• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• v.55 no.3
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• pp.267-279
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• 2003

Background : The purpose of this study was to analyze the smoking habits in patients with lung cancer and identify any difference of prevalence according to histologic types of lung cancer. Methods : The data were calculated by total amounts of tar and nicotine inhaled during the whole lifetime according to variation of smoking habit. This study was to investigated any difference of prevalence in lung cancer according to smoking habits. The subjects comprised 150 lung cancer cases and 300 hospital control cases that were matched by age and sex. Smoking habits during the whole lifetime were surveyed by standardized questionnaire. Odds ratios were estimated by unconditional logistic regression analysis. Results : There were 104 male and 34 female lung cancer cases. By histologic type, there were 53 cases of squamous cell carcinoma, 67 of adenocarcinoma and 30 of small cell lung carcinoma. The differences between lung cancer cases and controls according to smoking habits were total duration of smoking, total pack years of smoking and number of cigarettes smoked per day during the previous two years. The odds ratio were higher in Kreyberg I, but not in Kreyberg II, for the longer duration of smoking, the greater total pack years of cigarettes consumed, the more cigarettes smoked per day during the previous two years, the longer duration on non-filter smoking, the earlier life cases who began to smoke, and the higher amounts of calculated total tar and nicotine inhaled over the whole lifetime. When we added grade of inhalation to calculation of amounts of tar and nicotine inhaled over the lifetime, the odds ratios of total inhalation amounts of tar and nicotine were as high as those the without them. Conclusions : This study reconfirmed that smoking habits were strongly associated with lung cancer and that there were different associations between smoking habits and histologic types of lung cancer. In particular, calculations of total tar and nicotine amounts inhaled over the whole lifetime were calculated for the first time in trials from lung cancer epidemiologic studies.

• Journal of Chest Surgery
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• v.52 no.5
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• pp.342-352
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• 2019

Background: Smokers with lung adenocarcinoma have a worse prognosis than those who have never smoked; the reasons for this are unclear. We aimed to elucidate the impact of smoking on patients' prognosis and the association between smoking and clinicopathologic factors, particularly histologic subtypes. Methods: We reviewed the records of 233 patients with pathologic stage T1-4N0-2M0 lung adenocarcinomas who underwent surgery between January 2004 and July 2015. The histologic subtypes of tumors were reassessed according to the 2015 World Health Organization classification. Results: In total, 114 patients had a history of smoking. The overall survival probabilities differed between never-smokers and ever-smokers (80.8% and 65.1%, respectively; p=0.003). In multivariate analyses, the predominant histologic subtype was an independent poor prognostic factor. Smoking history and tumor size >3 cm were independent predictors of solid or micropapillary (SOL/MIP)-predominance in the logistic regression analysis. Smoking quantity (pack-years) in patients with SOL/MIP-predominant tumors was greater than in those with lepidic-predominant tumors (p=0.000). However, there was no significant difference in smoking quantity between patients with SOL/MIP-predominant tumors and those whose tumors had non-predominant SOL/MIP components (p=0.150). Conclusion: Smoking was found to be closely associated with SOL/MIP-predominance in lung adenocarcinoma. Greater smoking quantity was related to the presence of a SOL/MIP component.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Clinical Toxicology
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• v.16 no.2
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• pp.102-107
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• 2018

Purpose: This study examined the association between smoking and delayed neuropsychological sequelae (DNS) in acute carbon monoxide (CO) poisoning. Methods: Patients admitted to the medical center emergency department from March 2016 to March 2017 because of CO poisoning were examined retrospectively. The patients were divided into two groups: DNS and Non-DNS group. Multiple factors were analyzed to explain DNS, which was assessed by motor disturbances, cognitive impairment, dysphagia, Parkinson-like syndromes, epilepsy, and emotional lability in CO poisoning. Results: A total of 120 patients were included. The factors related to DNS were smoking (pack-years) (p=0.002) and initial carbon monoxide-hemoglobin level (p=0.015). On the other hand, after multivariate logistic regression analysis, smoking (Odds ratio 1.07; 95% CI, 1.02-1.13; p=0.004) was the only factor associated with DNS. Conclusion: Smoking is a very reliable factor for predicting the occurrence of DNS. A history of smoking in patients who suffer from CO intoxication is important. If a patient smokes, treatment should be started actively and as soon as possible.

• Korean Journal of Head & Neck Oncology
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• v.17 no.2
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• pp.131-138
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• 2001

Objectives: Alcohol intake has been reported to be a risk factor of laryngeal cancer. Since the aldehyde dehydrogenase 2 (ALDH2) genotype is a major determinant of personal alcohol drinking habit, there is a possibility that ALDH2 genotype would be a risk factor for laryngeal cancer. N-Acetyltransferase 2 (NAT2) is a detoxifying enzyme and its polymorphism has been reported to be related to the risk of many environmental cancers. However, studies on the associations between these two genotypes and laryngeal cancer risk are scarce. We have assessed the effects of alcohol intake and the genotype of ALDH2 and NAT2 on the risk of laryngeal cancer in Koreans. Materials and Methods: Eighty-four pathologically proven laryngeal cancer patients and 168 age matched controls were included as the study subjects. Information about alcohol intake and smoking habit was collected using a self administered questionnaire. ALDH2 and NAT2 genotypes were analyzed using PCR-RFLP methods. Results: Alcohol intake was significant as a risk factor for laryngeal cancer (OR : 2.58, 95% CI : 1.24, 5.36), especially for supraglottic laryngeal cancer (OR : 3.24, 95% CI : 1.02, 10.31). Personal drinking habit was closely related with personal smoking habit, which was a potent risk factor of laryngeal cancer. In a stratified analysis according to the level of cumulative smoking amount, drinking was significant neither in light smokers (equal or less than 30 pack-years) nor in heavy smoker (over 30 pack-years). The ALDH2 genotype was significantly associated with the risk of laryngeal cancer in a univariate analysis. The statistical significance, however, disappeared after adjusting alcohol intake using a multiple conditional logistic model. The NAT2 genotype was not significant as a risk factor for laryngeal cancer. Conclusion: Alcohol drinking and ALDH2 genotype would have indirect effects on laryngeal cancer by their correlations with cigarette smoking or with alcohol drinking. It is less likely that the NAT2 genotype would be a potent risk factor of laryngeal cancer.

• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
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• v.32 no.3
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• pp.297-305
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• 1999

Objectives: This study was conducted to evaluate factors related to the intention of participation in a worksite smoking cessation program. Methods: To explain the health behavior of participating intention in a worksite smoking cessation program, the health belief model(HBM) was used as study model, and 144 self-administered questionnaires were completed by electronic company workers. Variables of the health belief model were composed of perceived susceptibility to smokinginduced disease, perceived severity of smoking-induced disease, economical gain as perceived benefit of smoking cessation, and nicotine dependency as perceived barrier of smoking cessation. Variables of sociodemographics, smoking status, knowledge about adverse health effects of smoking, and cues to smoking cessation were used as modifying factors. Results: Perceived severity(POR=1.99, 95% CI: 1.03-3.83), perceived benefit(POR=2.11, 95% CI: 1.07-4.17), and perceived barrier(POR=0.29, 95% CI: 0.11-0.76) were significant variables to the intention of participation in a worksite smoking cessation program in the logistic regression analysis. The perceived severity was significantly affected by knowledge about adverse health effects of smoking(POR=2.17, 95% CI: 1.23-3.84). The perceived barrier was significantly affected by education level(POR=3.66, 95% CI: 1.17-11.44), age to first cigarette (POR=0.32, 95% CI: 0.10-0.98), pack-years(POR=5.47, 95% CI: 2.37-12.61). To the Perceived benefit, the model was not fitted. Conclusion: Our results found that counterplans improving the knowledge about adverse health effects of smoking, preventing early smoking, and decreasing smoking amount should be considered for an effective smoking ban policy.

• Korean Journal of Community Nutrition
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• v.2 no.4
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• pp.515-522
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• 1997

This study was done to compare serum levels of lipids, trace minerals, ceruloplasmin and ferroxidase activity between female college smokers and nonsmokers. Serum levels of lipids, Cu, Zn, ceruloplasmin and ferroxidase activity were determined in 33 smokers and 42 nonsmokers residing in the Seoul area. Serum levels of TG, total cholesterol and HDl-cholesterol were measured using test kits. Serum Cu Zn were determined by the AAS. Serum ceruloplasimin level and ferroxidase activity were determined by spectrophotometric methods. All data were statistically analyzed by the SAS PC package program. Mean and standard errors were calculated for each item, and the significance of the difference between two groups was evaluated by Student's t-test at p〈0.05. There was no significant difference in levels of total cholesterol, TG, VLDL-cholesterol, LDL-cholesterol, LDL/HDL and atherogenic index, but HDL-cholesterol level was significantly lower(p$\ll$0.05) in female college smokers than in nonsmokers. Serum zinc level showed no significant difference, whereas copper level was significantly higher in smokers, consequently yielding higher Cu/Zn ratio in smoking college women. Ceruloplasmin level was 32.6mg/dl in smoking college women, which was significantly higher(p$\ll$0.05) than that of 28.6mg/dl in nonsmokers. However, cerulopasmin ferroxidase activity, 0.34U/mg in nonsmokers was higher(p$\ll$0.05) than that of 0.29U/mg in smokers. From these results, it is confirmed that cigarette smoking itself has a very detrimental effect on health and mineral nutritional status although the smoking history is relatively short among college women(pack-years=1.7). (Korean J Community Nutrition 2(4) : 515-522, 1997)

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• v.39 no.6
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• pp.511-516
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• 1992

Background: It is well known that cigarette smoking is the risk factor of lung cancer, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and ischemic heart disease. But there are few reports about the immediate effect of cigarette smoking on the cardiopulmonary functions. The serum level of carbon monoxide increases during cigarette smoking. It is known that carbon monoxide increases respration rate, heart rate and cardiac output, with decrease in maximal oxygen consumption. So we have studied to determine the immediate effects of cigarette smoking on the cardiopulmonary function during exercise. Method: Thirteen healthy smoking male subjects were included in this study. Each subject was undertaken pulmonary function test and incremental exercise test on two separate days, one without smoking (control) and the other after smoking three cigarettes per hour for five hours. The order of the two tests was randomized. Results: 1) The mean age of the subjects was $25{\pm}4.9$ year-old and the mean smoking history was $6{\pm}5$ pack years. 2) The mean blood level of carbon monoxide on the smoking day was higher than that on the nonsmoking day ($5.97{\pm}1.34%$ vs. $1.45{\pm}0.83%$; p<0.01). 3) The mean maximal oxygen consumption on the smoking day was lower than that on the nonsmoking day ($2.09{\pm}0.32$ L/min vs. $2.39{\pm}0.32$ L/min; p<0.05). 4) The mean anaerobic threshold on the smoking day was lower than that on the nonsmoking day ($1.33{\pm}0.24$ L/min vs. $1.53{\pm}0.20$ L/min; p<0.05). 5) The mean heart rate at rest on the smoking day was higher than that on nonsmoking day ($84.38{\pm}11.06$ beats/min vs. $75.46{\pm}5.83$ beats/min; p<0.05). But the means of maximal heart rate on both days were not different. 6) The pulmonary function tests were similar on both days. Conclusion: There was no change in pulmonary function test, but the maximal oxygen consumption and anaerobic threshold were decreased on the smoking day. So it was concluded that cigarette smoking impaired the cardiovascular functions immediately during exercise.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• v.74 no.6
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• pp.256-263
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• 2013

Background: Health status measure is not only important for clinical research studies but also for clinical practices of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) patients. The objective of this study is to evaluate the validity of the Korean Version of COPD Assessment Test (CAT) in primary care clinics as well as in referral hospitals. Methods: Smokers or ex-smokers, aged 40 years or older, with a smoking history of >10 pack-years; and a COPD diagnosis in the past 6 months or more, were recruited from 4 primary care clinics and 2 referral hospitals. Demographic, medical, and spirometry data was collected from patients who completed the CAT and St. George Respiratory Questionnaire (SGRQ), and had their dyspnea been assessed. The primary endpoint was the correlation between of the Korean version of CAT with SGRQ in patients with COPD. Results: A total 100 patients were enrolled. The mean age and smoking amounts were $69.2{\pm}8.4$ years and $40.6{\pm}22.3$ pack-years, respectively. Sixty-seven percent of the patients reported at least one exacerbation in the past year. The mean CAT score was $16.9{\pm}8.0$. The internal consistency assessed by Cronbach's alpha was 0.85. The CAT score was positively correlated with the SGRQ score (r=0.76, p<0.0001) and each component of SGRQ: symptoms, activity and impacts; r=0.68, r=0.61, and r=0.72, respectively (all p<0.0001). These positive correlations were preserved in the different groups (r=0.86, p<0.0001 in primary care clinic group; r=0.69, p<0.0001 in hospital group). The CAT score was also positively correlated to the Medical Research Council dyspnoea scale (r=0.46, p<0.0001). Conclusion: The Korean version of CAT had good internal consistency and showed good correlations with SGRQ. It can be used for assessing the impacts of COPD on the patient's health including primary care setting.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• v.42 no.1
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• pp.42-49
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• 1995

Background: Hemoptysis always merits thorough investigation because even minimal bleeding may be an early indicator of the presence of significant bronchopulmonary disease. But in patients with hemoptysis & a normal chest roentgenogram, there are no clear guidelines for a diagnostic approach, including the indications of bronchoscopy. Methods: Eighty patients with hemoptysis and a normal chest roentgenogram were involved in this study. We evaluated the cause of hemoptysis in these patients by bronchoscopy and/or bronchogram or high-resolution CT of the lung and we analyzed the relationship of clinical features, such as age, sex, smoking and properties of hemoptysis, to the cause of hemoptysis. Results: 1) They were 34 men and 46 women, with the mean age of 46.7 and 41.8 years old, respectively. 2) Initial bronchoscopy provided a diagnosis in 8 patients - bronchogenic carcinoma in 3 patients (3.8%), metastatic cancer in 1 patient(1.3%) and endobronchial tuberculosis in 4 patients(5.0%). 3) Two clinical findings of patients over 50 years and/or with more than 30 pack-year smoking history were associated with bronchogenic carcinoma, and among these two factors, a more than 30 pack-year smoking history was the best predictor for diagnosis of bronchogenic cancer. 4) The 72 patients in whom no specific cause of hemoptysis was identified by initial bronchoscopy underwent bronchogram and/or high resolutional CT of the lung. Then, 6 patients were diagnosed as bronchiectasis and 5 patients rebleeded in the follow up period of 9 to 90 weeks. Of the remaining 66 patients, 33 were followed for 7 to 80 weeks. Among these patients, only 5 patients had recurrent episodes of hemoptysis & they were diagnosed as bronchiectasis in 1 patient, tuberculosis in 2 patients and catamenial hemoptysis in 2 patients. Conclusion: We conclude that patients with hemoptysis and a normal chest roentgenogram who are more than 50 years old or have more than 30 pack-year smoking history should undergo bronchoscopy to exclude possible bronchogenic carcinoma. In patients without these clinical features, a conservative approach with observation appears justified. If hemoptysis recurs to these patients, bronchogram or high-resolutional CT of the lung with sputum examination are necessary.

• The Journal of the Korea Contents Association
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• v.12 no.11
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• pp.258-266
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• 2012

This study was conducted to investigate the differences between smokers and non-smokers' oral hygiene and college students' smoking awareness. The survey was carried out based on the 260 college students enrolled in four-year universities located in Kyungbuk, Daegu, Gangwon-do. Collected date used the SPSS 17.0 to perform the frequency and cross-analysis. 1. The daily smoking amounts of less than half pack and the smoking duration of more than 1 year and less than 3 years were to be the highest. The initiation of smoking was triggered by the curiosity and the proximal social environment. The reason of smoking was to relieve stress and habitual smoking respectively. 2. There was a significant difference between smokers and non-smokers' tooth brushing time, regular dentist visit, recent dental admission, the purpose of dental visits, scaling and oral health education. 3. There was a significant difference between smokers and non-smokers' awareness of oral hygiene in the subjective oral hygiene status. 4. There was a significant difference between smokers and non-smokers' awareness towards the impact of second-hand, after meal and one or two cigarette smoking. Based on the above results, smokers lack the awareness of smoking and oral hygiene compared to non-smokers. Therefore, the activation and the development of programs for the smoking and oral hygiene education targeting college students are considered to be necessary.