• 한국자원식물학회지
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• 제3권2호
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• pp.123-128
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• 1990

In every reciprocal crosses of self pollination, interspecific pollination through ordinary stigma pollination of L. longiflorum and $L.{\;}{\times}{\;}elegans$, pollen vigorously germinated in stigma, and pollen tube was growing. But, 5 days after pollination, pollen tube stopping their growth in the same style as was observed in the cross of self pollination and interspecific pollination. Intrastylar pollination of $L.{\;}{\times}{\;}elegans$ and L. longiflorum passed stylar cannal through the basal part of styles. But, pollen tube that was growing to the ovule of the ovary was extremely small. In morphogical observation of ovary 10 days after pollination, it was observed, that every reciprocal crosses of L. longiflorum ${\times}$ L. ${\times}$ elegans was fertilized through intrastylar pollination, so that this technique was used to overcome cross incompatibilities.lities.

• 한국산림과학회지
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• 제98권6호
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• pp.696-702
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• 2009

본 연구는 충매화인 백합나무의 구조적 생리적 특성을 활용하여 인공교배 시 교배봉투 설치 과정의 생략이 가능한지 여부를 판단하기 위해 수행되었다. 이를 위해 1) 자연 상태(open-pollination)의 비교구, 2) 생식기관(꽃잎, 수술)을 제거하지 않고 교배봉투만 설치(self-pollination), 3) 생식기관만 제거하고 방치, 4) 생식기관 제거 및 인공수분을 실시 후 교배봉투 설치, 5) 생식기관 제거 및 인공수분 실시 후 교배봉투를 씌우지 않는 5 가지의 교배처리를 하였다. 시험결과, 생식기관을 제거하지 않고 교배봉투만 설치한 2번 처리구에서는 충실종자가 전혀 만들어지지 않아 자연 상태에서 자가수분에 의해 종자가 결실될 확률은 매우 낮은 것으로 보인다. 생식기관만 제거하고 교배봉투를 씌우지 않은 3번 처리구의 충실종자 결실률은 0.2%로 통상적인 대규모 인공교배 시의 발생하는 오차수준 보다 매우 낮은 미미한 수준이었다. 생식기관을 제거하고 인공수분을 실시한 후 교배봉투를 씌운 4번 처리구와 씌우지 않은 5번 처리구 종자 충실률은 각각 27.9%와 24.0%로 나타나 인공수분 후 교배봉투를 씌우지 않아도 외부 화분의 유입에 의한 종자 결실률의 증가는 없는 것으로 보인다. 이상의 결과를 종합해 보면 백합나무에서는 대규모 인공교배 시 인공수분 후 교배봉투를 씌우는 과정을 생략해도 큰 무리가 없을 것으로 생각된다.

• International Journal of Industrial Entomology and Biomaterials
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• 제37권2호
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• pp.109-116
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• 2018

We investigated the effects of honey bee (Apis mellifera L.) colony size on the pollination of greenhouse-cultivated watermelon grown under the forcing cultivation system. The highest pollination activity of bees was observed ($14.3{\pm}5.0$ honey bees/day) when the bee colony size was 10,000 followed by 7,500 and 5,000 honey bees. There was a positive correlation between the bee colony size and pollination activity (R = 0.262) but insignificant difference in fruit set with different honey bee colony sizes (88%-91%). Evaluation of physical properties revealed that the weight and shape of watermelon were also not significantly different among different colony sizes. However, larger the bee colony size, higher the number of seeds were fertilized and rate of seed fertilization (p > 0.05). Number of seeds and content of sugar were negatively correlated (R = -0.714). Fertilized seeds showed a significant increase in mealy flesh, which has a negative effect on fruit quality, compared with that of the unfertilized seeds. Overall, we found that a colony size of 5,000 honey bees was the most effective for the pollination of watermelon grown under forcing cultivation. A comparison of the effects of bee pollination with those of artificial pollination suggested that artificial pollination can be effectively replaced by bee pollination in the forcing cultivation of watermelon, because fruit set, weight, and shape by bee pollination were similar to those achieved by artificial pollination.

• 한국유기농업학회지
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• 제24권4호
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• pp.759-771
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• 2016

꽃가루가 없는 '신고' 배에서 화분매개곤충의 수분효과를 확인하기 위하여, 망실과 노지에서 꿀벌, 서양뒤영벌과 인공수분 간의 과총착과율과 수확물 특성을 비교하였다. 수분방법별 착과율을 조사한 결과, 망실에서는 인공수분이 77.1%로 서양뒤영벌보다 1.3배, 꿀벌보다 1.9배 높았다. 노지에서는 인공수분이 38.4%로 서양뒤영벌과 꿀벌보다 1.2배, 1.3배 높았다. 장소별로는 망실이 노지보다 1.3-2.2배 높은 과총착과율을 보여주었다. 화분매개곤충 별로는 서양뒤영벌이 꿀벌보다 같거나 1.5배 높은 과총착과율을 나타내었다. 수확물 특성을 조사한 결과, 인공수분이 과실 크기, 무게가 꿀벌보다 화분매개곤충보다 5-10% 정도 높고, 과형지수도 2-3% 높은 것으로 나타났다. 경제성 분석결과, 인공수분 대비 순수익지수가 서양뒤영벌은 97.0%, 꿀벌은 93.1%로 나타났다. 따라서, 화분이 나오지 않는 '신고' 배에서 인공수분이 화분매개곤충보다 더 효과적이지만, 과실품질과 경제성을 고려할 때, 인공수분을 대체할 수 있다고 생각된다.

• 원예과학기술지
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• 제19권3호
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• pp.373-377
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• 2001

본 연구는 나팔나리(L. longiflorum) 'Gelria'(LG)와 자생 솔나리(L. cernuum, LC)와의 종간 교잡종을 육성할 목적으로 여러 가지 수분방법을 이용하여 수정 전 불화합성의 타파방법을 조사하였다. L. longiflorum 'Gelria'${\times}$L. cernuum의 교잡 수분 시 수분방법에 관계없이 모든 교배조합에서 착과가 이루어졌으며, 주두수분법에 비해 모든 화주절단수분법 처리구에서 착과율과 종자수가 높게 나타났다. 이들 중 화주를 2-3mm 남기고 자른 것과 화주를 모두 잘라버리고 자방기부에 수분시킨 처리구에서 각각 76.4%와 73.3%로 가장 높은 착과율을 나타내었다. 그러나 $LC{\times}LG$ 교잡에서는 전혀 착과되지 않았고 어떤 종자도 얻을 수 없었다. LG의 자가수분과 $LC{\times}LG$ 교잡에서는 속도에는 차이가 있었으나 수분 후 약 90시간 정도가 되면 자방까지 화분관이 신장하였다. 그러나$LC{\times}LG$ 교잡에서는 수분 후 90시간까지 자방에 도달하지 못하였고, 화주 중간에 선단이 비대되고 callose가 이상 집적된 기형적인 화분관이 많이 관찰되었다. 개화 후 수분시기도 착과율과 종자 형성률에 영향을 주었으며, 개화 후 3일에 수분하였을 때 가장 높은 종자수를 획득하였다. 주두 분비물질은 자방비대에는 영향을 미쳤으나, 수정배주수는 증가하지 않았다.

• 한국약용작물학회지
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• 제16권5호
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• pp.287-293
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• 2008

This study was conducted to determine the characteristics of fertilization process and embryo development of Astragalus membranaceus Bunge (Astragali Radix) to provide basic data needed in its breeding. A. membranaceus showed poor seed setting when self-pollination was induced. When artificial pollination was induced, it showed less than 5% bearing in late August, but more than 13% bearing from the beginning of September 4th. The flower size was about $17.0\;mm{\times}4.0\;mm$ and pistils and stamens had the same length of 15.0mm at flowering stage. When self-pollination or cross-pollination was induced, pollen tubes extended to an ovule. While pollen tube was extending to the ovule, reproductive cell split and formed two male generative nuclei and a vegetative nucleus. In the case of self-pollination, fertilized embryo was not observed, but was formed in the case of cross-pollination. A. membranaceus is noted to have zygote self-incompatibility. In the case of cross-pollination, fertilization was observed in 6 to 8 h after pollination, where apical cell derivatives split after fertilization. A spherical pro-embryo was then formed three days after fertilization. The seed attained full shape with a seed coat showing its distinctive contour 15 days after fertilization. Thus, A. membranaceus in Leguminosae family is found to have zygote selfincompatibility although its flower shape is shown to match the self-compatibility plant.

• Journal of Ecology and Environment
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• 제45권4호
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• pp.255-263
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• 2021

Background: Ecosystem service mapping is an important tool for decision-making in landscape planning and natural resource management. Today, pollination service mapping is based on the Lonsdorf model (InVEST software) that determines the availability of nesting and floral resources for each land cover and estimates pollination according to the foraging range of the desired species. However, it is argued that the Lonsdorf model has significant limitations in estimating pollination in a landscape that can affect the results of this model. Results: This paper presents a free software, named PollMap, that does not have the limitations of the Lonsdorf model. PollMap estimates the pollination service according to a modified version of the Lonsdorf model and assumes that only cells within the flight range of bees are important in the pollination mapping. This software is produced for estimating and mapping crop pollination in agricultural landscapes. The main assumption of this software is that in the agricultural landscapes, which are dominated by forest and agriculture ecosystems, forest patches serve only as a nesting habitat for wild bees and the surrounding fields provide floral resources. Conclusion: The present study provided new software for mapping crop pollination in agricultural landscapes that does not have the limitations of the Lonsdorf model. We showed that the use of the Lonsdorf model for pollination mapping requires attention to the limitations of this model, and by removing these limitations, we will need new software to obtain a reliable mapping of pollination in agricultural landscapes.

• Journal of Plant Biotechnology
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• 제30권4호
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• pp.347-352
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• 2003

주두 및 화주절단수분법으로 나팔백합 (L. longiflorum)과 신나팔백합 (1. ${\times}$ ormolongi)을 자방친으로 한 자가 및 품종간 수분을 통하여 교배 조합간 종자 형성율 등을 구명하고 교잡종 육성범위 확대를 위한 기본자료를 얻고자 수행했다. 나팔백합인 L. longiflorum 'Gelria' 및 L. longiflorum 'Lorina'의 자가수분에서 주두수분의 경우 각각 100%의 종자형성 삭과율에 삭과당 평균 종자수는 각각 189개, 70개인 반면 화주절단수분에서는 종자형성 삭과율이 각각 87%, 40%였다. 삭과당 평균 종자수는 각각 53개, 20개로 화주절단 수분법보다 주두 수분에 의한 종자 형성률이 훨씬 높았다. L.${\times}$formolongi의 자가수분에서도 주두수분은 80%의 종자형성 삭과율에 삭과당 종자수가 597개인 반면 화주절단 수분에서는 47%의 종자형성 삭과율에 삭과당 종자수가 81개였는데 형성된 종자도 주두수분보다 충실하지 못했다 품종간 수분에서 L. longiflorum 'Gelria' 및 L. longiflorum 'Lorina'을 자방친으로 한 전체에서 주두수분의 종자형성 삭과율은 60%로 삭과당 평균 종자수는 18개인 반면, 화주절단 수분에서는 종자형성 삭과율이 20%로 삭과당 평균 종자수는 7개로 주두수분과 상당한 차이가 있었다. 신나팔백합의 품종간 교잡인 (L.${\times}$formolongi 'Raizan'${\times}$L. formolongi 'Nobia')에서도 주두수분시 종자형성 삭과율이 75%로 삭과당 평균 종자수는 179개인 반면 화 주절단 수분에서는 종자형성 삭과율이 50%로 삭과당 평균 종자수는 63개로 주두수분과 많은 차이를 보였다. 결과적으로 주두수분이 화주절단수분보다 결실률이 높았다.

• The Plant Pathology Journal
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• 제37권3호
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• pp.299-306
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• 2021

Pollination is an essential process for plants to carry on their generation. Pollination is carried out in various ways depending on the type of plant species. Among them, pollination by insect pollinator accounts for the most common. However, these pollinators have be decreasing in population density due to environmental factors. Therefore, use of artificial pollination is increasing. However, there is a lack of information on microorganisms present in the artificial pollens. We showed the composition of bacteria structure present in the artificial pollens of apple, kiwifruit, peach and pear, and contamination of high-risk pathogens was investigated. Acidovorax spp., Pantoea spp., Erwinia spp., Pseudomonas spp., and Xanthomonas spp., which are classified as potential high-risk pathogens, have been identified in imported pollens. This study presented the pollen-associated bacterial community structure, and the results are expected to be foundation for strengthening biosecurity in orchard industry.

• 한국환경복원기술학회지
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• 제23권6호
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• pp.29-41
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• 2020

Wild pollinators provide important pollination services for crops. However, their geographical ranges and impact on pollination services have not been fully explored within the scope of Korean agricultural land. This study aims to identify spatial supply-demand mismatches across orchard fields in the context of assessing pollination service risk. We first used National Ecosystem Survey data and a species distribution model (MaxEnt) to develop the geographic range of each of 32 wild pollinators belonging to three families (Diptera, Hymenoptera, and Lepidoptera). We then summed the modeled presence probability of each species to obtain a measure of spatially explicit pollinator richness. This modeled richness, defined as pollination supply, was compared with the summed area of orchard fields at the municipal boundary level to identify areas with supply-demand mismatches. The study found that Lepidoptera showed the highest species richness (8.3±1.5), followed by Hymenoptera (4.3±0.8) and Diptera (3.5±0.8) species. Median orchard area was 1.5 ㎢ (range of 0-176.7 ㎢) among 250 municipal regions in South Korea. The municipal regions were divided into three categories (tertiles) of low, middle, and high pollination supply and demand according to, respectivley, average polliator richness and orhard area. Finally, we found that 55 municipal regions (accounting for 49% of national orchard land) potentially faced high risk of pollination deficits, 81 regions (48% of national orchard land) faced intermediate risk, and 63 regions faced low risk (3% of national orchard land). In conclusion, this study revealed significant mismatch between pollination supply and demand and developed risk assessment map will guide our future efforts on pollinator habitat conservation and monitoring to conserve crop pollination services.