• 한국터널지하공간학회 논문집
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• 제12권1호
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• pp.95-103
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• 2010

본 논문은 새로운 연약지반 보강 굴착기술인 PNT 대한 연구로써 공법의 메카니즘 이론을 제시하였으며 선 네일의 설치 보강효과를 확인하기 위하여 2차원 수치해석을 수행하였다. 연구결과 PNT공법의 적용시 선 네일에 의한 연약지반에서의 변위가 크게 감소함을 확인하였다. 또한 PNT공법의 설계적용을 위하여 네일의 설치간격, 설치각도 및 설치 너비 등에 대한 다각적으로 분석하였다.

• Journal of Positioning, Navigation, and Timing
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• 제12권3호
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• pp.281-288
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• 2023

The International Maritime Organization (IMO) states that the recommended horizontal accuracy for coastal and offshore areas is 10 m, the Alert Limit (AL) is 25 m, the time to alert is 10 seconds, and the integrity risk (IR) is 10^-5 per three hours. For operations requiring high accuracy, such as tugs and pushers, icebreakers, and automated docking, the IMO dictates that a high level of positioning accuracy of less than one meter and a protection level of 0.25 meters (for automated docking) to 2.5 meters should be achieved. In this paper, we analyze a method of calculating the user-side protection level of the centimeter-level precision Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) that is being studied to provide augmentation information for the precision Positioning, Navigation and Timing (PNT) service. In addition, we analyze standardized integrity forms based on RTCM SC-134 to propose an integrity information form and generate a centimeter-level precise PNT service plan.

• Journal of Positioning, Navigation, and Timing
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• 제11권4호
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• pp.263-268
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• 2022

Precise Point Positioning-Real Time Kinematic (PPP-RTK) is a high accuracy positioning method that combines RTK and PPP to overcome the limitations on service coverage of RTK and convergence time of PPP. PPP-RTK provides correction data in the form of State Space Representation (SSR), unlike RTK, which provides measurement-based Observation Space Representation (OSR). Due to this, PPP-RTK has an advantage that it can transmit less data than RTK. So, recently, several techniques for PPP-RTK have been proposed. However, in order to utilize PPP-RTK techniques, performance analysis of these in a real environment is essential. In this paper, we implement the local network PPP-RTK and analyze the positioning performance according to the distance within 100 km from the reference station in Korea. As results of experiment, the horizontal and vertical 95% errors of local network PPP-RTK were 6.25 cm and 5.86 cm or less, respectively.

• Journal of Positioning, Navigation, and Timing
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• 제10권3호
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• pp.159-168
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• 2021

Precise Point Positioning-Real Time Kinematic (PPP-RTK) is an improved PPP method that provides the user receiver with satellite code and phase bias correction information in addition to the satellite orbit and clock, thus enabling single-receiver ambiguity resolution. Single station PPP-RTK concept is special case of PPP-RTK in that corrections are computed, instead of a network, by only one single GNSS receiver. This study is performed to experimentally verify the positioning accuracy performance of single baseline RTK level by a user who utilizes correction for a single station PPP-RTK using dual frequencies. As an experimental result, the horizontal and vertical 95% accuracy was 2.2 cm, 4.4 cm, respectively, which verify the same performance as the single baseline RTK.

• Restorative Dentistry and Endodontics
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• 제19권2호
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• pp.473-484
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• 1994

To investigate the effect of resin cement, which had been known to increase the adhesive capacity of the cast gold inlay, on the gingival marginal fit and whether the tin-planting of the beveled area affects the marginal fit, Class II cast gold inlays were made on the 25 sound molars. Control group(ZPC goup) was cemented with the ZPC by conventional method. Experimental groups were cemented with the resin cement(Super-hond & $Panavia_{EX}$) and subdivided further by the existence or nonexistence of the tin-plating of the beveled area(ST & PT groups: with plating, SNT & PNT groups: without plating). So, each group was consisted of 5 teeth and the gingival margin of each specimen was mesiodistally sectioned by 3 times and the marginal and internal gap were evaluated by the Stereo Microscope (${\times}180$) and the Scanning Electron Micrascope(${\times}5,000$) was used for examining the adhesive relationship of the resin cement to the cavity wall and to the cast gold surface. The results were as follows : 1. Marginal gap was less than internal gap in all groups. 2. ZPC and SNT(bevel without tin-plating) groups showed the least gap and gap in PNT(bevel without tin-plating) group, ST(bevel with tin-plating) group, PT(bevel with tin-plating) group showed the greater value in order in evaluation of the both internal gap and marginal gap. 3. With the exception of the relationships between ZPC and SNT groups, ST and PNT groups, relationships between any other groups showed the statistical significance in the internal gap(p<0.05). 4. In the marginal gap, all relationships between groups showed the statistical significance (p<0.05) except the relationships between ZPC and SNT groups, ST and PNT groups, ZPC and PNT groups. 5. ZPC group showed more soluble phenamena than the resin groups(ST, SNT, PT, PNT). 6. Resin cement showed the void spaces in spite of good penetration into the micro-irregularities on both the tooth surface and the cast surface. The void was shown more in PT and PNT groups than in the ST and SNT groups. 7. After the treatment of heat and desiccation for SEM specimen, resin cements were detached more easily from the tooth surface than from the cast surface.

• 한국항해항만학회지
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• 제41권3호
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• pp.87-92
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• 2017

국제해사기구의 e-Navigation 전략에 포함된 PNT서비스의 신뢰성 향상을 위해 GNSS 부재 시에도 활용 가능한 해사업무용 비동기식 R-mode인 AIS-TWR 기법을 제안하고 성능을 평가하였다. 기존 정밀 동기에 기반을 둔 동기식 측위 기법과 달리 동기가 되어 있지 않은 경우에도 메시지 교환을 통해 거리 측정이 가능하도록 AIS시스템 사양에 따른 동작 시나리오 제안 및 오차 요인을 분석하고 관련 식과 알고리즘을 도출하였다. 제안 기법의 성능 평가를 위해 추정 가능 한계를 나타내는 크래머-라오 하한을 제시하였으며 3km의 정적 환경에 놓인 두 AIS 시스템을 대상으로 AIS-TWR 기법에 의한 시뮬레이션 결과 참 값 대비 약 41m의 추정 오차를 보였다.

• 한국항행학회논문지
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• 제27권4호
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• pp.396-409
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• 2023

위성항법시스템은 사용자에게 위치 및 시각정보를 제공하기 위한 핵심 기술로, 최근 자율 이동체 분야에서 요구되는 높은 정확도 및 신뢰성을 확보하기 위하여 다양한 형태의 위성항법보강시스템이 개발되고 있다. 위성항법보강시스템은 사용자 측위 성능 개선을 위해 지상 기준국에서 수집된 거리 측정치 및 항법 데이터를 기반으로 보강정보를 생성한다. 기준국의 배치 및 간격이 시스템 성능에 중요한 영향을 미치므로, 위성항법보강시스템 구축 시 기준국 설치 지점에 대한 고려가 필요하다. 본 논문에서는 기준국의 배치 및 간격에 따른 사용자 측위 성능 모델링 식을 활용한 신규 기준국설치 지점 도출 방안을 분석하고 시뮬레이션을 통해 사용자 측위 성능을 최적화할 수 있는 후보군 지역을 선정하여 제안하였다.

• Journal of Positioning, Navigation, and Timing
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• 제12권3호
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• pp.215-228
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• 2023

The State Space Representation (SSR) method provides individual corrections for each Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) error components. This method can lead to less bandwidth for transmission and allows selective use of each correction. Precise Point Positioning (PPP) - Real-Time Kinematic (RTK) is one of the carrier-based precise positioning techniques using SSR correction. This technique enables high-precision positioning with a fast convergence time by providing atmospheric correction as well as satellite orbit and clock correction. Currently, the positioning service that supports PPP-RTK technology is the Quazi-Zenith Satellite System Centimeter Level Augmentation System (QZSS CLAS) in Japan. A system that provides correction for each GNSS error component, such as QZSS CLAS, requires monitoring of each error component to provide reliable correction and integrity information to the user. In this study, we conducted an analysis of the performance of residual error bounding for each error component. To assess this performance, we utilized the correction and quality indicators provided by QZSS CLAS. Performance analyses included the range domain, dispersive part, non-dispersive part, and satellite orbit/clock part. The residual root mean square (RMS) of CLAS correction for the range domain approximated 0.0369 m, and the residual RMS for both dispersive and non-dispersive components is around 0.0363 m. It has also been confirmed that the residual errors are properly bounded by the integrity parameters. However, the satellite orbit and clock part have a larger residual of about 0.6508 m, and it was confirmed that this residual was not bounded by the integrity parameters. Users who rely solely on satellite orbit and clock correction, particularly maritime users, thus should exercise caution when utilizing QZSS CLAS.