• 여성건강간호학회지
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• 제28권1호
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• pp.46-55
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• 2022

Purpose: This study aimed to determine the level of postpartum posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and postpartum depression (PPD) in Korean mothers with healthy babies and to explore the factors related to postpartum PTSD. Methods: This study used a longitudinal survey design to explore the levels and association of PPD and PTSD. Two hundred women were recruited during pregnancy and the data were collected via online survey from 166 mothers (84% retained) who gave birth to healthy babies, at two postpartum periods: Fear of childbirth was assessed at the 1st week; and spousal support, PPD, and postpartum PTSD were surveyed at the 4th week postpartum. Descriptive statistics, t-test, one-way analysis of variance, Chi square test, and multiple regression were done. Results: The mean age of mothers was 33.12 (±3.97) years old. Postpartum PTSD was low (8.95±6.49) with 1.8% (n=3) at risk (≥19). PPD was also low (6.68±5.28) and 30.1% (n=50) were identified at risk (≥10). The comorbid rate of PPD with PTSD was 6%. Mothers who did not have a planned pregnancy had higher scores of PPD (t=-2.78, p=.008), whereas spousal support and PPD had negative relationship (r=-.21, p=.006). The overall explanatory power for postpartum PTSD was 55.2%, of which PPD was the only significant variable (β=. 76, t=13.76, p<.001). Conclusion: While only 1.8% was at risk of postpartum PTSD at 4 weeks postpartum, PPD prevalence was 30.1% and PPD was the only influential factor of postpartum PTSD. Assessment and counseling of PPD are required as well as screening for postpartum PTSD. More research is also needed on postpartum PTSD in Korean women.

• 한국심리학회지 : 문화 및 사회문제
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• 제24권3호
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• pp.365-383
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• 2018

본 연구에서는 높은 수준의 PTSD 증상을 유발하는 사건을 탐색하기 위해 외상사건을 DSM-IV-TR의 진단기준을 충족시키는 '진단기준사건'과 '생활스트레스 사건'으로 구분하고, 가장 고통스러운 사건 대비 PTSD 고위험군의 비율인 PTSD의 조건비율(conditional probability)을 확인하였다. 이를 위해 전국의 인구센서스 기준에 따라 성별 및 연령비율을 고려하여 표집한 성인 1,000명을 대상으로 외상사건을 조사하였고, 998명의 자료를 분석하였다. 진단기준사건을 살펴보면, '16세 이전의 성추행', '기타사고 목격', '16세 이전의 성폭행', '16세 이전의 가정폭력 목격', '재난', '교통사고 겪음', '교통사고 목격', '기타사고 겪음'인 것으로 나타났으며, 생활스트레스 사건은 '법적 구속 또는 수감(본인 및 가족)', '부모의 별거나 이혼', '심각한 스트레스를 야기하는 실패나 절망', '가족과의 극심한 갈등 또는 잦은 다툼'인 것으로 나타났다. 마지막으로 인구사회학적 특성 중 연령, 혼인상태, 종교유무가 PTSD 증상수준에 영향을 미치는 것으로 확인되었다. 주요 연구결과를 토대로 논의 및 시사점을 제시하였다.

• Journal of the Korean Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry
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• 제30권1호
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• pp.26-33
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• 2019

Objectives: Suicide is the most frequent cause of death among Korean adolescents, and adolescents who have experienced trauma have an increased risk of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms, depression, and suicide attempts. However, resilience and self-esteem are protective factors. We examined the effects of resilience and self-esteem on the relationship among traumatic experiences, PTSD symptoms, depression, and suicidal ideation. Methods: Middle-school students (n=403) completed questionnaires assessing traumatic experiences, PTSD symptoms, depression, suicidal ideation, resilience, and self-esteem. Path analysis was performed to investigate the mediating effects of PTSD symptoms, resilience, self-esteem, and depression on the relationship between trauma exposure and suicidal ideation. Results: Traumatic experience was positively correlated with PTSD symptoms, depression, and suicidal ideation. PTSD symptoms and depression were positively correlated with suicidal ideation. The relationship between traumatic experiences and suicidal ideation was mediated by PTSD symptoms, which had both direct and indirect effects on suicidal ideation; the indirect effect was mediated by resilience, self-esteem, and depression. Conclusion: Korean adolescents who had experienced trauma were more likely to develop PTSD symptoms, increasing their risk of depression and suicidal ideation. However, self-esteem and resilience may help protect against depression and suicidal ideation. Our findings could inform suicide prevention initiatives.

• 생물정신의학
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• 제12권2호
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• pp.159-164
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• 2005

Objective:The aim of this study was to evaluate the temperament and character profiles of the patients with posttraumatic stress disorder(PTSD) after burn injury. Methods:The study subjects consisted of 23 PTSD patients after burn injury, 24 patients not being diagnosed as PTSD after burn injury(non-PTSD) and 53 healthy controls. The assessment of PTSD was performed using clinician administered PTSD scale. All participants were instructed to complete the Temperament and Character Inventory(TCI), the Beck Depression Inventory and the State and Trait Anxiety Inventory of Spielberger. Results:The PTSD group after burn injury, compared with the non-PTSD group and the normal controls, had the higher novelty seeking and harm avoidance scores. But there were no differences in other dimensions in the TCI among the three groups. Conclusion:The results of this study suggest that the PTSD group after burn injury showed the specific properties of temperament and character compared with the non-PTSD group and the normal group.

• 대한불안의학회지
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• 제9권2호
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• pp.121-127
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• 2013

Objective : Several studies have reported the association between posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and hypertension (HTN). The aim of this study was to evaluate the impact of PTSD symptoms on blood pressure. Methods : Korean veterans of the Vietnam War with (n=62) or without PTSD (n=87) participated in this study. The clinician administered PTSD scale (CAPS) and alcohol use disorder identification test (AUDIT) were applied. Blood pressure, pulse rate, risk factors of HTN and demographic data of the subjects were collected. Effects of potential explanatory variables on HTN were analyzed with logistic regression. Results : Diastolic blood pressure was significantly higher in PTSD group (p=0.015). However, PTSD subjects showed significantly lower pulse rate than non-PTSD subjects (p=0.004). Logistic regression analysis showed that avoidance symptom might be a predictor for hypertension (OR=1.065, p=0.030). Conclusion : These results suggest that PTSD, especially avoidance symptom, might be a risk factor on HTN in the elderly with PTSD. Further studies are needed to evaluate the change of blood pressure according to the clinical improvement of PTSD.

• 중환자간호학회지
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• 제12권1호
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• pp.82-93
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• 2019

Purpose : The purpose of this study was to investigate the degree of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms and the effect of PTSD on quality of life (QoL) among coronary artery disease (CAD) patients. Methods: The participants were 135 CAD patients who visited outpatient clinics in a university hospital in B city of Korea. Their PTSD symptoms and QoL were measured by structured questionnaires and analyzed with multiple hierarchical regression analysis. Results: Among the 135 participants, 20.7% were classified as moderate risk, and 3.7% as high risk for PTSD. PTSD symptoms were significantly higher in participants who were diagnosed with CAD within 6 months (t=26.02, p<.001). The physical component of health-related QoL was influenced by gender (${\beta}=-.25$, p =.003), recurrence of CAD (${\beta}=.21$, p =.008), and PTSD symptoms (${\beta}=-.33$, p <.001). The mental component of health-related QoL was influenced by religion (${\beta}=-.17$, p =.044), body mass index (${\beta}=.17$, p =.033), and PTSD symptoms (${\beta}=-.37$, p <.001). Conclusion: Patients who had had a CAD diagnosis for less than 6 months were found to be vulnerable to PTSD, and PTSD was found to have a negative impact on the physical and mental components of their QoL. It is necessary to develop an intervention program for the effective prevention and management of PTSD symptoms in patients with CAD.

• 정신신체의학
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• 제4권1호
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• pp.124-137
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• 1996

As the society becomes more industrialized and modernized, we have more chances to experience a serious traumatic event. Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) has 3 major categories of symptoms such as memory disturbance, hyperarousal and avoidance or numbness. I reviewed the psychobiological evidences in 3 main categories of symptoms and the biological treatment after a brief review of the epidemiology, psychosocial etiology and diagnosis of PTSD. The memory disturbance of PTSD might be developed by the potentiation of the memory pathway mediated by norepinephrine. PTSD induces HPA axis abnormality, it might also develop hippocampal dysfunction, which might contribute to the memory disturbance. The kindling effect develops desensitization, which might develop reexperiencing of the traumatic events and hyperarousal state. Chronic aroused state of locus ceruleus with resultant chronic maladaptive state of norepinephrine system, might develop hyperarousal state. Social avoidance and physical numbing state in PTSD might be caused by serotnin or opiate system. Stress induced analgesia might be developed by opiate reliesed against the acute stress. The biologic research results would help the selective treatment of PTSD.

• 한국심리학회지 : 문화 및 사회문제
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• 제28권2호
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• pp.187-217
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• 2022

본 연구는 한국판 외상 후 스트레스 장애 체크리스트-5(PCL-5)의 타당화 연구를 진행하였다. 이를 위해 성인을 대상으로 두 시점에서 온라인 설문을 1년 간격으로 실시하였고, 1시점에서는 1,077명, 2시점에서는 563명의 자료를 본 연구에서 사용하였다. 확인적 요인분석을 통해 1요인, 4요인, 6요인, 7요인의 모형 적합도를 확인한 결과, 4, 6, 7요인이 수용가능한 수준으로 나타났으며, 그 중 7, 6, 4요인 순으로 우수한 적합도를 보였다. 다음으로 내적일치도, 오메가 계수, 개념신뢰도, 분산추출지수, 검사-재검사 신뢰도를 확인한 결과 모두 양호한 것으로 나타났다. 타당도를 확인하기 위해 한국판 외상 후 스트레스 선별 평가지(K-PC-PTSD-5)와 단축형 간이정신진단 검사-18(BSI-18)와의 상관분석을 실시한 결과, 두 검사 모두와 정적상관이 나타났다. 한국판 PCL-5가 향후 PTSD, 우울, 불안, 신체화 증상을 예측할 수 있는지 확인하고자 위계적 다중회귀분석을 실시한 결과, 1시점에서 한국판 PCL-5로 측정한 PTSD 증상이 2시점의 PTSD, 우울, 불안, 신체화 증상을 예측하는 것으로 나타났다. 본 연구에서는 ROC 곡선 분석을 통해 PCL-5의 PTSD 증상집단 구분에 대한 변별력을 확인하고 최적 절단점을 제시하였다. PCL-5의 한국판 종단타당화 결과, 본 척도가 한국인에게 신뢰롭고 타당한 척도인 것으로 나타났다. 본 연구는 예측타당도 분석을 통해 한국판 PCL-5가 PTSD 증상뿐만 아니라 우울, 불안, 신체화와 같은 PTSD 관련 증상을 예측가능함을 제시하였으며, PTSD 증상집단에 대한 변별이 가능한 절단점을 제시하였다는 점에서 PTSD 증상을 측정하는 기존 타당화 연구와 차별점을 지닌다.

• 생물정신의학
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• 제16권4호
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• pp.256-265
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• 2009

Objectives : The aims of this study were to assess a) the prevalence of trauma and posttraumatic stress disorder(PTSD) in schizophrenic patients and b) the differences in symptomatology and outcome after 1year treatment between those with and without PTSD. Methods : Twenty eight schizophrenia and schizoaffective disorder patients completed the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale(PANSS), Life Stressor Checklist-Revised(LSCL-R), Clinician-Administered PTSD Scale(CAPS), Dissociative Experiences Scale(DES), Hamilton Psychiatry Rating Scale for Depression(HAM-D), and Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale(RSE). Results : Twenty six patients(92.9%) had at least one trauma in their life time. Eleven patients(39.3%) were diagnosed with PTSD. PTSD group had significantly higher scores on HAM-D and DES but lower scores on RSE. PTSD group also had significantly lower score in the baseline PANSS Negative score. Higher CAPS scores were significantly correlated with lower baseline PANSS Negative score and greater change after 1year of PANSS Negative score. Conclusion : These results showed that the prevalences of trauma and PTSD are high in schizophrenic patients and suggested that PTSD and trauma-related symptoms affected the symptomatology and treatment outcome. More research is warranted to better understand the effects of PTSD in schizophrenic patients.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• 제16권2호
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• pp.641-646
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• 2015

Breast cancer (BC) is potentially a traumatic stressor which may be associated with negative outcomes, such as post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) or positive changes, such as post-traumatic growth (PTG). This study aims to identify the core issues of BC related PTSD, PTG and psychological distress by interrogating the literature in BC survivors. We have also highlighted issues related to the assessment, diagnosis and clinical management of PTSD and PTG. The authors systematically reviewed studies published from 1985 to 2014 pertaining to PTSD, psychological distress and PTG in BC survivors with particular attention paid to incidence rates and causative factors. Multiple studies intimated that women with BC have evidence of PTSD at the initial stages of diagnosis, whereas PTG develops once patients undergo treatment. Early diagnosis and treatment of PTSD/PTG is paramount from literature review but the previously mentioned relationship between PTSD and PTG in BC patients could not be verified. It is evident from the literature that a small percentage of BC patients experience PTSD, while the majority experience PTG after BC diagnosis and treatment. Future research should include prospective studies focusing on high-risk patients, causative factors and the development of psychological interventions.