• 한국대기환경학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국대기환경학회 2010년도 춘계학술대회 논문집
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• pp.287-288
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• 2010

• 한국환경과학회지
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• 제25권5호
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• pp.673-681
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• 2016

The adequacy of urban air quality monitoring networks in the largest metropolitan city, Seoul was evaluated using multivariate analysis for $SO_2$, $NO_2$, CO, PM10, and $O_3$. Through cluster analysis for 5 air pollutants concentrations, existing monitoring stations are seen to be clustered mostly by geographical locations of the eight zones in Seoul. And the stations included in the same cluster are redundantly monitoring air pollutants exhibiting similar atmospheric behavior, thus it can be seen that they are being operated inefficiently. Because monitoring stations groups representing redudancy were different depending on measurement items and several pollutants are being measured at the same time in each air monitoring station, it is seemed to be not easy to integrate or transmigrate stations. But it may be proposed as follows : the redundant stations can be integrated or transmigrated based on ozone of which measures are increasing in recent years and alternatively the remaining pollutants other than the pollutant exhibiting similar atmospheric behavior with nearby station's can be measured. So it is considered to be able to operate air quality monitoring networks effectively and economically in order to improve air quality.

• 한국환경과학회지
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• 제13권1호
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• pp.27-36
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• 2004

Present study analyzed the temporal and spatial characteristics of PM10 pollution in Metropolitan Daegu area based on air pollution monitoring station data and measurements of PM10 concentrations in background area in order to provide essential data for efficient PM10 pollution management. The significant variation of spatial and temporal PM10 concentrations in Daegu area was observed during the study years. The highest maximum PM10 concentration(332 $\mu\textrm{g}$/㎥), average concentration(88 $\mu\textrm{g}$/㎥) and frequency exceeding PM10 daily standard(150 $\mu\textrm{g}$/㎥) were all observed in Namsandong located near a major roadway. The hourly and weekly variations of PM10 concentrations had different pattern for the measurement sites. The monthly and seasonal concentrations exhibited a notable characteristic： the maximum concentration was obtained in spring season, most likely due to Yellow sand effects. Furthermore, this temporal variation of PM10 pollution varied with study site. Meanwhile, the PM10 values measured at the monitoring site, Manchondong, were comparable with those of a control site. The average PM10 concentration ranged from 23 $\mu\textrm{g}$/㎥ to 115 $\mu\textrm{g}$/㎥ with a mean value of 53 $\mu\textrm{g}$/㎥ in the former site and from 22 $\mu\textrm{g}$/㎥ to 91 $\mu\textrm{g}$/㎥ with a mean value of 45 $\mu\textrm{g}$/㎥ in the latter site.

• 한국환경보건학회지
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• 제43권4호
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• pp.267-272
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• 2017

Objectives: The purposes of the study were to analyze the temporal variation of carbon dioxide ($CO_2$) and particulate matter (PM) in daycare centers and evaluate the appropriateness of the official test method of one-time measurement. Methods: Indoor air quality in 46 daycare centers in the Seoul Metropolitan Area was measured as specified in the official test method of Indoor Air Quality Management law. In addition, indoor air quality in the 46 daycare centers was measured over 37 days using a real-time monitor (AirGuard K). Results: The daily means of $CO_2$ and PM in the 46 daycare centers were $1042.74{\pm}134.45ppm$ and $67.60{\pm}18.25{\mu}g/m^3$, respectively. Indoor air quality in the daycare centers showed significant temporal fluctuation. Measurements for single days were significantly different from the 37-day average exposure. Relative error of short term exposure decreased with an increase in the number of sampling days. The noncompliance rate for $CO_2$ using the official testing method was 2.17%, and none exceeded the $PM_{10}$ standard of $100{\mu}g/m^3$. With monitoring over 37 days, the daily noncompliance rate for $CO_2$ was 50.4% and the daily noncompliance rate for PM was 13.8%. Conclusions: When the official test method evaluates the indoor air at daycare centers one day per year, the results may not represent actual indoor air quality over a longer period of time. Real-time monitoring devices could be an alternative for managing indoor air quality.

• 한국대기환경학회지
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• 제27권6호
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• pp.711-722
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• 2011

This study is aimed to estimate the $PM_{2.5}$ source apportionment at Seoul intensive monitoring site located in Seoul metropolitan area. Time-resolved chemical compositions of $PM_{2.5}$ are measured in real time using ambient ion monitor, semi-continuous carbon monitor, and on-line XRF at Seoul intensive monitoring site in 2010. The mass concentration of $PM_{2.5}$ was simultaneously monitored with eight ionic species (${SO_4}^{2-}$, $NO_3{^-}$, $Cl^-$, $NH_4{^+}$, $Na^+$, $K^+$, $Mg^{2+}$, $Ca^{2+}$), two carbonaceous species (OC and EC), and fourteen elements (Si, K, Ca, Ti, V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Zn, As, Se, Pb) in 1-hr interval. The data sets were then analyzed using EPA PMF version 3 to identify sources and contributions to $PM_{2.5}$ mass. EPA PMF modeling identified eight PM2.5 sources, including soil dust, secondary sulfate, secondary nitrate, motor vehicle, coal combustion, oil combustion, biomass burning, and municipal incineration. This study found that the average $PM_{2.5}$ mass was apportioned to anthropogenic sources such as motor vehicle, fuel combustion, and biomass burning (61%) and secondary aerosols, including sulfate and nitrate (38%).

• 한국산학기술학회논문지
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• 제13권4호
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• pp.1931-1938
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• 2012

이 연구에서는 포항철강공단 주변지역의 보건 환경질 개선을 위해 대기측정망의 설치 위치가 적정한지를 평가하였다. 대기 유동장을 분석한 결과, 대송면(제 1 상세 바람권역)과 장흥동(제 3 상세 바람권역)의 경우 대기측정망의 위치가 적정한 것으로 나타났다. 그러나 대도동과 죽도동에 설치된 대기측정망은 동일바람권역에 존재하고 있어 중복 측정을 하고 있는 것으로 판단된다. 향후 포항시 인구의 50% 이상이 거주하고 있는 북구 지역에는 추가적으로 대기측정망을 설치할 것을 제언한다. 대기오염물질 농도 분포를 분석한 결과, $PM_{10}$의 경우 장흥동 지역이 다른 지역에 비해 높은 농도를 보였고 $O_3$의 경우에는 대송면지역에서 높게 나타났다. 대상지역 주민들의 생활건강에 악영향을 유발하는 $PM_{10}$과 $O_3$에 대한 적극적인 관리가 필요한 시점으로 판단된다.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• 제14권12호
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• pp.7725-7730
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• 2013

Objective: The purpose of this study was to evaluate secondhand smoke (SHS) exposure inside selected public places to provide basic data for the development and promotion of smoke-free policies. Methods: Between March and May 2009, an SHS exposure survey was conducted. $PM_{2.5}$ levels and air nicotine concentrations were measured in hospitals (n=5), government buildings (4), restaurants (10) and entertainment venues (10) in Seoul, Republic of Korea, using a common protocol. Field researchers completed an observational questionnaire to document evidence of active smoking (the smell of cigarette smoke, presence of cigarette butts and witnessing people smoking) and administered a questionnaire regarding building characteristics and smoking policy. Results: Indoor $PM_{2.5}$ levels and air nicotine concentrations were relatively higher in monitoring sites where smoking is not prohibited by law. Entertainment venues had the highest values of $PM_{2.5}$(${\mu}g/m^3$) and air nicotine concentration(${\mu}g/m^3$), which were 7.6 and 67.9 fold higher than those of hospitals, respectively, where the values were the lowest. When evidence of active smoking was present, the mean $PM_{2.5}$ level was 104.9 ${\mu}g/m^3$, i.e., more than 4-fold the level determined by the World Health Organization for 24-hr exposure (25 ${\mu}g/m^3$). Mean indoor air nicotine concentration at monitoring sites with evidence of active smoking was 59-fold higher than at sites without this evidence (2.94 ${\mu}g/m^3$ vs. 0.05 ${\mu}g/m^3$). The results were similar at all specific monitoring sites except restaurants, where mean indoor $PM_{2.5}$ levels did not differ at sites with and without active smoking evidence and indoor air nicotine concentrations were higher in sites without evidence of smoking. Conclusion: Nicotine was detected in most of our monitoring sites, including those where smoking is prohibited by law, such as hospitals, demonstrating that enforcement and compliance with current smoke-free policies in Korea is not adequate to protect against SHS exposure.

• 대한원격탐사학회지
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• 제37권3호
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• pp.657-664
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• 2021

본 연구에서는 수도권 지역의 대기오염물질(PM_2.5, PM₁₀, O₃) 농도와 지형 고도, 건물 면적비, 인구 밀도의 상관성을 조사하였다. 지형 고도와 건물 면적비를 분석하기 위해 국토지리정보원에서 제공하는 수치지형도를 이용하였고, 건물 면적비를 계산하기 위해 수도권 지역을 TM 중부원점을 기준으로 수평 9 km × 9 km 격자로 구분하였다. 인구 밀도는 국가통계포털의 행정구역별 면적과 인구수 자료를 이용하였다. 대기오염물질 농도 자료는 수도권에 위치한 도시대기측정소 146개 지점의 PM_2.5, PM₁₀, O₃ 농도 측정 자료를 이용하였다. 분석 기간은 2010년 1월부터 2020년 12월까지이고, 1시간 평균 농도 자료를 이용하여 월평균 농도를 계산하였다. 지형 고도는 경기도 북부와 동부 지역에서 높았고 서해안에 근접할수록 낮았다. 건물 면적비와 인구밀도 분포는 서로 유사하였고, 서울특별시에서 가장 높았으며, 산악과 해안지역에서는 낮게 나타났다. 월평균 PM_2.5과 PM₁₀ 농도는 봄철과 겨울철(1월~3월)에 높았고 O₃ 농도는 늦봄부터 초여름(4~6월)까지 높았다. 농도가 높은 3개월에 대해서 AMQS 지점별 평균 농도를 비교·분석하였다. 건물면적비나 인구밀도와 대기오염물질 농도 사이에는 음의 상관 관계가 분석되었다(인구밀도와 PM_2.5, PM₁₀ 농도 사이는 약한 음의 상관관계가, O₃ 농도와는 비교적 강한 음의 상관관계). 반면, 대기오염물질 농도와 도시대기측정소 측정 고도 사이의 뚜렷한 상관성을 나타나지 않았는데, 향후, 이에 대한 연구 수행이 필요할 것으로 판단된다.

• 한국입자에어로졸학회지
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• 제5권2호
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• pp.53-62
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• 2009

In this study, the continuous monitoring of the concentration of PM-10 atmospheric particulate matter using beta ray attenuation method was compared with gravimetric method from September, 2006 to August, 2007. On the effects of the PM-10 concentration and mass difference by relative humidity and precipitation were considered. The result showed that the measurement error between beta ray method and gravimetric method are within -3~6% in average, which means PM-10 concentration data with beta ray method are relatively comparable. The current study also shows that the high PM-10 concentration events are mainly due to haze, Asian dust, and high relative humidity and the PM-10 mass concentration is closely related with relative humidity and precipitation events. Based on daily mean data, the PM-10 increases as relative humidity increases up to 70~80%, then decreases over 80% due to the precipitation. However, the distinct measurement discrepancy was not shown between beta ray method and gravimetric method based on current results. Consequently, this study shows that the collocated measurement in different instrument is essential in order to quantify the accuracy of PM-10. Furthermore, the more comprehensive and spatially distributed comparison is needed and this is remained for future study.

• 분석과학
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• 제26권5호
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• pp.315-325
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• 2013

The possibility of acute hepatotoxicity caused by dimethylformamide (DMF) requires regular monitoring of the workers who are using DMF to prevent the occupational disease. The authors performed ambient and biological monitoring of workers involved in synthetic leather manufacturing processes using DMF to assess the correlation between the markers of ambient and biological monitoring of DMF. The authors monitored 142 workers occupationally exposed to DMF from 19 workshops in the synthetic leather and ink manufacturing industries located in northern region of Gyeonggi-do. The subjects answered questionnaire on work procedure and use of personal protective equipment to be classified by exposure type. DMF in air samples collected using personal air samplers, diffusive and active sampler, was analysed using gas chromatograph-flame ionization detector (GC-FID) with DB-FFAP column (length 30 m, i.d. 0.25 mm, film thickness 0.25 ${\mu}m$). Urinary N-methylformamide (NMF) was analysed using gas chromatograph-mass selective detector (GC-MSD) at selected ion monitoring (SIM) mode with DB-624 column (length 60 m, i.d. 0.25 mm, film thickness 1.40 ${\mu}m$). Geometric mean (GM) and geometric standard deviation (GSD) of the ambient DMF was $6.85{\pm}3.43$ ppm, and GM and GSD of urinary NMF was $42.3{\pm}2.7$ mg/L. The ratio of subjects with DMF level over 10 ppm was 44%, and those with urinary NMF over 15 mg/L was 87%. NMF in urine adjusted by DMF in air was $4.61{\pm}2.57$ mg/L/ppm and $9.50{\pm}2.41$ mg/L/ppm, respectively, with or without respirator. There was seasonal differences of NMF in urine adjusted by DMF in air, $7.63{\pm}2.74$ mg/L/ppm in summer and $4.53{\pm}2.29$ mg/L/ppm in winter. The urinary NMF concentration which corresponds to 10 ppm of ambient DMF was 52.7 mg/L (r=0.650, n=128). Considering the difference of the route of exposure which resulted from the compliance of wearing personal protective equipment, the estimated contribution of respiratory and dermal exposure route for DMF was 48.5% vs. 51.5%.