• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.43 no.4
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• pp.254-258
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• 1998

Distribution and occurrence of weedy rice in Kyonggi region were surveyed in 1996. Weedy rice was observed in 1368 fields (54.9%) of total 2490 fields. Almost two thirds of paddy fields in northern mountainous region were contaminated by weedy rice and more severe contamination, three forths of paddy fields, was observed in suburban regions. In those regions, occurrence of weedy rice was greater than those in north-eastern inland and south-western plain regions. The occurrence of weedy rice was higher in water seeding cultivation (66.7%) than other cultivation methods. The number of weedy rice per 10a was 756.7 plants in direct seeding on dry paddy and 379.4 plants in water seeding. The occurrence of weedy rice was higher in fields planted by farmer's seeds than that of paddy fields cultivated by certified seeds, and the longer the farmer's seeds being used, the more weedy rice occurred in paddy field.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.46 no.6
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• pp.429-433
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• 2001

This study was carried out to investigate the occurrence and characteristics of off-type rice plant according to agronomic conditions. The occurrence density of the off-type rice plant in farmer's paddy field was greater as the years of self-produced seed use increased, and in the direct sowing paddy field it was twice as much as in the transplanting paddy field. When the long-grain red rice and the short-grain red rice in the cultivated field of cultivar were artificially sown, in the direct sowing on a flooded paddy surface culture rather than in the machine transplanting culture the off-type rice plant occurred much more, the culm length was longer, and the number of productive culm per plant increased. These characteristics were more conspicuous in the long-grain red rice than in the short-grain red rice. In the transplanting farmer's paddy fields, the off-type rice plant that occurred outside of the hills of the cultivar rice ranged 0 to 6%. Whereas in was 70.6 to 91.9% when the long-grain red rice and short-grain red rice were artificially sown. Therefore, it was assumed that most of the off-type rice plants occurred in the farmer's paddy fields was caused by seed contamination.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.46 no.3
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• pp.170-175
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• 2001

This study was carried out to investigate the distribution and characteristics of off-type rice plant in farmer's paddy field. The ratio of the field contaminated by off-type rice was highest in the southwestern area, followed by the southeastern area, the central area in Korea. The occurrence density of off-type rice was higher in the southern area than the central area. The short-grain red rice was the most dominant off-type rice group, followed by extremely late and sterile rice group and long-grain red rice group in Korea. The long-grain red rice group was dominant in Jeonnam and Kyongnam, and the extremely late and sterile rice group was dominant in Jeonbuk, and the short-grain red rice group in the other provinces. The culm length of most off-type rice groups growing in the farmer's paddy fields was longer than the farmer's cultivars, and the long-grain red rice group and the short-grain red rice group were especially longer. The number of spikelets per panicle of the off-type rice groups were generally greater than the farmer's cultlvars, and in particular, the extremely late and sterile rice group and the long-grain normal rice group had more spikelet per panicle. Most of the off-type rice groups were extremely sterile.

• Korean Journal of Organic Agriculture
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• v.5 no.1
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• pp.67-77
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• 1996

The Organic agricultural techinques were investigated through the observations made for 3 years of the actual conditions of a farmer who has been practicing organic agriculture over 21 years. The farmer was a member of the Ichijima-cho Organic Agriculture Association. The Farmer had not performed much of the organic agricultural techinques at the beginning of his farming history. However, he has gradually developed techniques upon the experiences with trial and error. The notable characteristic of his basic organic agriculture was the utilization of a suitable organic fertilizer to make the soil fertile. Crop damages by diseases and insect pests were prevented through a fertile soil, raising of good seedlings, adoption of tolerant varieties and planting at a wide spacing and consequently considering not to use chemical pesticides. Introduction of power weeder for weed control and paddy-upland crop rotation reduced the cost of production for farming. The crop pattern and method of land us such as mix cropping, crop rotation and conversion of paddy field-upland fieldd were appeared to be very important in organic agriculture. The organic agricultural techniques get systematized upon the adaptation the regional ecology and the development of skills of the farmer. The most important point to achieve the success in organic agriculture system is not only by the development of the technical matters but also by the building of healthy relation and understandings between producers and consumers.

• Journal of Korean Society of Occupational and Environmental Hygiene
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• v.20 no.2
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• pp.79-87
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• 2010

Objectives: The purpose of this study was to investigate the symptoms of work-related musculoskeletal disorders (WMSDs), the influence of the WMSDs on the health-related quality of life (HRQoL), and to identify the differences of WMSDs and HRQoL between greenhouse farmers and paddy farmers. Methods: Subjects were 34 greenhouse farmers and 56 paddy farmers who were living in a rural community. The sociodemographic characteristics, health-related behavior, working characteristics, WMSDs and HRQoL were investigated. WMSDs symptoms were measured by a selfassessed questionnaire on musculoskeletal disorders symptoms and HRQoL was measured by the Euro Quality of Life (Euroqol) EQ-5D index. The differences on the WMSDs, EQ-5D and it's related factors between the groups were assessed with t-test and ${\chi}^2$-test. Results: Greenhouse farmers were longer the working hours per day and working duration than paddy farmers. The level of prevalence of the WMSDs in greenhouse farmers is higher than in paddy farmers. The EQ-5D index of greenhouse farmers and paddy farmers were 0.819 and 0.874, respectively. Overall, the mean value of EQ-5D index was significantly lower greenhouse farmers than paddy farmers. Conclusions: These results showed that the HRQoL for farmers are strongly influenced by WMSDs and agicultural type in that we are aware of the need to comply with regulations of WMSDs, especially greenhouse farmers.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Agriculture
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• v.18 no.4
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• pp.299-303
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• 1999

A set of surveys was performed at Chungchongbuk-Do in 1997 in order to analyze energy related in rice production. Four cases in rice farming were surveyed : traditional farming, no chemical farming, duck farming, mud snail farming. The farmer in traditional fanning has used chemical fertilizers and chemicals such as general farmers. The farmer in no chemical farming has used chemical fertilizers and manure but has not use chemicals. The farmer in duck farming has not used chemical fertilizers and chemicals but brought up duck in paddy. The farmer in mud snail has not used chemical fertilizers and chemicals but brought up mud snail in paddy. The animals n paddy as like duck and mud snail not only eat weeds and insect but also input fertile material by excretion. The results of energy analysis are as follows 1. In view of energy, the duck farming was the most efficient of four cases. The mud snail farming was less efficient than the duck farming, the traditional farming was less efficient than the mud snail farming, the na chemical farming was less efiicierrt than the traditional farming. 2. Relatively to amount of product, non renewable energy was used more in traditional farming than other cases and renewable energy was used more in no chemical farming than other cases. 3. The reason of low energy efficiency in the no chemical farming was to input fertilizers and manure so much. So to input nutrients excessively in order not to use chemicals can make rice farming to be inefficient in a view of energy. 4. The farming to bring up animals in paddy was more sustainable than other cases because input of non renewable energy could be decreased. But in order to make it to be more sustainable, should be developed cultivation method to decrease input of non renewable direct energy such as fossil fuel and electricity .

• Weed & Turfgrass Science
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• v.1 no.4
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• pp.6-12
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• 2012

A fact-finding survey was conducted to obtain the basic information on nation-wide weed distribution and farmer's opinions to weed control strategy in paddy field. Most respondents considered Echinochloa spp., Monochloa vaginalis, Sagittaria trifolia, and Scirpus juncoides etc. as dominate weeds in paddy fields. And herbicide resistant weed species were M. vaginalis, S. juncoides, E. oryzicola and S. pygmaea etc. Purchase guidances for herbicide selection, experience of farmers was 34.0% and dealers recommendation was 33.9% at farmer's level. And paddy field herbicides application frequence were one time 15.6% but twice 75.6%. Preferred herbicides were ranked in the following order: oxadizone 12% EC, butachlor 5% GR, butachlor 33% CS, mefenacet pyrazodulfuron-ethyl 21.42% SC, and oxadiargyl 1.7% EC etc. in paddy fields. And in most preferred foliar herbicide were bentazone MCPA 38.6% SL and bentazone cyhalop-butyl 18.5% ME, 48.5% and 22.3%, respectively.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society for Agricultural Machinery Conference
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• 1993.10a
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• pp.912-921
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• 1993

A small scale solar greenhouse tray dryer suitable for one or few farmer households is designed in place of sunny ground to dry various agricultural products. The tests on the drying of paddy, groundnut and radish slices by this drying unit have been made. The results indicated that this drying unit had a good heat collecting property, a low heat consumption (4518.7-5676.1 KJ per kg water removal) , a high heat utilizing efficiency (43.75%-54,25%) , a low operation cost (0.057 kwh-0.078 kwh per kg water removal) and good drying quality.

• Korean Journal of Organic Agriculture
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• v.23 no.1
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• pp.31-42
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• 2015

This thesis has analyzed the determination factor for the crop insurance of rice focused on paddy rice. The analysis on each farmer has been used with integrated probit model & random effects probit model. It has shown in the analysis result of determination factor for buying the crop insurance of paddy rice farmer through integrated probit model & random effects probit model that the higher age, degree of education, cultivated area, and amount of received insurance money and the lower in a number of family member have revealed the higher possibility to buy the crop insurance in the integrated probit model. While the random effects probit model has shown a higher possibility to buy the crop insurance as the higher age, cultivated area, and amount of received insurance money.

• Korean Journal of Organic Agriculture
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• v.9 no.3
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• pp.45-71
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• 2001

The duck-rice forming system is increasingly spread up throughout Korea since 1992. It is discussed the rice field, rice quality, weed and pest management in the duck-rice weeding system compared to conventional farming system. Moreover the optimizing duck population, system management and fertilizer application rate were reported. Energy input and output by duck-rice farming system were carefully compared with those of low input sustainable paddy field and conventional farming paddy field. To find out the environmentally sound function of duck-rice system, the total nitrogen in paddy soil and paddy water, and nitrogen cycle in paddy rice cultivation system were analysed. finally the input and output were calculated, and ecological characteristic were determined in terms of nitrogen balance, labor input, animal input, renewable energy input, turnover of soil organic matter, energy loss, non-renewable indirect and direct energy input. It was concluded duck-rice weeding system could be recommended in terms of net only environmentally sound, but also farmer's income. But there are still some research needs for successful adaption of duck-rice farming to investigate to determine the optimal population of duck in rice paddy field unit, release time of duckling, duck management after release, and strategy for duck marketing and duck processing.