• 대한간호학회지
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• 제28권4호
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• pp.941-957
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• 1998

The purpose of this study was to use meta-analysis to analyze result of 17 studies which investigated the effects of integrated programs, and 11 studies which examined the effects of exercise programs on pain, depression, and disability. The 28 studies analyzed in this work were selected from the following sources. MEDLINE Search, bibliographies of related studies, main academic journals of nursing in Korea, and journals on arthritis issues. For the analysis of the data, homogeniety of effect sizes which were calculated based on data in the 28 studies was tested and its average effect size was computed by using meta analysis software package which was developed by Song(1992, 1998). The results can be summarized as follows : 1) Homogeneity tests were conducted on integrated programs on pain. In the prelimiary homogeneity tests on effect size of all 17 studies, no homogeneity was found. When homogeneity tests on the effect size of the remaining 15 studies were performed, excluding two studies which had extremely larger effect size compared to other studies, the 15 studies were found to be homogeneous(Q=16.38, p=.23). The obtained average effect size, D(Mean Standardized Difference Between Means), was .25. When homogeneity tests on effect size on pain was conducted for the excercise programs, effect size for all nine studies were found to be homogeneous (Q=7.42, p=.49) and the average effect size D=.30. Therefore, Hypothesis 1 was rejected from the results, that an average effect size of the integrated programs on pain was not significantely different from that of the exercise programs on pain. 2) Since only two studies investigated the effect of exercise programs on depression, comparison between the average effect size of integrated programs and that of exercise programs on depression could not be conducted, and hypothesis 2 could not be tested. Thereby, only the average effect size of integrated programs on depression was obtained. Eight studies were tested to be positive on the homogeneity of effect sizes(Q=18.31, p=.02) at $\alpha$<.01 and its average effect size was D=.11. 3) For the analysis of integrated program on disability, 13 studies, except for four which had an extremely large effect size compared to the others were found to be homogeneous at $\alpha$<.01 (Q=22.30, p=.04) and the average effect size on disability was D=.16. For analysis of the exercize programs on disability, eight studies, except for one which had an extremely large effect size compared to others, were found to be homo geneous(Q=7.87, p=.34) and the average effect size on disability was D=.60. Therefore, Hypothesis 3 was accepted from the results that an average effect size of exercise programs on disability was significantly larger than that of integrated programs on disability.

• 한국지리정보학회지
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• 제9권2호
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• pp.20-29
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• 2006

토지이용의 전환에 따른 기후의 변화와 토지가격의 변화를 파악하는 것은 도시민의 후생수준과 지속가능한 개발을 위해 매우 중요한 과제이다. 그러나 도시특성에 관한 정보가 부족하여 활발하게 연구되지 못하였다. 이제 원격탐사를 통한 위성영상의 구득이 쉬워졌고 또 통계청이 기초단위구 자료를 구축함에 따라 이 분야의 연구가 가능하게 되었다. 본 연구는 도시지역의 비도시용 토지가 도시적 용도로 전환됨에 따라 표면온도와 토지가격의 측면에서 어떠한 변화를 유발하는가를 분석하였다. 분석결과 녹지 및 농경지로 사용되던 토지가 공업용토지로 전환된 경우 가장 큰 표면온도의 상승을 초래하였고 상업용지와 단독주택지가 그 뒤를 이었다. 식생지수의 변화도 표면온도의 변화와 비슷한 변화를 보였다. 토지가격의 전환측면에서는 상업용토지로 전환될 경우 가장 큰 가격상승을 초래하였고 그 뒤를 이어 주거지 공업용지의 순으로 나타났다. 이처럼 도시지역의 토지이용의 전환은 표면온도를 상승시킬 뿐 아니라 토지가격도 상승시켜 사회적 부담을 주지만 그 혜택은 사회구성원 중 극히 일부에 한정되는 문제가 있다. 도시정책과 관련된 정책결정권자 및 계획가는 이 문제의 해결을 위해 도시성장관리 정책의 확립 등 보다 효과적인 정책수단을 강구하여야 할 것이다.

• 대한기계학회논문집B
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• 제40권2호
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• pp.69-73
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• 2016

최근 자동차 엔지니어들은 자동차 엔진의 열효율을 향상시키기 위한 수단으로 폐열 회수 기술에 많은 관심을 기울이고 있다. 배기량이 큰 가솔린 엔진은 대체로 V형인데, 열 회수를 위해 두 개의 슈퍼히터를 각각의 배기 다기관 가까이에 설치하는 것은 비용 면에서 효율적이지 않다. 하나의 슈퍼히터를 한쪽 배기 다기관에 최대한 가깝게 부착하면 좀 더 높은 열교환 효율을 얻을 수 있으나 폐열회수를 위한 배기가스의 유량은 절반이 된다. 반면에, 배기가스의 유량을 전부 이용하기 위하여 두 배기관이 합류된 지점에 슈퍼히터를 설치하면 배기가스의 온도는 많이 감소된다. 이 사실을 바탕으로 슈퍼히터의 최적 위치를 조사하기 위하여 상용프로그램인 AMESim을 이용해 해석을 수행하였다. 이 때, 배기가스 유량 중 절반만을 사용하더라도 슈퍼히터를 배기 다기관과 최대한 가까이 부착하는 것이 엔진의 배기가스로부터 3.8 kW의 열을 더 회수할 수 있는 것으로 나타났다. 이 결과를 바탕으로 최적의 폐열 회수 모델을 도출하고 제안하였다.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• 제16권9호
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• pp.3785-3792
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• 2015

The CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein-alpha (CEBPA) is a transcriptional factor that plays a crucial role in the control of proliferation and differentiation of myeloid precursors. This gene was recognized as the target of genetic alterations and were associated with clinical complexity among AML. We here analyze the frequency and types of CEBPA mutations and polymorphisms in a de novo AML patients from South India and tried to find out associations of these variations with different clinical parameters and the prognostic significance in AML. Study was carried out in 248 de novo AML patients, cytogenetic analysis was performed from the bone marrow samples and was karyotyped. PCR-SSCP analysis and sequencing was performed for the detection of CEBPA gene variations. All the statistical analysis was performed using SPSS 17 (statistical package for social sciences) software. Pearson Chi-square test, Mann-Whitney U test, Kaplan-Meier survival analysis and log rank tests were performed. CEBPA mutations were detected in 18% and CEBPA polymorphisms were detected in 18.9% of AML cases studied. Most of the mutations occured at the C terminal region. Polymorphisms were detected in both N and C terminal region. with most common being, c.584_589dup ACCCGC and c.690G>T. A significant association was not observed for the mutation and polymorphism with respect to clinical and laboratory parameters. Survival advantage was observed for the mutated cases compared to non mutated cases, especially for the normal karyotype groups. Polymorphisms has no effect on the survival pattern of AML patients. CEBPA mutation and polymorphisms were observed with similar frequency and was identified in all the FAB subtypes as well as in cytogenetic risk groups in our study population, but CEBPA mutations alone confer a prognostic value for NK AML patients.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• 제15권17호
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• pp.7169-7174
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• 2014

Background: NPAS2 is a product of the circadian clock gene. It acts as a putative tumor suppressor by playing an important role in DNA damage responses, cell cycle control and apoptosis. Chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) appears to be an apoptosis related disorder and alteration in the NPAS2 gene might therefore be directly involved in the etiology of CLL. Here, the Ala394Thr polymorphism (rs2305160:G>A) in the NPAS2 gene was genotyped and melatonin concentrations were measured in a total of seventy-four individuals, including thirty-seven CLL cases and an equal number of age- and sex-matched healthy controls in order to examine the effect of NPAS2 polymorphism and melatonin concentrations on CLL risk in a Pakistani population. Materials and Methods: Genotyping of rs2305160:G>A polymorphism at NPAS2 locus was carried out by amplification refractory mutation system-polymerase chain reaction (ARMS-PCR). Melatonin concentrations were determined by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Statistical analysis was performed using Statistical Package for Social Sciences software. Results: Our results demonstrated no association of the variant Thr genotypes (Ala/Thr and Thr/Thr) with risk of CLL. Similarly, no association of rs2305160 with CLL was observed in either females or males after stratification of study population on a gender basis. Moreover, when the subjects with CLL were further stratified into shift-workers and non-shift-workers, no association of rs2305160 with CLL was seen in either case. However, significantly low serum melatonin levels were observed in CLL patients as compared to healthy subjects (p<0.05). Also, lower melatonin levels were seen in shift-workers as compared to non-shift-workers (p<0.05). There was no significant difference (p>0.05) in the melatonin levels across NPAS2 genotypes in all subjects, subjects with CLL who were either shift workers or non-shift-workers. General Linear Model (GLM) univariate analysis revealed no significant association (p>0.05) of the rs2305160 polymorphism of the NPAS2 gene with melatonin levels in any of the groups. Conclusions: While low melatonin levels and shift-work can be considered as one of the risk factors for CLL, the NPAS2 rs2305160 polymorphism does not appear to have any association with risk of CLL in our Pakistani population.

• 농촌의학ㆍ지역보건
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• 제37권2호
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• pp.76-83
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• 2012

이 연구는 대전광역시의 응급의료 취약지를 도출하고 그 지역의 보건학적 특성을 규명하기 위해 시행하였다. 응급의료 취약지는 GIS의 비용가중분석 기법을 이용하여 분석하였으며, 응급의료센터로부터 30분 이내에 접근이 어려운 지역으로 정의하였다. 응급의료 취약 여부에 따른 보건학적 특성은 SPSS 17.0을 이용하여 교차분석을 시행하였다. 연구 결과, 대전광역시의 응급의료 취약지는 12개의 행정동을 포함하고 있으며 이 지역에 약 8,100명이 거주하고 있었다. 응급의료 취약지여부에 따른 보건학적 특성의 차이를 교차 분석한 결과, 농어임업 인구, 국민기초생활수급권자 수, 장애인 수, 노인인구의 수가 카이제곱검정에서 유의하였다(p<0.05). 이번 연구를 통해 대전광역시의 응급의료 취약지를 선정할 수 있었으며 GIS 분석 시도로데이터를 적용하여 기존의 Buffer 방식(단순반경거리)보다 더 정확하고 현실적으로 응급의료 취약지를 선정할 수 있었다. 하지만 이 연구는 대전광역시에 국한되어 시행했기 때문에 향후에는 이 연구에 적용한 GIS 분석 기법과 응급의료 취약지 선정기준 등을 활용하여 전국을 대상으로 한 연구가 필요하다.

• 전자공학회논문지C
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• 제35C권11호
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• pp.21-30
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• 1998

본 논문에서는 FPGA를 이용하여 산업용 구동장치로 널리 사용되고 있는 유도 전동기의 디지털 전류 제어시스템을 구현하였다. 이를 위해 VHDL을 이용하여 FPGA를 설계하였으며 이 FPGA는 PWM 발생부, PWM 보호부, 회전속도 검출부, 프로그램 폭주 방지부, 인터럽트 발생부, 디코더 로직부, 신호 지연 발생부 및 디지털 입·출력부로 각각 구성되어있다. 본 FPGA의 설계시 고속처리의 문제점을 해결하기 위해 클럭전용핀을 활용하였으며 또한 40 MHz에서도 동작할 수 있는 삼각파를 만들기 위해 업다운 카운터와 래치부를 병렬 처리함으로써 고속화하였다. 특히 삼각파와 각종 레지스터를 비교 연산할 때 많은 팬아웃 문제에 따른 게이트 지연(gate delay) 요소를 줄이기 위해 병렬 카운터를 두어 고속화를 실현하였다. 아울러 삼각파의 진폭과 주파수 및 PWM 파형의 데드 타임 등을 소프트웨어적으로 가변 하도록 하였다. 이와 같은 기능들을 FPGA로 구현하기 위하여 퀵로직(Quick Logic)사의 pASIC 2 SpDE와 Synplify-Lite 합성툴을 이용하여 로직을 합성하였다. 또한 Verilog HDL 환경에서 최악의 상황들(worst cases)에 대한 최종 시뮬레이션이 성공적으로 수행되었다. 아울러 구현된 FPGA를 84핀 PLCC 형태의 FPGA로 프로그래밍 한 후 3상 유도전동기의 디지털 전류 제어 시스템에 적용하였다. 이를 위해 DSP(TMS320C31-40 MHz)와 FPGA, A/D 변환기 및 전류 변환기(Hall CT) 등을 이용하여 3상 유도 전동기의 디지털 전류 제어 시스템을 구성하였으며, 디지털 전류 제어의 효용성을 실험을 통해 확인하였다.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• 제16권1호
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• pp.133-137
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• 2015

Background: Cancer is a major public health problem and the leading cause of mortality in both males and females in developed and developing countries. The incidence of cancer is gender dependent. Among Iranians, it is the third cause of death. Materials and Methods: The information recorded in the files of all patients (7,695 individuals) pathologically diagnosed with cancer in Imam Reza referral hospital of Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences during the four year period of 2006-2009 were reviewed and analyzed using SPSS statistical software package version 16.0. Results: Around 61.6% of reported cancer cases were males and 38.4% were females. The most prevalent reported malignant tumors occurred at the age group of 70-79 years in males and in females these tumors were presented in the ages of 60-69 years. The most prevalent cancers among studied patients were gastrointestinal (GI) cancers with a frequency of 22.9% [gastric 10.7%, colorectal 6.9%, and esophageal 6%]. The second, third and forth prevalent cancers were blood at 16.4%, lung 13.5% and bladder 12.8%, respectively. In males the cancers of GI (25.6%) were the most prevalent followed in order of frequency by bladder (18%), blood (17.6%), lung (17.4%) and prostate (6.8%). In females the most frequent recorded cancer was breast (24.1%) followed in order of frequency by GI (20.5%), blood (14.4%), lung (7.3%), uterus (6.2%) and ovary (5.1%). Breast cancer was the most prevalent cancer (27%) in the age group of 40-49 years. Conclusions: The present study provides frequency data for various types of cancers in both males and females from a referral hospital of Kermanshah that are comparable with some reports from other areas of the country.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• 제15권8호
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• pp.3629-3633
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• 2014

Background: Glioblastoma (GBM) is an immunosuppressive tumor whose median survival time is only 12-15 months, and patients with GBM have a uniformly poor prognosis. It is known that heredity contributes to formation of glioma, but there are few genetic studies concerning GBM. Materials and Methods: We genotyped six tagging SNPs (tSNP) in Han Chinese GBM and control patients. We used Microsoft Excel and SPSS 16.0 statistical package for statistical analysis and SNP Stats to test for associations between certain tSNPs and risk of GBM in five different models. ORs and 95%CIs were calculated for unconditional logistic-regression analysis with adjustment for age and gender. The SHEsis software platform was applied for analysis of linkage disequilibrium, haplotype construction, and genetic associations at polymorphism loci. Results: We found rs891835 in CCDC26 to be associated with GBM susceptibility at a level of p=0.009. The following genotypes of rs891835 were found to be associated with GBM risk in four different models of gene action: i) genotype GT (OR=2.26; 95%CI, 1.29-3.97; p=0.019) or GG (OR=1.33; 95%CI, 0.23-7.81; p=0.019) in the codominant model; ii) genotypes GT and GG (OR=2.18; 95%CI, 1.26-3.78; p=0.0061) in the dominant model; iii) GT (OR=2.24; 95%CI, 1.28-3.92; p=0.0053) in the overdominant model; iv) the allele G of rs891835 (OR=1.85; 95%CI, 1.14-3.00; p=0.015) in the additive model. In addition, "CG" and "CGGAG" were found by haplotype analysis to be associated with increased GBM risk. In contrast, genotype GG of CCDC26 rs6470745 was associated with decreased GBM risk (OR=0.34; 95%CI, 0.12-1.01; p=0.029) in the recessive model. Conclusions: Our results, combined with those from previous studies, suggest a potential genetic contribution of CCDC26 to GBM progression among Han Chinese.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• 제17권sup3호
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• pp.113-117
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• 2016

Quantile regression is an efficient method for predicting and estimating the relationship between explanatory variables and percentile points of the response distribution, particularly for extreme percentiles of the distribution. To study the relationship between urbanization and cancer morbidity, we here applied quantile regression. This cross-sectional study was conducted for 9 cancers in 345 cities in 2007 in Iran. Data were obtained from the Ministry of Health and Medical Education and the relationship between urbanization and cancer morbidity was investigated using quantile regression and least square regression. Fitting models were compared using AIC criteria. R (3.0.1) software and the Quantreg package were used for statistical analysis. With the quantile regression model all percentiles for breast, colorectal, prostate, lung and pancreas cancers demonstrated increasing incidence rate with urbanization. The maximum increase for breast cancer was in the 90th percentile (${\beta}$=0.13, p-value<0.001), for colorectal cancer was in the 75th percentile (${\beta}$=0.048, p-value<0.001), for prostate cancer the 95th percentile (${\beta}$=0.55, p-value<0.001), for lung cancer was in 95th percentile (${\beta}$=0.52, p-value=0.006), for pancreas cancer was in 10th percentile (${\beta}$=0.011, p-value<0.001). For gastric, esophageal and skin cancers, with increasing urbanization, the incidence rate was decreased. The maximum decrease for gastric cancer was in the 90th percentile(${\beta}$=0.003, p-value<0.001), for esophageal cancer the 95th (${\beta}$=0.04, p-value=0.4) and for skin cancer also the 95th (${\beta}$=0.145, p-value=0.071). The AIC showed that for upper percentiles, the fitting of quantile regression was better than least square regression. According to the results of this study, the significant impact of urbanization on cancer morbidity requirs more effort and planning by policymakers and administrators in order to reduce risk factors such as pollution in urban areas and ensure proper nutrition recommendations are made.