• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
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• v.51 no.3
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• pp.183-196
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• 2023

Recently, the morphological and molecular features of five stain fungi infecting rubberwood (Hevea brasiliensis), namely Paecilomyces maximus, Paecilomyces formosus, Penicillium crustosum, Paecilomyces lecythidis and Aspergillus chevalieri, have been studied. Prior to this study, the authors revealed that catechin from gambir (Uncaria gambir) could inhibit the growth of the white-rot fungus Schizophyllum commune, and it was important to determine the bioactivity of the aforementioned agent against A. chevalieri. The efficacy of the biocidal agent was examined using a laboratory wooden block test. Rubberwood blocks, 8 mm in thickness, 20 mm in width, and 30 mm in length, were impregnated with catechin solution at concentrations of 6%, 9%, 12%, and 15% (w/v) using the vacuum-pressure method, and their bioactivity was monitored over three weeks through visual and scanning electron microscope assessment of fungal growth as well as the discoloration intensity of the wood samples. The results showed that catechin treatment increased the resistance of wood samples to A. chevalieri. Overall, the higher the catechin concentration, the lower the fungal growth. The lowest fungal growth was observed in the wood samples treated with 12% and 15% catechin (score of 0), demonstrating no discoloration. In contrast, the fungal growth score of the untreated wood samples reached 4, indicating severe discoloration. Catechins appear to be adequate biofungicides against stain fungi in rubberwood.

• The Korean Journal of Mycology
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• v.27 no.2 s.89
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• pp.87-93
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• 1999

This study was conducted to investigate the morphological characteristics and cultural conditions for artificial fruiting body(synnemata) production of Paecilomyces japonica. In the morphological characteristics of P. japonica, the size of it's conidia was ranged from $5.0{\sim}1.5\;to\;7.9{\sim}2.4\;{\mu}m$. The artificial fruiting body showed yellow in color, shape was confirmed ellipsoidal or obovoid type, and the length was $50.6{\sim}104.5\;mm$. The mycelial growth on the PDA medium treated with pH7, at $25^{\circ}C$ was superior to that of other treatments. The formation period of an artificial fruiting body of P. japonica treated with polypropylene and glass bottle culture was 30 days and 50 days, respectively. The length and number of fruiting body was longer and higher in the polypropylene bottle culture than those of the glass bottle culture. As the results, the artificial fruiting body production in the polypropylene bottle increased 1.2g per bottle compared to that of the glass bottle. It also increased in $100{\sim}400\;lx$ illumination, whereas the elongation of synnemata, pinheading and fruiting body growth were inhibited by continuous use of 900 lx illumination. The results of these experiment indicated that fruiting body formation seemed to be lower as the light intensity increased. The fruiting body formation was also dependent on the light color. There was a higher incidence in red color light and fluorescent light treatment than that of incandescent and blue color light. The fruiting body of the naked barley medium had so much better growth compared to other media that it would be able to use for it's production. The growth of fruiting body was affected by $CO_2$ concentration. It increased after putting the lid on the bottle.

• The Korean Journal of Mycology
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• v.23 no.1 s.72
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• pp.92-104
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• 1995

Ten species of Cordyceps species were collected throughout Kangwon province including Chuncheon Dongsanmyun KNU forest experiment from June to September, 1993. Collected Cordyceps species were identified as Cordyceps militaris, C. roseostromata, C. kyushuensis, C. scarabaeicola, Phytocordyceps ninchukiospora, C. nutans, Paecilomyces tenuipes, C. sphecocephala, Hymenostilbe odonatae, Torrubiella sp.. C. militaris, type species of Cordyceps species, was mainly formed on pupae of Lepidoptera and found after the rainy season around July. Fruiting body of C. roseostromata was morphologically similar to those of C. militaris, but relatively small in size and they were also found on lawn or pupa of Lepidoptera. Fruiting body of C. scarabaeicola was found on adult Scarabaeidae specifically and collect fruiting bodies of C. kyushuensis were on larva of moth. C. nutans and C. sphecocephala had host specificity on Hemiptera and Hymenoptera, respectively. Each species formed elliptical fertile part attach to the slim and carneous stalk and they were collected the most in specimen number through whole season of the summer. Ascospore of Phytocordyceps ninchukiospora on seed was characterized by two viable, multiseptate, fusiform units linked end-to-end by a long, filiform connective. Paecilomyces tenuipes, imperfect stage of the genus Cordyceps is multi-infective fungi that attack all stages of all groups of insects. Hymenostilbe odonatae attacks only adult Odonata and Torrubiella sp. formed on spider was difficult to collect because it was found the back side of leaf. As results of cultural test PDA medium showed the best mycelial growth. In the experiment of effect of the acidity inside of the media, C. militaris was good on pH 5, C. nutans and Phytocordyceps ninchukiospora were good on pH 6 and Paecilomyces tenuipes was on pH 7 and C. scarabaeicola was on pH 9. All isolates tested showed the best mycelial growth at $20^{\circ}C$. Morphologically similar isolates were used to analyze protein banding pattern among and within species. As a result, C. militaris, C. roseostromata and C. kyushuensis were clustered into close species and C. scarabaeicola and Phytocordyceps ninchukiospora were relatively distant from those species.

• Current Research on Agriculture and Life Sciences
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• v.8
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• pp.65-70
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• 1990

Effects of nematode-parasitic fungus, Paecilomyces lilacinus, on root-knot nematode, Meloidogyne hapla, and growth and yield of consecutively grown lettuce and pepper were evaluated and compared to three soil fumigants, Telone II, TeloneC-17 and Dowfune MC-II, in greenhouse plots from 1983 to 1984 at Milyang, Korea. The number of nematodes in fungus plots, Telone II plots, Telone C-17 plots, and Dowfume MC-II plots at 25 days after treatment were 22, 2, 24 and 0, respectively, while untreated control plots were 685. At 350 days after treatment, 66%, 98%, 98% and 96% control of root-knot nematodes were observed in fungus plots, Telone II plots, Telone C-17 plots, and Dowfume MC-II plots, respectively. Lettuce yields were increased 49%, 43%, 31% and 109% and pepper yields were increased 33%, 49%, 37%, and 95% in fungus plots, Telone II plots, Telone C-17 plots, and Dowfume MC-II plots, respectively. Fresh weight and plant height of pepper were higher only in fumigant treated plots than untreated control plots.

• Journal of Sericultural and Entomological Science
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• v.48 no.1
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• pp.16-20
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• 2006

To shorten the labor cost for the production of the fungus, Paecilomyces tenuipies, uncocooning mutant hybrid silkworms as a host was used. The yield of P. tenuipies was reduced when Nd (uncocooning mutant) was used as a host because Nd was smaller than the hybrid Baegokjam that has been used as a typical host. To increase the host weight, Nd was crossed with Jam l23 or Jam 124, and resulted in not only greater weighter but also higher yield of P. tenuipies. The optimum temperature for rearing Nd hybrid silkworms was $3^{\circ}C$ higher than standard temperature of rearing silkworms to increase the naked pupation rate. The optimum time for the infection of P. tenuipies was 12 h at $28.5^{\circ}C$ and 95% R.H., when $1{\times}10^7spores/ml$ of P. tenuipies were sprayed on the surface of the silkworm. The conditions were applicable to both spring-rearing and autumn-rearing.

• The Korean Journal of Mycology
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• v.28 no.2
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• pp.112-117
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• 2000

A similarity coefficient were analyzed by RFLP of fourteen species of entomopathogenic fungi, isolated from inhabiting pupa and adult insect at forest. Each rDNA ITS I and ITS II with primers of ITS 1 and ITS 4 was amplified by PCR. The amplified products were conserved to 500 bp were not demarcated between genus and species. Four Paeciliomyces tenuipes, two Beauveria bassiana and six Cordyceps militaris were treated by seven restriction enzymes and confirmed in species except JB3 by electrophoresis band. However, the band of C. scarabaeicola showed the identity with B. bassiana. The result of this experiment indicated that the teleomorph of C. scarabaeicola was the same as that of B. bassiana. CfoI and HpaII of seven restricted enzymes were easily discriminating in the genus between Paecilomyees and Cordyceps. Especially, CfoI was more effective to classify the genera of Paecilomyees, Cordyceps and Beauveria than other restriction enzymes. The band patterns of RFLP of P. tenuipes, C. militaris, C. scarabaeicola and B. bassiana were also analyzed by UPGMA program of NTSYS-pc and showed 100% significance. Thus, the similarity coefficient tended to be lower between genera by RFLP analysis, but was higher between species.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.36 no.10
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• pp.1257-1262
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• 2007

To develop basidiomycetes-fermented cereals with hypoglycemic property, inhibitory effects of basidiomycetes mycelia and basidiomycetes-fermented cereals on postprandial glucose were investigated. In vitro effect of basidiomycetes mycelia on retarding the membrane transport of glucose was compared with pectin. For basidiomycetes mycelia, $13.1{\pm}3.6{\sim}41.8{\pm}8.0%$ of total glucose remained in inner solution of dialysis membrane after dialysis for 120 min, indicating that most of basidiomycetes mycelia might effectively retard membrane transport of glucose. Glucose tolerance of basidiomycetes mycelia and basidiomycetes-fermented cereals was tested on streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats administrated with maltose. Postprandial glucose levels of basidiomycetes mycelia, $389.4{\pm}43.8{\sim}426.3{\pm}49.4mg/dL$, were considerably lower than that of control, $535.3{\pm}78.6mg/dL$, at 30 minutes after maltose administration. Namely, basidiomycetes mycelia showed better postprandial glucose lowering effect than pectin. Brown rice and barley fermented with Paecilomyces japonica showed much lower postprandial glucose level than raw brown rice and barley, especially hypoglycemic effect of barley fermented with Paecilomyces japonica was significant.

• International Journal of Industrial Entomology and Biomaterials
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• v.28 no.2
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• pp.71-84
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• 2014

The full-length heat shock protein 88 (HSP88) complementary DNA (cDNA) of Paecilomyces tenuipes Jocheon-1 was obtained by screening the Paecilomyces tenuipes (P. tenuipes) Jocheon-1 Uni-Zap cDNA library and performing 5' RACE polymerase chain reaction (PCR). The P. tenuipes Jocheon-1 HSP88 cDNA contained an open reading frame (ORF) of 2,139-basepair encoding 713 amino acid residues. The deduced amino acid sequence of the P. tenuipe s Jocheon-1 HSP88 cDNA showed 77% identity to Nectria haematococca HSP88 and 45-76% identity to other fungal homologous HSP88s. Phylogenetic analysis and BLAST program analysis confirmed that the deduced amino acid sequences of the P. tenuipes Jocheon-1 HSP88 gene belonged to the ascomycetes group within the fungal clade. The P. tenuipes Jocheon-1 HSP88 also contained the conserved ATPase domain at the N-terminal region. The cDNA encoding P. tenuipes Jocheon-1 HSP88 was expressed as an 88 kilodalton (kDa) polypeptide in baculovirus-infected insect Sf9 cells. Under higher temperature conditions for the growth of the entomopathogenic fungus, mRNA expression of P. tenuipes Jocheon-1 HSP88 was quantified by real time PCR (qPCR). The results showed that heat shock stress induced a higher level of mRNA expression compared to normal growth conditions.

• The Korean Journal of Mycology
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• v.31 no.3
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• pp.155-160
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• 2003

Neutral salt soluble [0.9% NaCl (Fr. NaCl)], hot water soluble (Fr. HW) and methanol soluble (Fr. MeOH) materials were extracted from Paecilomyces sinclairii. In vitro cytotoxicity tests. Fr. HW was not cytotoxic against MH3T3, Sarcoma 180 and HepG2 cancer cell lines at the concentration of $0{\sim}2,000\;{\mu}g/ml$, while HT-29 cell line was cytotoxic at the concentration of $100\;{\mu}g/ml$. Fr. NaCl and Fr. MeOH were slightly cytotoxic to the cell lines. Intraperitoneal injection with Fr. NaCl and Fr. MeOH exhibited antitumor activity with life prolongation effect of 32.3% in mice inoculated with Sarcoma 180. Fr. NaCl improved proliferation of spleen cells and the immunopotentiation activity of B lymphocyte by increasing spleen cell numbers and the alkaline phosphatase activity by $2.4{\sim}2.6\;and\;2.7{\sim}3.9$ folds, respectively. Fr. NaCl generated $89\;{\mu}M$ of nitric oxide (NO) when cultured with RAW 264.7, a mouse macrophage cell line, at the concentration of $50\;{\mu}g/ml$, while iipopolysaccharide, a positive control, produced $79\;{\mu}M$. The Fr. NaCl showed the hightest antitumor effect and activation of B lymphocytes and macrophage. From these results, antitumor effect of P. sinclaitii was likely due to immunopotentiation activity.

• Proceedings of the Korean Nutrition Society Conference
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• 2002.05a
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• pp.174-174
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• 2002