• Journal of Aquaculture
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• v.16 no.1
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• pp.31-36
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• 2003

Two experiments were conducted for the physiological and growth responses of yearling sea bass, Lateolabrax japonicus (total length 24.4$\pm$1.5 cm, body weight 125.4$\pm$25.4 g) by the manipulation of salinity. To study the physiological responses of the sea bass by acute salinity change, we changed water salinity from 30 ppt into 2 ppt in rearing tank through 1 hour or 6 hour. To access the effect of salinity in the growth of sea bass, we also examined the growth of the sea bass in 2, 10, 20 and 30 ppt for 180 days. After salinity change, all yearlings appeared some stress response and ions changes in blood. The yearlings showed a slow recovery by an acute salinity exchange, but a fast recovery by slow salinity exchange. In the study about the influence of salinity in growth, although the food intake of yearlings in 20 ppt was significantly higher than the yearling in the other salinities, feed efficiency was higher in 10 ppt than the other salinities. However, the food intake and the feed efficiency in 2 ppt were significantly lower than in other groups. The growth of yearlings was significantly faster in 20 ppt than in the other salinities, but the growth showed significantly slower in 2 ppt than in the other salinities.

• Journal of Aquaculture
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• v.4 no.2
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• pp.73-84
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• 1991

Underground sea water is widely utilized for land based aquaculture in Cheju province, Korea nowadays. Salinity of this water($20{\~}30$ ppt) is slightly lower than natural sea water but because of its good water quality and temperature which is maintained at $16{\~}18^{\circ}C$ all year-round, many fish farmers are using this water for finfish culture. To evaluate the possibility of utilizing underground sea water for the seed production of the flounder, Paralichthys olivaeceus, hatching rate of fertilized eggs, survival rate of hatched larvae, and growth rate of the juveniles were tested with various salinity levels ranged from 14.1 ppt to 40.2 ppt. The salinity ranges which showed over $70{\%}$ survival rate for fertilized eggs to hatchout were 33.7 ppt${\~}$40.2 ppt, for hatched larvae to 2-day-old were 20.6 ppt${\~}$40.2 ppt, from 10-day-old to 12-day-old were 27.2 ppt${\~}$40.2 ppt, and from 45-day-old to 47-day-old were 20.6 ppt${\~}$40.2 ppt. Two hundred day old fingerlings showed no mortality when exposured to 7.6 ppt${\~}$40.2 ppt for 2 days. All fish died within 3 days when 45-day-old juveniles were transferred directly from normal sea water to 14.1 ppt sea water. However, they were all survived when transferred first to 20.6 ppt for 3 days then to 14.1 ppt sea water. The highest growth rates of fingerlings reared at 4 different salinities (33.7, 27.0, 31.0, or 15 ppt) were obtained at the 27 ppt group followed by 33.7, 21.0, 15 ppt respectively. The relationship between the days of rearing (X) and the total length of the fingerlings were as follows. $33.7\%$ group : Y=8.8109 + 0.1104X(r=0.999) $27.0{\%}$ group : Y=8.6797 + 0.1208X(r=0.997) $21.0{\%}$ group : Y=8.4081 + 0.1052X(r=0.990) $15.0{\%}$ group : Y=8.4309+ 0.0995X(r=0.990)

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.24 no.10
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• pp.1070-1077
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• 2014

In this study, the estrogen receptor agonist propyl pyrazole triol (PPT), which has high-affinity with the estrogen receptor alpha, was subcutaneously injected into adult male mice every 2 days for 8, 16 and 24 days, after which histological changes in accessory genital glands, including the prostate and seminal vesicle, and the liver were observed. The body and genital gland weights decreased in the PPT group relative to those of the control group. However, the liver weight was two times greater in the PPT group. The luminal area of the prostate and seminal vesicle organs was lower in the PPT group, and the epithelial cell height of the prostate was increased relative to that of the control. There were many secretory vacuoles in the supranuclear cytoplasm of epithelial cells in the seminal vesicles of the control group, but these were not observed in the PPT group. The short sinusoidal diameter of the liver was 147.0%, 198.7%, and 223.3% greater in the PPT group than in the control group after 8, 16, and 24 days of treatment, respectively. These results suggest that PPT administration affected the reproductive organs and the liver and that the histological changes increased in accordance with a rise in the concentration of PPT. Overall, the PPT treatment caused changes in the epithelial cell height and resulted in atrophy of the luminal area of the prostate, leading to altered fertility. The sinusoidal diameter of the liver dramatically increased in response to the administration of PPT, increasing the liver weight.

• Proceedings of the Korean Aquaculture Society Conference
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• 2003.10a
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• pp.102-102
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• 2003

황복(Takifugus obscurus)은 주로 황해에 분포하며 봄철에 서해안으로 흐르는 금강, 한강 및 임진강으로 소상하여 강의 중상류에서 산란하는 소하성어류이다. 특히 황복은 바다와 하천을 오고 가는 관계로 해수뿐만 아니라 민물에서도 양식이 가능한 어종으로 다른 소하성어류와 마찬가지로 염분변화에 따른 삼투조절능력이 매우 우수할 것으로 생각된다. 본 연구는 황복이 급격히 염분을 달리하였을 때 나타나는 생리적 반응을 산소소비량과 암모니아 질소배설량의 변화로 염분변화에 따른 생리적 적응력을 살펴보고자 하였다. 본 연구에 사용한 황복은 전장 10cm(체중 15~25g) 전후의 치어로서 염분 32, 22, 12, 및 2 ppt로 조절되어 있는 FRP수조(500 L)에서 2개월간 사육 후, 각기 염분을 달리한(32, 22, 12, 2 ppt) 호흡측정 장치에 황복을 수용하여 산소소비량과 암모니아 질소배설량을 측정하였다. 한편, 사육 시스템내에서의 산소소비와 암모니아 질소의 배설경향을 보기 위하여 염분 16ppt에서 산소소비량과 암모니아 질소배설량을 25시간 관찰하였다. 산소소비 경향은 대체로 염분이 낮을수록 높은 산소소비 경향을 보였는데, 실험염분 32ppt에서는 2~32ppt 사육군 모두 다른 실험염분(22, 12, 2 ppt) 사육군보다 안정되고 낮은 산소소비량을 나타내었다. 그리고 실험염분 22, 12 및 2 ppt에서는 각기 실험염분과 동일한 염분 사육군에서 가장 높은 산소소비량을 나타낸 반면 32 ppt 사육군은 모든 실험염분에서 가장 낮은 산소소비량을 나타내었다. 암모니아 질소의 배설경향은 실험염분 2 ppt를 제외하고는 2 ppt 사육군에서 가장 높은 질소 배설율을 보였으나, 실험염분 2 ppt에서는 오히려 현저히 낮은 암모니아 질소 배설율을 나타내었다. 저 염분(2, 12 ppt)에서 사육한 황복은 22 및 32 ppt에서 사육된 황복에 비해 저염분에 노출될 경우 삼투조절을 위해 암모니아 배설에 상당한 차이를 보였다. 사육 시스템내에서 조사된 산소소비와 암모니아 질소 배설경향은 섭이와 관련하여 일간리듬을 보였는데, 산소소비는 섭이 3시간 후에 최고를 보였으며 암모니아 질소 배설은 섭이 4시간 후에 각각 최고를 나타내었다.

• Journal of Korean Neurosurgical Society
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• v.63 no.6
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• pp.698-706
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• 2020

Objective : To study the physiochemical characteristics of podophyllotoxin (PPT) conjugated stearic acid grafted chitosan oligosaccharide micelle (PPT-CSO-SA), and evaluate the ability of the potential antineoplastic effects against glioma cells. Methods : PPT-CSO-SA was prepared by a dialysis method. The quality of PPT-CSO-SA including micellar size, zeta potential, drug encapsulation efficiency and drug release profiles was evaluated. Glioma cells were cultured and treated with PPT and PPT-CSO-SA. The ability of glioma cells to uptake PPT-CSO-SA was observed. The proliferation of glioma cells was determined by 3-[4, 5-dimethyl-2-thiazolyl]-2, 5-diphenyl-2H-tetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay. The apoptosis and morphology of U251 cells were observed by 4',6-Diamidino-2-phenylindole dihydrochloride (DAPI) dye staining. Cell cycle analysis was performed by flow cytometry. The migration ability of U251 cells was determined by wound healing test. Results : PPT-CSO-SA had nano-level particle size and sustained release property. The encapsulation efficiency of drug reached a high level. The cellular uptake percentage of PPT in glioma cells was lower than that of PPT-CSO-SA (p<0.05). The inhibitory effect of PPT-CSO-SA on glioma cells proliferation was significantly stronger than that of PPT (p<0.05). The morphologic change of apoptosis cell such as shrinkage, karyorrhexis and karyopyknosis were observed. The percentage of U251 cells in G2/M phase increased significantly in the PPT-CSO-SA group compared with PPT group (p<0.05). Compared with the PPT group, the cell migration ability of the PPT-CSO-SA group was significantly inhibited after 12 and 24 hours (p<0.05). Conclusion : PPT-CSO-SA can effectively enhance the glioma cellular uptake of drugs, inhibit glioma cells proliferation and migration, induce G2/M phase arrest of them, and promote their apoptosis. It may be a promising anti-glioma nano-drug.

• Applied Microscopy
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• v.39 no.4
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• pp.301-309
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• 2009

Estrogens induce pronounced structural and functional changes in male and female reproductive system, but the exact mechanisms of estrogen are not fully understood. In relation to estrogen's function, the present study was designed to identify effects of estrogen receptor agonist, 4,4',4"- (4-propyl-[1H]-pyrazole-1,3,5-triyl)tris phenol (PPT) in the reproductive organ of the female mouse. The PPT was subcutaneously given to adult female mice at a weekly dosage of 3 mg in a volume 0.06 mL of vehicle for 3, 5 or 8 weeks whereas controls received weekly injections of the castor oil vehicle. Effects of PPT on reproductive organs were analyzed using a light microscope. PPT induced decreases of body, ovary and adipose tissue weights with experimental time. Ovary diameter of PPT treatment group was reduced as compared with control group. The number of Graffian follicle and corpus luteum was reduced in PPT treatment group. The luminal diameter of uterus was increased in relation with decrease of myometrium and endometrium height by PPT administration. The number of uterine glands was decreased by PPT treatment. These data indicate that PPT treatment induced morphological change of female reproductive organs resulting in alteration of fertility.

• Applied Microscopy
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• v.41 no.4
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• pp.265-276
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• 2011

The aim of the present study is to validate the effects of treatment with different concentration of estrogen receptor alpha agonist, propyl pyrazole triol (PPT) on the weight and histological structure in the accessory reproductive organs (ventral prostate, seminal vesicle and preputial gland) of male mouse. Treated groups received different doses of PPT 0.01 mg, 0.1 mg and 1.0 mg per week respectively, for 3, 5, and 8 weeks. In general, the weight of reproductive organs was increased in PPT 0.01 mg and 0.1 mg treatment, however decreased in PPT 1.0 mg treatment. Epithelial tissues in the ventral prostate were changed from simple columnar epithelium to squamous or cuboidal epithelium in the treated groups. On week 3, PPT groups caused decrease of epithelial cell height in the ventral prostate. Lumen of the seminal vesicle was narrowed in the treated group. Epithelial cell height of seminal vesicle was reduced in the PPT treatment. Acinus tissue of preputial gland in PPT 1.0 mg treatment was dramatically atrophied than that of control group. These results are useful as a reference to determine the administration concentration of PPT in experiments for understanding the physiological functions of estrogen in the male.

• Journal of Aquaculture
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• v.9 no.4
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• pp.321-327
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• 1996

Production of resting egg from the Korean rotifer, Brachiunus plicatilis (L and S-type) was investigated at different temperatures (L-type : 20, 24, $28^{\circ}C$, S-type : 28 32, $36^{\circ}C$) and salinities (10, 20,30 ppt). The rotifer was cultured in 25 ml test tube and fed on Nannochloris oculata. With regard to mixis rate, L-type rotifer showed higher rate at lower temperature, and the highest rate was observed at 20 ppt of salinity at each temperature of the experiment. However, for S-type rotifer, the optimum temperature and salinity were $28\~32^{\circ}C$ and 20 ppt, respectively. The highest number of resting egg was 173 eggs/ml in 16 days at $24^{\circ}C$, 10 ppt for L-type rotifer and 410 eggs/ml in 14 days at $28^{\circ}C$, 10 ppt for S-type rotifer. The maximum number of resting egg produced per 10,000 rotifers was 8,122 eggs at $20^{\circ}C$, 20 ppt for L-type rotifer and 8,700 eggs at $28^{\circ}C$, 20 ppt for S-type rotifer. The maximum number of resting egg produced $10^8$ cells of N. oculata was 50.7 eggs for L-type rotifer ($24^{\circ}C$, 20 ppt) and 79.6 eggs for S-type rotifer ($32^{\circ}C$, 10 ppt). The number of resting egg produced per day was $1\~11$ eggs/ml for L-type rotifers and $21\~35$ eggs/ml for S-type rotifer in 9 combination experiments. In this study, S-type rotifer is better than L-type rotifer in resting egg production, and the optimum temperature and salinity for resting egg production were $20^{\circ}C$, 20 ppt for L-type rotifer and $28^{\circ}C$, 20 ppt for S-type rotifer. This result shows the difference of Korean rotifer in the optimum condition for resting egg production from other rotifers reported earlier.

• Biomolecules & Therapeutics
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• v.31 no.2
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• pp.200-209
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• 2023

Patients with non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) with epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) amplification or sensitive mutations initially respond to the tyrosine kinase inhibitor gefitinib, however, the treatment becomes less effective over time by resistance mechanism including mesenchymal-epithelial transition (MET) overexpression. A therapeutic strategy targeting MET and EGFR may be a means to overcoming resistance to gefitinib. In the present study, we found that picropodophyllotoxin (PPT), derived from the roots of Podophyllum hexandrum, inhibited both EGFR and MET in NSCLC cells. The antitumor efficacy of PPT in gefitinib-resistant NSCLC cells (HCC827GR), was confirmed by suppression of cell proliferation and anchorage-independent colony growth. In the targeting of EGFR and MET, PPT bound with EGFR and MET, ex vivo, and blocked both kinases activity. The binding sites between PPT and EGFR or MET in the computational docking model were predicted at Gly772/Met769 and Arg1086/Tyr1230 of each ATP-binding pocket, respectively. PPT treatment of HCC827GR cells increased the number of annexin V-positive and subG1 cells. PPT also caused G2/M cell-cycle arrest together with related protein regulation. The inhibition of EGFR and MET by PPT treatment led to decreases in the phosphorylation of the downstream-proteins, AKT and ERK. In addition, PPT induced reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and GRP78, CHOP, DR5, and DR4 expression, mitochondrial dysfunction, and regulated involving signal-proteins. Taken together, PPT alleviated gefitinib-resistant NSCLC cell growth and induced apoptosis by reducing EGFR and MET activity. Therefore, our results suggest that PPT can be a promising therapeutic agent for gefitinib-resistant NSCLC.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.34 no.6
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• pp.605-610
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• 2001

We investigated the effects of salinity on an estuarine cladoceran, Diaphanosoma celebensis as a substitute live food organism of Artemia, which has been used for the next step of rotifer, in the course of seedling production of marine fishes, Culture density for growth, possibility of stable culture (RPGI: Relative Population Growth Index) and food feeding activity (RCN: Remaining Cell Numbers) of D. celebensis were investigated at intervals of 5 ppt under 10 steps of different saline conditions from 0 to 45 ppt. According to the results, the experimental group, which was regarded as the best condition of culture density for growth, stable culture possibility (RPGI) and good food feeding activity (RCN), was salinity culture condition of 20 put, and relative stable culture conditions were observed under saline concentrations $15\~35\;ppt$. Their functions under culture conditions of lower or higher salinities than 20 ppt appeared remarkably to be decreased, while all individuals were dead under the saline condition of 0 ppt after the beginning of the experiment. From these results of this study, it is assumed that estuarine cladoceran, D. celebensis can be cultured easily as a substitute live food organism of Artemia in the course of seedling production of marine fishes.