 변화를 보였다. 수술 후 합병증은 5명에서 저림증, 2명에서 감각이상, 1명에서 비복신경 손상, 1명에서 요골신경 손상이 발생하였으나 추시 관찰 중 모두 호전되었다. 수술 후 재발한 경우는 없었으며, 악성변화를 한 경우도 없었다. 결론: 수술 전 자기공명영상 검사에 의한 정확한 진단과 조심스러운 적출술로 좋은 치료결과를 얻을 수 있을 것으로 사료된다.

• 간호행정학회지
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• 제7권2호
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• pp.265-284
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• 2001

The case management has been applied to improve the quality of care and the cost-effectiveness in the most health care institutions. In a way of case management, the critical pathway(CP) has been executed in many acute care settings, focused on the diagnoses with high cost, high volume, and high risk. This study was conducted to develop a case management program using CP as an intervention of patients with lumbar spinal stenosis for the surgery of posterolateral fusion, and to find out the effects of the critical pathway on the quality of nursing care, patient satisfaction as an outcome of care, length of stay and medical charge, and nurses' job satisfaction. At the same time, patients' functional states were checked with the Oswestry Low Back Pain Index, to show that the CP would not decrease the patients' function compared to the control group. The subjects were 25 control patients with a usual operation of lumbar fusion and 25 experimental patients with CP. They were all female, aged $50s{\sim}70s$, admitted in the Orthopedic surgery ward of a university hospital. Also nurses on the floor using CP were asked to respond to measurement tool of job satisfaction before and after the application of CP, and compared with other nurses on the different wards. Data were analyzed with t-test for continuous variables and chi-square for non-parametric variables in addition to the reliability test of the measurement tools. The results of this study were as followings: 1. Patients' functional states The differences in Oswestry scores of the experimental and control groups assessed at preoperation and at discharge were not statistically significant. The change in scores of the experimental group measured at preoperation and at discharge was larger than that of the control group, however the difference was not statistically significant. The results indicate that the CP did not decrease the patients' functional status. 2. The quality of nursing care The total of quality of nursing care given to the experimental group was better than that of the control group(P=.000). In addition, the experimental group showed better scores of quality of every item of care than the control group(P=.000 -.004). 3. Patient satisfaction Patients of the experimental group were not more satisfied with general care than the control group. But they were more satisfied with discharge care of 'explanation about medication, body posture, and brace application' and 'explanation about the adjustment of daily living and exercise during recovery'(P= .047, P=.028). 4. Nurses' job satisfaction Nurses working with the CP showed more job satisfaction than before the CP introduction(P=.048). But the control group of nurses on a different floor showed no change in job satisfaction at the same period of time. 5. Length of stay and medical charge The mean length of stay of the experimental group was shorter than that of the control group without statistical significance. The charge of medication and treatment of the experimental group were smaller than that of the control group(P=.011, P=.000). The results of the study support that the case management using critical pathway enables to improve the quality of care and job satisfaction, to reduce the medical charge, and consequently to increase satisfaction with care. However, the case management should be instituted focusing on the quality improvement of nursing and the client satisfaction, not just for the purpose of cost-effectiveness of health care facilities.

• Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology & Nutrition
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• 제9권2호
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• pp.193-199
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• 2006

목 적: 증후성 멕켈 게실 환자들의 임상 증상, 검사 소견, 조직학적 소견, 치료법 등에 대한 임상적 고찰을 통하여 그 특징을 알아보고 진단과 치료에 도움이 되고자 하였다. 방 법: 1997년 1월부터 2006년 3월까지 6개 대학교병원에서 멕켈 게실로 진단받은 58명의 환자를 대상으로 후향적 조사를 통해 임상 증상, 검사실 소견, 조직학적 소견, 진단 방법, 수술 방법 등을 분석하였다. 결 과: 성별 비율은 남자 43예, 여자 15예로 2.8 : 1이었다. 증상이 발생한 연령은 평균 47개월로 생후 1일부터 27세였고, 2세 이하가 31명(53%), 2~5세가 13명(22%), 5세 이상이 14명(25%)으로 5세 이전에 대부분 증상이 나타나 진단되었다. 주요 증상으로는 출혈(78%)이 가장 많았고, 구토(43%), 복통(43%), 보챔(19%), 복부팽만(13%), 발열(9%) 등이 있었다. 임상 양상은 장관 출혈이 76%로 가장 많았고, 그 외 장폐색(34%), 천공(13%), 게실염(9%), 혈성 복수(2%)를 보였다. 장폐색을 유발한 원인으로는 장중첩(38%), 내탈장(27%), 띠(16%), 염전(11%), 함입(5%)의 순이었다. 멕켈 스캔이 70%의 환자에서 시행되었고 이소성 위 점막이 있었던 26예 중 21예에서 양성을 보였다. 그 외 복부 전산화 단층 촬영(19%), 복부 초음파(24%), 진단적 개복술(20%) 등이 진단에 이용되었다. 진단이 되기까지 걸린 시간은 평균 51일(1일~4년)이었다. 수술을 받았던 55명 중 44명(80%)이 소장 부분 절제술, 11명(20%)이 게실 절제술을 받았으며 술 후 합병증은 없었다. 게실의 위치는 회맹판에서 평균 45.9 cm (2~120 cm) 근위부에 있었고 게실의 길이는 평균 3.2 cm (1~10 cm), 직경은 평균 1.8cm (0.5~6 cm)로 대부분 5 cm 이하였다. 게실의 이소성 조직은 위 점막이 26예(48%), 위 점막과 췌장점막이 동시에 있었던 경우가 5예(9%)였다. 결 론: 증후성 멕켈 게실은 주로 5세 이하 남자에서 호발하며 출혈과 장폐색 소견을 보이는 경우가 많으나 다양한 임상적 발현을 보인다. 원인이 뚜렷하지 않은 장관의 출혈이나 반복성 장중첩증, 장폐색의 소견이 있는 경우 멕켈 게실을 염두에 두고 멕켈 스캔과 복부 초음파 검사, 복부 컴퓨터 단층 촬영을 즉시 시행하고 임상적으로 의심이 되면 시험 개복술로 확인하는 것이 필요하다.

• 가정∙방문간호학회지
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• 제11권1호
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• pp.5-13
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• 2004

The home health care industry has grown rapidly and can be expected to continue to grow in the foreseeable future. Home health care refers to the practice of nursing applied to clients with a health condition in the clients place of residence. clients and their designated care givers are the focus at home health nursing practice. The goal of care is to initiate. manage and evaluate the resources needed to promote the clients optimal level of well-being and function. Nursing activities necessary to achieve this goal may warrant preventive maintenance and restorative emphases to prevent potential problems from developing. Many project program were suggested home health care model for Korea's health care system and policy direction for expansion and establishment of home health care .But the aim of this paper is to provide on overview for theoretical frame work in home health care. Theories and conceptual frameworks or models are important nursing because they define and guide the boundaries of professional practice and identify key nurse-patient-caregiver relationships that emerge with caring. Following is the research with an investigation of the literature review in the University of Arizona international medline database, In conclusion, are as followers: First, many nursing theorists have had a tremendous impact on nursing practice. the following highlights those nursing theorists that are particularly helpful in understanding home health care. 1. Florence Nightingale : Our earliest theoretical legacy. Nightingale's believes are reflected in basic infection control practice such as hand washing and infectious waste disposal and are key nursing interventions in home care. 2. Martha Roger's :Science of unitary human beings theory. Rorger's believed that the focus of shared. non invasive healing modelities is the human environmental field rather than direct physical care. These modelities continue to evolve as our awareness (reflecting greater diversity, faster rhythms, motions, and ways of knowing) transcends time and space, allowing individuals to get in touch with their integral nature of unbroken wholeness. On people as ever changing energy fields have special relevance in home care especially with hospice and palliative care applications. 3. Madeline Leininger's; Transcultural nursing theory. Home care nurses move through a variety of communities and often care for patients from different cultural back grounds. Therefore Leininger's work has a good that with home care because home care nursing practice is very culturally focused. 4. Dorothea Orem's : Self care deficit theory. Orem's theory views care as something to be performed by both nurses and patients. The role of the nurse is to provide education and support that help patients acquire the necessary activities to perform self-care. Orem's theory is foundational to have care because it begins to truly acknowledge the role of the patient in managing his or her own health. which is referred to as self-care. 5. Margaret Neuman's; Health as expending consciousness theory. Neuman believes that health compasses disease and reflects an underlying pattern of person-environment interaction. A key application of 'Neuman's work to home care is for nurses to understand that health and illness do not necessarily exist at opposite ends of a continuum. 6. Jean Watson's: Theory of human caring. Watson's theory of human caring in nursing proposes human caring as the moral ideal of nursing. Nurses participate human caring to protect, enhance and preserve humanity by assisting individuals to fing meaning in illness. pain and existence and to help others gain self knowledge. self control. and self healing such thinking lends richness to theory development. as well as clinical practice in home care. Second, Robin Rice : Dynamic self determination for self care. (A theoretical framework for home care) Dynamical self determination for self care can be useful to home care nurses in a variety of ways. As research tool it can be reflected in the interview process when the home visit. The home care nurse's role is that of facilitator of patient self-determination for self care through numerous strategies. including patient education and case management.