• Science of Emotion and Sensibility
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• v.14 no.4
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• pp.645-652
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• 2011

This study examined changes of both psychological and physiological emotional responses according to change of the PMV (predicted mean vote) in the heating and the cooling air conditions. For this purpose, the changes of PMV were induced by the heating and cooling operations of the HVAC (heating, ventilation, and air conditioning) systems. In addition, positive/negative and arousal/relaxation were measured as the participant's psychological emotional responses, and HR (heart rate) was measured as the participant's physiological emotional responses. As a result, in same range of the PMV, both psychological and physiological emotional-responses were changed by air conditioning. It is suggested that occupant's emotional responses would depend on the operational conditions of heating and cooling in indoor thermal environments, and both psychological and physiological emotional response should be considered when occupants try to match the indoor thermal environments to their thermal expectations.

• Ecology and Resilient Infrastructure
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• v.7 no.1
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• pp.43-52
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• 2020

For investigating restriction in the use of computer modeling results without adjusting them with measured data, this study analyzed and compared microclimatic aspects and human thermal sensation between in situ measurement and computer modeling using ENVI-met in and around a small urban park of downtown Changwon in May, 2012. In the results, ENVI-met underestimated air temperatures and wind speeds than the measured ones and overestimated relative humidities. In the radiation analysis, ENVI-met overestimated solar radiation from the sky hemisphere and terrestrial radiation from the ground hemisphere and underestimated terrestrial radiation from the sky hemisphere. Also, the differences of mean radiant temperatures with the measured ones reached up to 19.6℃ which could create an 1.2 PMV difference. ENVI-met overestimated up to 2.3 PMV and 4℃ UTCI at 12:00. The difference was shown clearly in PMV than in UTCI. Therefore, when computer modeling is used in urban microclimate and human thermal sensation (comfort) studies the modeling results should be compared with measured data and adjusted adequately to adopt the results to urban and landscape planning and design.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.28 no.1
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• pp.80-89
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• 2014

This study of the school's outdoor space for relaxing and activity of the two most numerous students, high heat and low heat with a green space, playground targets of thermal comfort indicators UTCI, PMV, WBGT using the thermal comfort students feeling compare the analyzed. The destination of this study, school facilities of Nam-gu, Namdong- gu, Incheon were studied and the investigation period was conducted from July to August. List of measurement, in the case of thermal comfort indicators, UTCI, PMV, WBGT was measured in the case of green, ratio of green coverage and GVZ was measured. GVZ analysis were as follows: A school ($4.71m^3/m^2$) B school ($3.34m^3/m^2$) C school ($0.38m^3/m^2$). Comparative analysis of the results of thermal comfort indicators by schools, UTCI was Green space $26.15{\sim}31.38^{\circ}C$ and playground $40.66{\sim}42.94^{\circ}C$, PMV values were 1.76 to 2.66 as a green space. WBGT was Green space $26.15{\sim}31.38^{\circ}C$, playground $31.67{\sim}34.53^{\circ}C$. Comparative analysis of the results of thermal comfort indicators UTCI, PMV, WBGT all A school, B school, C school, on the green space was comfortable levels more than playground. The results of the school type thermal comfort and green correlation analysis of thermal comfort UTCI, PMV, WBGT all solar radiation, globe temperature, and a positive correlation shown solar radiation, globe temperature is not comfortable, the higher was considered. UTCI, PMV, WBGT of thermal comfort indicator all ratio of green coverage, GVZ and negative correlation appears ratio of green coverage, GVZ was increased due to the lowering of the value of thermal comfort indicators was considered to be comfortable.

• Journal of the Korean Association of Geographic Information Studies
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• v.18 no.2
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• pp.28-44
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• 2015

Granite soil has been used traditionally as a school playground surface. Natural turf has also been used in some schools. Recently artificial turf has come into common use instead of granite soil or natural turf. Artificial turf playgrounds are used at 174 schools in Seoul, Korea. More than 3,500 artificial turf fields are installed in the United States. Because of the increase of artificial turf usage, there are many studies about the estimation of artificial turf effects to environment. Compared with artificial turf material effects such as characterization of substances released from material, and recognition of volatility of heavy metal into the surrounding environment - air or the percolating rainwater -, less studies for thermal effects of artificial turf playground have been done. Especially, the corresponding studies in Korea are few. Thus, the purpose of this research is to compare the thermal effects of artificial turf on school playground between natural turf and granite soil. In this study, air temperature and Predicted Mean Vote (PMV) were compared in three scenarios by Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) model. Additionally, the results were validated through a field measurement. Air temperature decreasing effects by natural turf are greater than those by artificial turf and granite soil at 14:30 on 20th, July 2011. It shows the same decreasing effects at 23:30. However, the difference is less than that of daytime. PMV differences between natural turf and the other two surface covers are large at daytime while those are much less at nighttime. Consequently, air temperature and PMV of artificial turf are the highest among three school playground surface pavements.

• Journal of the Korean housing association
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• v.14 no.3
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• pp.1-8
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• 2003

It is not sufficient to control the indoor thermal environment using only one or two parameters by itself as human response for the control of indoor thermal environment. So a proper environmental thermal index is required for the control of indoor thermal environment effectively. In this study, the physical environment was measured and analysed and the skin temperature of the subjects and their response were investigated to evaluate the optimum thermal comfort range for cooling season in an apartment house. As a result, the optimal temperature was 26.1$^{\circ}C$ and the temperature ranges which more than 80% responded as satisfactory were 24.1~28.$0^{\circ}C$, respectively. As the OT had most significant interrelation with the PMV, it is desirable to use the OT in evaluating the thermal environment during cooling. Also, the comfort range was concluded between OT 25.5~27.3$^{\circ}C$ by appointing the PMV of -0.5~0.5 as the optimum comfort condition. In addition, the Human responses were compared with calculated PMV, OT and MRT and the relationships are suggested in order to utilize to control indoor thermal environment.

• Journal of Biosystems Engineering
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• v.34 no.1
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• pp.1-7
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• 2009

In order to evaluate environmental comfort of tractor cabs, temperature, relative humidity and noise within the cab were taken from 31 tractors during plowing and rotovating operations. The temperature and humidity were evaluated with regard to the comfort zone of KS B ISO 14269-2 and PMV of ISO 7730. The noise was evaluated with regard to the permissible sound level of OSHA for daily exposure of 8 hours. The collected data indicated that thermal environment of the cabs was out of the comfort zone, which meant tractor operators worked under uncomfortable thermal conditions. Difference in the thermal comfort by tractor power and maker, and type of works was not found. However, 25% of the studied tractors showed PMV in a range of -0.5 to +0.5, which indicated their operators worked under the comfort criteria. PMV was improved when the cab was air-conditioned. Levels of measured cab noise were lower than the permissible criteria, and 76.7% of the studied tractors had cab noise ranged from 75 to 85 dBA. There was a tendency that high powered tractors, rotovating operations and locally-made tractors had greater cab noise levels. However, their differences were insignificant.

• Journal of Environmental Health Sciences
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• v.43 no.3
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• pp.214-222
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• 2017

Objectives: A hospital is a complex building that serves many different purposes. The indoor environment in a hospital plays a major role in patient well-being and the work efficiency of the hospital staff. This study was conducted to evaluate overall comfort in two major hospitals over the course of one year. Methods: Various indoor environmental conditions were measured in two general hospitals for one year (April 2014 to April 2015). Monitoring alternated between the hospitals at one month per respective monitoring session. The indoor air temperature, relative humidity (RH), mean radiant temperature and air velocity were measured in order to calculate the predicted mean vote (PMV). Carbon dioxide concentration, noise level and illumination level were concurrently measured and applied to the overall IEQ acceptance model for the hospitals (IEQh). Results: The IEQh at the two general hospitals was different at five spaces within a building. The IEQh for summer and winter were significantly different. Real-time IEQh demonstrated that indoor comfort was affected by the hospital's operating hours due to operation of the HVAC system. The percentage of indoor comfort in the hospitals was higher using PMV than IEQh. Conclusion: IEQh in the hospitals was different at locations with different purposes. Indoor comfort assessment using IEQh was stricter than with PMV. Additional research is needed in order to optimize the IEQh model.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.113 no.1
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• pp.107-117
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• 2024

This study investigated temporal changes in forest physical variables and their effects on thermal comfort and physiological and psychological responses. Environmental factors (air temperature, mean radiant temperature, wind speed, and relative humidity), the predicted mean vote (PMV), and the predicted percentage of dissatisfied (PPD) visitors were continuously measured between 9:00 AM and 6:00 PM. We assessed the physiological and psychological responses (heart rate variability, heart rate, oral temperature, blood pressure, pulse rate, thermal sensation vote, comfort sensation vote, and subjective feelings) of 30 male university students (average age: 21.7±1.9 years), who closed their eyes and relaxed for 5 minutes every hour. Examination of correlations between environmental factors and physiological responses showed that ① the mean radiant temperature, wind speed, and relative humidity significantly changed with time; ② PMV and PPD also showed significant changes over time, and the thermal sensation vote corresponded with PMV; however, the comfort sensation vote did not correspond with PPD; ③ Among the physiological responses, parasympathetic nerve activity, sympathetic nerve activity, heart rate, and diastolic blood pressure significantly varied with time, with parasympathetic nerve activity having the lowest value and sympathetic nerve activity the highest at the highest air temperature (2:00-4:00 PM); and ④ Air temperature, mean radiant temperature, and wind speed showed a negative correlation with parasympathetic nerve activity and a positive correlation with sympathetic nerve activity. These findings indicate that the relaxation effects of the forest environment depend on what time of day people are exposed to it, and the changes occurring in forest environmental factors over time modulate these effects.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.51 no.3
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• pp.153-165
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• 2023

The purpose of this study is to propose effective scenarios for green areas in apartment complexes that can improve the connection between green spaces considering wind flow, thermal comfort, and mitigation of the urban heat island effect. The study site was an apartment complex in Godeok-dong, Gangdong-gu, Seoul, Korea. The site selection was based on comparing temperatures and discomfort index data collected from June to August 2020. Initially, the thermal and wind environment of the current site was analyzed. Based on the findings, three scenarios were proposed, taking into account both green patches and corridor elements: Scenario 1 (green patch), Scenario 2 (green corridor), and Scenario 3 (green patch & corridor). Subsequently, each scenario's wind speed, wind flow, and thermal comfort were analyzed using ENVI-met to compare their effectiveness in mitigating the urban heat island effect. The study results demonstrated that green patches contributed to increased wind speed and improved wind flow, leading to a reduction of 31..20% in the predicted mean vote (PMV) and 68.59% in the predicted percentage of dissatisfied (PET). On the other hand, green corridors facilitated the connection of wind paths and further increased wind speed compared to green patches. They proved to be more effective than green patches in mitigating the urban heat island, resulting in a reduction of 92.47% in PMV and 90.14% in PET. The combination of green patches and green corridors demonstrated the greatest increase in wind speed and strong connectivity within the apartment complex, resulting in a reduction of 95.75% in PMV and 95.35% in PET. However, patches in narrow areas were found to be more effective in improving thermal comfort than green corridors. Therefore, to effectively mitigate the urban heat island effect, enhancing green areas by incorporating green corridors in conjunction with green patches is recommended. This study can serve as fundamental data for planning green areas to mitigate future urban heat island effects in apartment complexes. Additionally, it can be considered a method to improve urban resilience in response to the challenges posed by the urban heat island effect.

• Korean Journal of Air-Conditioning and Refrigeration Engineering
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• v.18 no.3
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• pp.240-246
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• 2006

This paper performed to investigate on vertical temperature distribution, effective draft temperature (ETD) and PMV (Predicted Mean Vote) in the classroom, which is located YangSan city (Kyungsangnam-Do), Korea, is equipped with ceiling unit. The vertical temperature difference between F.L+10 cm (ankle) and F.L+120 cm (neck) of a measuring point which is adjacent corridor in the classroom showed about $1^{\circ}C$ but of measuring point which is adjacent outdoor expressed up to $4^{\circ}C$, The effective draft temperature (ETD) is -2.3 and -0.52 and 0.67 at near ceiling unit but is 1.2 and 3.3 at far from ceiling unit. The PMV of total classroom showed the range of 'Cold' and 'Slightly Cold.' Therefore, to achieve comfort condition in the classroom is equipped with ceiling unit, the location of ceiling unit and discharge angle and discharge distance from ceiling unit are very important elements.