• Journal of Sericultural and Entomological Science
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• v.45 no.2
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• pp.108-111
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• 2003

A infectious fungus (J131) recently isolated from artificial cultivation farms of Paecilomyces tenuipes is known to cause a great yield loss and deterioration of products. In this study, its occurrence and characterization were made. The isolate (J131) was identified as Paecilomyces farinosus (Holm ex S. F. Gray) Brown ＆ Smith. Colonies of the isolate on PDA grew moderately fast, attaining a diameter of 19mm within 14 days at 24${\pm}$1$^{\circ}C$. Vegetative hyphae are smooth-walled and hyaline. Conidiophores mainly arose from the submerged mycelium, usually measuring 1.3-1.5$\mu\textrm{m}$ wide and consisted of verticillate branches with whorls of 2 to 4 phialides. Phialides of 3.8-5.8${\times}$1.5-1.8 $\mu\textrm{m}$, with a swollen basal portion tapered into a distinct neck of about 0.6-0.8 $\mu\textrm{m}$ wide. Conidia arisen from the phialides, were ellipsoidal to fusiform, smooth-walled, hyaline, 1.8-2.4${\times}$1.1-1.4$\mu\textrm{m}$. .When silkworm larvae were injected with concentration of 1${\times}$10$\^$8/ conidia/$m\ell$ of infectious fungus J131, infection rate was 41.3％ and synnemata formation rate was 23.6％. Black spots were appeared on the surface of silkworm larvae in 5-9 days after injection. The surface of larvae was covered with hyphae which were gradually turned into yellow from white color during the incubation period of 3-4 days. 1 to several 4-6mm long synnemata of yellow or orange color were formed on the surface. The matured synnemata were ramified from its end and produced much conidia of white color.

• Journal of Sericultural and Entomological Science
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• v.55 no.1
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• pp.11-21
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• 2019

Historical background and present status of Korean functional sericulture was reviewed. Five-year expansion projects began in 1962, and produced 41,700 tons of cocoon in 1976 and exported $271 million. However, the number of silkworm rearing households reduced to 59,800 by 1987 from 488,000 in 1976 due to rapid development of the secondary and the tertiary industries with higher labor cost. That's why functional sericulture was developed in Korea. Freeze-dried silkworm powder was found that it lowered the level of blood glucose. Nuedongchunghacho, Paecilomyces tenuipes, was cultured on silkworm larva. Odi, the fruit of mulberry trees, was studied as a new food ingredient. Mulberry tree varieties for improved Odi production were also developed.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.27 no.2
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• pp.247-266
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• 2017

Cordyceps is a traditional Chinese medicinal herb well-known in China, Korea and Japan since B.C. 2,000. The original entomopathogenic fungus, Cordyceps sinensis belonging to the genus Cordyceps could not be found inside Korean peninsula due to the absence of the host insect for the corresponding entomogenous fungus. The development of artificial production methods of Korean type Cordyceps using the silkworm Bombyx mori as in vivo culture medium for the the entomopathogenic fungus Paecilomyces tenuipes is the first, and wonderful occasion in the research history of insect industry of this global world. The aim of this article is to review the historical research background, mass-production methods, and pharmacological effects of the silkworm-dongchunghacho (Paecilomyces tenuipes) which is a newly developed Korean medicinal insect-borne mushroom, and another non-insect-borne medicinal mushroom (Cordyceps militaris and Cordyceps pruinosa). Their biological actions include anti-tumor, immunostimulating, anti-fatigue, anti-stress, anti-oxidant, anti-aging, anti-diabetic, anti-inflammatory, anti-thrombosis, hypolipidaemic and insecticidal effects. The bioactive principles are protein-bound polysaccharides (hexose, hexosamin), cordycepin, D-manitol, acidic polysaccharide etc. Protein-bound polysaccharides and n-butanol fractions were demonstrated to show a significant anti-tumor activities but did not show a cytotoxicities. D-mannitol exhibited a significant prolongation of the life span in tumor bearing mice. Ergosterol did not show an efficient anti-tumor activity, but showed a significant phagocytosis enhancing activity. Anti-tumor activity of silkworm-dongchunghacho might be attributed to immuno-stimulating activities rather than cytotoxic effects [164]. Also this review comprises the breeding of Dongchunghacho varieties, optimization of culture conditions, improvement of learning and memory by Dongchunghacho, application of them as foods and chemical constituents.

• Mycobiology
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• v.35 no.4
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• pp.215-218
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• 2007

The caterpillar-shaped Chinese medicinal mushroom (DongChongXiaCao) looks like a worm in the winter and like a grass in the summer. The fruiting body has been regarded as popular folk or effective medicines used to treat human diseases such as asthma, bronchial and lung inflammation, and kidney disease. The fruiting bodies of Paecilomyces tenuipes that formed on the living silkworm (Bombyx mon) host were used in this examination. This study was carried out to investigate the proximate composition, soluble sugar, amino acid and fatty acid profiles, and contents of the bioactive ingredient including adenosine and D-mannitol in the fruiting-bodies. The moisture content was 57.56%. Soluble sugars found were glycerol, glucose, mannitol and sucrose, and the contents exceeded $24\;mgg^{-1}dry$ weight. Total free amino acid content was $17.09\;mgg^{-1}dry$ weight. Arginine, glycine, proline and tyrosine were main amino acids. The content of oleic acid in fatty acids was high. Adenosine was more abundant in fruiting bodies than corpus.

• Journal of Mushroom
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• v.15 no.4
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• pp.237-243
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• 2017

In order to develop fermented silkworm "Dongchunghacho" (Paecilomyces tenuipes) with improved absorption and increased effectiveness, we fermented Dongchunghacho using four kinds of microorganisms, viz., lactic acid bacteria, Bacillus subtilis, Natto bacillus, and yeast. A total of 15 samples were fermented using a combination of microbial inoculation culture and conditions to produce fermentation products. The contents of basic components such as sugar, reducing sugar, protein, total polyphenol, and total flavonoid were examined as well as the antioxidant, tyrosinase inhibitory, and thrombolytic activities of the fermented products were analyzed. We observed that reducing sugar and protein contents decreased in most of the fermented products, but the products fermented using yeast exhibited higher sugar content and, thus, higher sweetness. Total polyphenol content and antioxidant activity did not increase in fermented products compared to non-fermented Dongchunghachos, but total flavonoid content and tyrosinase inhibitory and thrombolytic activities increased by fermentation. In particular, total flavonoid content and tyrosinase inhibitory and thrombolytic activities primarily increased in the products fermented using yeast and lactic acid bacteria. However, it was not possible to confirm the increase in these activities in samples fermented by single fermentation using only yeast. Therefore, we propose that it will be possible to develop fermented food from silkworm Dongchunghacho (P. tenuipes) with excellent health benefits through additional study of multiple fermentation conditions using lactic acid bacteria and yeast.

• Journal of Sericultural and Entomological Science
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• v.48 no.1
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• pp.16-20
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• 2006

To shorten the labor cost for the production of the fungus, Paecilomyces tenuipies, uncocooning mutant hybrid silkworms as a host was used. The yield of P. tenuipies was reduced when Nd (uncocooning mutant) was used as a host because Nd was smaller than the hybrid Baegokjam that has been used as a typical host. To increase the host weight, Nd was crossed with Jam l23 or Jam 124, and resulted in not only greater weighter but also higher yield of P. tenuipies. The optimum temperature for rearing Nd hybrid silkworms was $3^{\circ}C$ higher than standard temperature of rearing silkworms to increase the naked pupation rate. The optimum time for the infection of P. tenuipies was 12 h at $28.5^{\circ}C$ and 95% R.H., when $1{\times}10^7spores/ml$ of P. tenuipies were sprayed on the surface of the silkworm. The conditions were applicable to both spring-rearing and autumn-rearing.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Sericultural Science Conference
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• 2005.11a
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• pp.25-25
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• 2005

• Journal of Sericultural and Entomological Science
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• v.45 no.1
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• pp.31-33
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• 2003

This study was carried out to investigate pathogenicity of liquid spawns on dongchunghacho growing using silkworm, optimum infective condition for mass production and infection rate on various conservation periods and temperatures. We compared with the infection rates after conservation the liquid spawns (Paecilomyces tenuipes) at 4$^{\circ}C$ and 25$^{\circ}C$ for 10 days and 20 days. In these results, infection rate of conservated liquid spawns at 4$^{\circ}C$ was 88.0 percent in the tenth day, and then again it was 5.3 percent at 25$^{\circ}C$. Infection rates at 4$^{\circ}C$ were on the whole excellent out of long-term preservation methods.

• International Journal of Industrial Entomology and Biomaterials
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• v.18 no.1
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• pp.13-17
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• 2009

The caterpillar-shaped Chinese medicinal mushroom (DongChongXiaCao) looks like a worm in the winter and like a grass in the summer. The fruiting body has been regarded as popular folk or effective medicines used to treat human diseases such as asthma, bronchial and lung inflammation, and kidney disease. The fruiting bodies of Cordyceps militaris, C. pruinosa and Paecilomyces tenuipes that formed on the living silkworm (Bombyx mori) host were used in this examination. This study was carried out to investigate the soluble sugar, amino acid and fatty acid profiles in the fruiting-bodies. Soluble sugars such as glycerol, glucose, mannitol and sucrose were mainly found in the fruiting bodies of C. militaris, C. pruinosa and P. tenuipes. Total soluble sugar content was 29.23 mg/g in C. militaris, 8.61 mg/g in C. pruinosa and 24.00 mg/g 1in P. tenuipes on dry weight basis. Total free amino acid content was 14.09 mg/g 1in C. militaris, 34.60 mg/g in C. pruinosa and 17.09 mg/g in P. tenuipes. The content of oleic acid in fatty acids was above high more than 30% regardless of species.

• International Journal of Industrial Entomology and Biomaterials
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• v.20 no.1
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• pp.29-35
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• 2010

To compare the quality of manufactured goods distributed in the domestic markets, 6 isolates of Dongchongxiacao products, namely, 4 Paecilomyces tenuipes specimens (J2P, 901A, 901B, and 901C), 1 Cordyceps militaris specimen (901D), and 1 Cordyceps sinensis specimen (CI-1), were analyzed for their physicochemical properties and sequence-structure relationships. P. tenuipes (J2P), a kind of Dongchongxiacao, was successfully inoculated on silkworms by percutaneous infection of Rural Development AdminstraionNam et al., 1999); fruiting bodies were then formed on the complete surface of the pupa. Since P. tenuipes (J2P) from silkworm larva was also proved to have remarkable pharmacological activities, it has been produced in bulk and has been successfully sold to buyers in the Korean market. Additionally, imitation products such as 901A, 901B, 901C, 901D, and CI-1 were sold simultaneously, resulting in deterioration of product quality. This research focuses on establishing quality standards to discriminate between the original and imitation products circulating in the market. The products obtained for the experiments included J2P, 901A, 901B, 901C, 901D, and CI-1; proximate analysis was performed for these products. The hosts and methods of conidia inoculation for proliferation of mycelia differed among the products. P. tenuipes (J2P) was proliferated in live silkworm larvae, and dead silkworm pupae were used to produce 901A, 901B, and 901C. On the other hand, 901D was produced on hulled rice medium. Quality analysis of C. sinensis revealed that CI-1, which was imported from China, smelled bad and proved to be a counterfeit with the fruiting body glued to the insect by twigs. The results of the proximate analysis of 901A, 901B, 901C, and 901D were similar to those of J2P with respect to the moisture content. Otherwise, J2P contained higher crude protein than 901A, 901B, 901C, and 901D, but contained very low fat. C. militaris (901D) and C. sinensis (CI-1) had low crude protein content-12.79% and 9.78% respectively-as compared to that of J2P, which was 62.38%. In contrast to the crude ash content of 6.4% in J2P, the crude ash content of CI-1 was 18.51% and this specimen was found to contain many impurities. phylogenetic analysis of P. tenuipes revealed that the sequence similarity of J2P, 901B, and 901C was in the range of 92.3~92.7%. Additionally, differences in the sequences were found at the positions 65 bp, 436 bp, 441 bp, 463 bp, etc.