• Journal of Korean Society of Environmental Engineers
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• v.36 no.1
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• pp.20-28
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• 2014

The three air quality monitoring sites, analysed simultaneously PM-10 and PM-2.5, ie. Ihyeondong in industrial area, Manchondong in residential area, Pyeongnidong in streetside, among 13 air quality monitoring sites in Daegu area, were investigated the concentration distribution characteristics of PM-2.5 and PM-10 in the last 2 years (2011~2012). PM-10 concentrations exceeded annual average reference value ($50{\mu}g/m^3$) in Ihyeondong ($52.5{\mu}g/m^3$) and Pyeongnidong ($60.9{\mu}g/m^3$) but satisfied in Manchondong ($44.9{\mu}g/m^3$). All PM-2.5 concentrations exceeded EPA annual standard value of the United States ($15{\mu}g/m^3$) in three points, but also exceeded new control annual standard value ($25{\mu}g/m^3$) coming into effect in 2015. Seasonal concentration of PM-10 appeared the order of spring > winter > fall > summer, and in the case of PM-2.5, the order was winter > spring > fall > summer. Monthly concentrations of PM-10 and PM-2.5 were highest in February and lowest in September. Diurnal concentrations of PM-10 and PM-2.5 increased from 7:00 AM, and recorded the highest concentration between 10:00 AM and 11:00 AM. And after 6:00 PM it lowered continuously and tended to show fixed concentrations from evening until early morning. In addition, the concentration of fine particles during the week was higher than the weekend. The fluctuation in industrial area was larger than the residential area. At the PM-2.5/PM-10 ratio, summer was generally high, spring was the lowest. And, when yellow sand occurred, it was 0.32 to 0.42. It was very low compared to 0.54 to 0.64 during non-yellow sand times. This paper for the state and the characteristics of Daegu' fine particles (PM-10, PM-2.5) will be valuable to future researches of fine particles and air pollution management.

• Journal of the Korean earth science society
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• v.33 no.6
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• pp.469-480
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• 2012

This study was to analyze the characteristics of diurnal variation of high $PM_{2.5}$ concentration, $PM_{2.5}/PM_{10}$ concentration ratio by spatio-temporal wind system (wind speed and wind direction) for high $PM_{2.5}$ concentration (over the 24 hr environmental standard of $PM_{2.5}$, $50{\mu}g/m^3$) in the air quality observation sites (Jangrimdong: Industrial area, Jwadong: Residential area) that were measured for 3 years (2005. 12. 1-2008. 11. 30) in Busan. The observation days of high $PM_{2.5}$ concentration were 182 at Jangrimdong and 27 at Jwadong. The seasonal diurnal variation of hourly mean of high $PM_{2.5}$ concentration and of $PM_{2.5}/PM_{10}$ concentration ratio showed a similar pattern that had higher variation at dawn, and night and in the morning than in the afternoon. Durning daytime in summer at Jwadong, the $PM_{2.5}/PM_{10}$ concentration ratio increased because a secondary particulate matter, which was created by photochemical reaction, decreased the coarse particles of $PM_{10}$ more than the fine particles of $PM_{2.5}$ concentrations in ocean condition. We did an analysis of spatio-temporal wind system (wind speed range and wind direction) in each time zone. The result showed that high $PM_{2.5}$ concentration at Jangrimdong occurred due to the congestion of pollutants emissions from the industrial complex in Jangrimdong area and the transportation of pollutants from places nearby Jangrimdong. It also showed that high $PM_{2.5}$ concentration occurred at Jwadong because of a number of local residential and commercial activities that caused the congestion of pollutants.

• Journal of Environmental Science International
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• v.12 no.6
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• pp.665-676
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• 2003

To investigate the chemical characteristics of PM$\_$2.5/ in Seoul, Korea, atmospheric particulate matters were collected using a PM$\_$10/ dichotomous sampler including PM$\_$10/ and PM$\_$2.5/ inlet during the period of October 2000 to September 2001. The Inductively Coupled Plasma-Mass Spectromety (ICP-MS), ion Chromatography (IC) methods were used to determine the concentration of both metal and ionic species. A statistical analysis was performed for the heavy metals data set using a principal component analysis (PCA) to derived important factors inherent in the interactions among the variables. The mean concentrations of ambient PM$\_$2.5/ and PM/sub10/ were 24.47 and 45.27 $\mu\textrm{g}$/㎥, respectively. PM$\_$2.5/ masses also showed temporal variations both yearly and seasonally. The ratios of PM$\_$2.5/PM$\_$10/ was 0.54, which similar to the value of 0.60 in North America. Soil-related chemical components (such as Al, Ca, Fe, Si, and Mn) were abundant in PM$\_$10/, while anthropogenic components (such as As, Cd, Cr, V, Zn and Pb) were abundant in PM2s. Total water soluble ions constituted 30∼50 % of PM$\_$2.5/ mass, and sulfate, nitrate and ammonium were main components in water soluble ions. Reactive farms of NH$_4$$\^$+/were considered as NH$_4$NO$_3$ and (NH$_4$)$_2$SO$_4$ during the sampling periods. In the results of PCA for PM$\_$2.5/, we identified three principal components. Major contribution to PM$\_$2.5/ seemed to be soil, oil combustion, unidentified source. Further study, the detailed interpretation of these data will need efforts in order to identify emission sources.

• The Journal of Korean Medicine Ophthalmology and Otolaryngology and Dermatology
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• v.31 no.3
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• pp.1-11
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• 2018

Objectives : The purpose of this study is to analyze the correlation between fine dust(PM10.5, PM2.5) and the number of acute/chronic sinusitis patients. Methods : A simple regression analysis was performed based on the concentration of PM10 and PM2.5 as independent variables and the number of acute/chronic sinusitis patients as dependent variables. Results : As a result of simple regression analysis, if PM10 increases by $1{\mu}g/m^3$, the number of acute sinusitis patients increases by 7,000.291(P<.001, 95%CI :4,951.983-9,048.600). If PM2.5 increases by $1{\mu}g/m^3$, the number of acute sinusitis patients increases by 17,524.476.(P<.001, 95%CI:9,728.725-25,320.228) In addition, PM10 increases by $1{\mu}g/m^3$, the number of acute sinusitis patients increases by 3,163.471 (P<.001, 95% CI:2,268.642-4,058.301). If PM2.5 increases by $1{\mu}g/m^3$, the number of chronic sinusitis patients increases by 8,651.644.(P<.001, 95%CI:5,115.697-12,187.592) Conclusions : Both PM10 and PM2.5 are correlated with changes in the number of sinusitis patients. PM2.5 has effect on the number of patients than PM10. PM10 is the highest correlation in their 50s, PM2.5 in their 60s and 70s.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.13 no.1
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• pp.445-450
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• 2012

From 2015, PM2.5 standards will be added to Korean national ambient air quality standards. To characterize PM2.5 levels in Cheonan, annual PM2.5 concentrations along with PM10 concentrations were investigated between February 2010 and January 2011 using a dust monitor. The annual PM2.5 concentration was $40.45{\mu}g/m^3$ and over the standards($25{\mu}g/m^3$). The daily average PM2.5 concentrations ranged from 2.43 to $178.84{\mu}g/m^3$, and 26% days exceeded the daily PM2.5 standard($50{\mu}g/m^3$). During the same periods, only 11% days exceeded the daily PM10 standard, showing that PM2.5 were more concerning levels than PM10. Seasonal variations showed the highest concentrations in spring and winter, and lowest concentration in summer due to heavy rain fall. Changes in PM2.5 concentrations during the day were remarkable and showed the highest concentrations in commuting periods. The results indicated that the concentrations of PM2.5 in Cheonan were at the concerning level, and mainly from the mobile sources.

• Journal of Yeungnam Medical Science
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• v.16 no.2
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• pp.181-192
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• 1999

Background: Nitric oxide, a vasodilator synthesized from L-arginine by vascular endothelial cells, accounts for the biological activity of endothelium derived relaxing factor. Previous studies demonstrated that nitric oxide inhibitor, $N^{\omega}$-Nitro-L-Arginine(NNA) diminished the hyperdynamic splanchnic and systemic circulation in portal hypertensive rats The present study was done to determine the role of nitric oxide in the development of hyperdynamic circulations in the prehepatic portal hypertensive rat model produced by partial portal vein ligation. Methods: The portal hypertensive rats were divided into water ingestion group and NNA ingestion group. After partial portal vein ligation, NNA ingestion group and water ingestion group received NNA 1mg/kg/day and plain water through the mouth for 14 days, respectively. Cardiac output, mean arterial pressure, organ blood flow and porto-systemic shunting were measured by radioisotope labeled microsphere methods. Vascular resistances were calculated by standard equation. Results: There were significant decreases in mean arterial pressure, increases in cardiac output and cardiac index, and decreases in total systemic and splanchnic vascular resistance in portal hypertensive rats compared to normal control group (p<0.01). Compared to the water ingestion group, significantly increased mean arterial pressure with decreased cardiac output and cardiac index were developed in the NNA ingestion group. Total systemic and splanchnic vascular resistance were significantly increased in the NNA ingestion group compared to water ingestion group (p<0.05). But, there was no significant difference in portal pressure between the two groups. Conclusion: The hemodynamic results of this study indicate that hyperdynamic circulation in prehepatic portal hypertensive rat mode1 was attenuated by ingestion of NNA. Nitric oxide may play an important role in the development of hyperdynamic circulation with splanchnic vasodilation in chronic portal hypertension.

• Journal of the Korean earth science society
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• v.31 no.3
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• pp.234-245
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• 2010

Twenty-four hour integrated $PM_{10}$ and $PM_{2.5}$ samples were measured during springtime (March, April, and May) in Busan for three years from 2006 to 2008, and mass concentrations and metallic elements of measurement were analyzed to investigate temporal, spatial, chemical characteristics of the mass concentration and metallic elements in association with meteorological conditions including Asian Dust (AD) vs. non Asian Dust (NAD) seasons, and other air mass transport patterns. The result showed that $PM_{10}$, $PM_{2.5}$ and $PM_{10-2.5}$ concentrations were on average of $126.2{\pm}89.8$, $85.5{\pm}41.6$, and $40.7{\pm}54.9{\mu}g/m^3$, respectively, and the $PM_{2.5}/PM_{10}$ and $PM_{10-2.5}/PM_{2.5}$ ratios were 0.70 and 0.48, respectively. The highest concentrations of PM were observed when air parcels were originated from both northwest sector covering Beijing and west sector including Shanghai areas.

• Korean Journal of Animal Reproduction
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• v.24 no.3
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• pp.231-239
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• 2000

In this study, we observed the effects of dioxin on weights of body, testes and other organs, the number and motility of sperm in the a various dose after two days' of administration in mice. Animals were treated with oral dose of dioxin 10, 20, 30, 40 mg/kg body weight, respectively. 1, After administration dioxin at doses of 10, 20, 30 and 40 $\mu\textrm{g}$/kg to the mice, the changes in body weights were 30.6 $\pm$ 2.g~40.7 $\pm$ 3.9g and 30.8 $\pm$4.1g~39.5g $\pm$3.1 for 10 and 20 $\mu\textrm{g}$/kg dosed group, 31.0 $\pm$ 3.5g ~ 39.0 $\pm$ 3.5g, 30.6 $\pm$ 3.4g~38.3 $\pm$ 4.0g for 30 and 40 $\mu\textrm{g}$/kg dosed group. The body weight of dioxin-administered group showed lower value when compared to 30.6 $\pm$ 2.8g ~ 44.5 $\pm$ 3.1g of which is control group's. 2. After administration of dioxin at doses of 10, 20, 30 and 40 $\mu\textrm{g}$/kg to the mice, the increase in the number of WBC was prominent, but the increase in the number of RBC wasn't significant, though the values of Hb, PCV, and PLT were higher than those of control group's. 3. After administration of dioxin at doses of 10. 20, 30 and 40 $\mu\textrm{g}$/kg to the mice, the changes in sperm number were 112.5 $\pm$ 3.7~119.4 $\pm$4.2 $\times$ 10$^{6}$ $m\ell$, 103.9 $\pm$3.8 ~ 110.2 $\pm$ 3.6 $\times$ 10$^{6}$ $m\ell$, 97.5 $\pm$ 3.4 ~105.7 $\pm$ 4.4 $\times$ 10$^{6}$ $m\ell$, 87.2 $\pm$ 3.7~98.5 $\pm$ 3.8 $\times$ 10$^{6}$ $m\ell$, respectively. The sperm number of dioxin-administered group showed lower value than that of control group's, which was 119.0 $\pm$ 4.3 ~ 120.7 $\pm$ 4.8 $\times$ 10$^{6}$ $m\ell$. After administration of dioxin at doses of 10~40 $\mu\textrm{g}$/kg to the mice, the sperm motility were 69.4$\pm$ 3.0 ~ 86.6 $\pm$4.7%. The sperm motility of dioxin-administered group showed lower value than that of control group's. 4. After administration of dioxin at doses of 10, 20, 30 and 40$\mu\textrm{g}$/kg to the mice, the organ weight of each dioxin-administered group's was decreased a little compared to that of control group's. 5. After administration of dioxin at doses of 10, 20, 30 and 40 $\mu\textrm{g}$/kg to the mice, the weights of spleen, kidneys, and liver showed increase a little.

• Korean Security Journal
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• no.36
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• pp.93-109
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• 2013

This research is mainly based on the experimental result due to seek different outcomes whena certain security motion with a paticular gear is applied in a plausible confrontational situation. For the purpose of this research an Expandable Baton, which is one of the most commonsecurity equipments, was chosen to be applied in a situation of hitting a person's head. Alsothe results will be studied in the view of Kinematic theory. To demonstrate, 10 students who were majeored in Escort Crane studies at 'H' university werechosen as testees. The participants were grouped into two-one is practiced with the 'expanadable baton use program' and the other is pre-practiced. In this report two groups abovewill be reffered as 'group A' and 'group B' for conveniency. There were a number of differences and changes between two groups. Group B took more timethan the other group did. Group A spent about 0.428sec in section 'e2' and 0.230sec in section'e3' while Group B took 0.435sec, 0.232sec in each sections.To add on, more distinctive results were out when it was more focused on physical movements. Two gropus presented considerable changes- in an 'left-right' moving displacement-Group A;$2.16{\pm}0.9cm$ (left side), $3.78{\pm}1.42cm$ (right side), total $5.94{\pm}2.03cm$. Group B; $2.97{\pm}1.01cm$ (left side),$4.56{\pm}1.57cm$ (right side), total $7.53{\pm}2.13cm$.Continuously, different outcomeswere shown between two groups in a 'back and forth' moving displacement-Group A;$32.48{\pm}3.86cm$, $35.21{\pm}4.64cm$, total $69.36{\pm}5.72$. Group B; $34.50{\pm}6.12cm$, $37.04{\pm}3.70cm$, total $71.46{\pm}7.17cm$. Furthermore, changes in an 'up and down' moving displacement were - GroupA; $5.62{\pm}2.41cm$, $4.54{\pm}1.87cm$, total $10.11{\pm}1.57cm$. Group B; $6.33{\pm}1.78cm$, $4.86{\pm}1.85cm$,total $10.68{\pm}1.81cm$. To continue, there were few modifications of degree on participants' joints, espcially on 'Wristjoint', 'Elbow joint' and 'Shoulder joint', depend on different sections -Wrist joint;Group A; e1 $114.62{\pm}7.13$, e2 $68.27{\pm}6.37$, e3 $131.64{\pm}6.27$. Group B; e1 $112.62{\pm}6.13$, e2 $66.28{\pm}7.38$, e3$137.42{\pm}4.28$ and Elbow joint ; Group A e1 $132.31{\pm}6.55$, e2 $117.92{\pm}8.42$, e3 $144.41{\pm}6.32$. Group B; e1 $133.58{\pm}8.56$, e2 $114.45{\pm}8.21$, e3 $139.89{\pm}4.38$. Lastly, degree changes ofshoulder joint were; Group A; e1 $13.55{\pm}3.85$, e2 $131.42{\pm}11.24$, e3 $78.32{\pm}6.28$. Group B; e1$9.45{\pm}1.23$, e2 $136.74{\pm}13.21$, e3 $79.75{\pm}4.24$.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Radiology
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• v.10 no.7
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• pp.495-502
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• 2016

In this study, we analyzed the effects of radiation exposure, as compared to the hematological parameters change of medical radiation workers and the public. The mean value of all hematological parameters were in the normal range. Eosin mean value of the radiation workers($2.52{\pm}1.79%$) showed that a significantly lower than the control group($2.92{\pm}1.39%$). In the comparison of the results depending on the occupation period, it showed high value that the mean of the radiation workers group WBC, platelet, Lymph, Mono, Baso. Over 20 years of radiation workers WBC, Mono showed low values and less than 10 years of radiation workers mean value of Baso showed low values, there was no statistical significance. In the comparison of the results depending on the 4 years cumulative radiation dose, Over 5.0 mSv of Radiation works RBC($4.61{\pm}0.53$ vs $4.91{\pm}0.38$), Hct($41.51{\pm}4.07$ vs $43.97{\pm}3.40$), Eosin($1.74{\pm}1.14$ vs $2.92{\pm}1.39$) showed low value, it was statistical significance. 0.5~1.0 mSv radiation exposure workers Hb ($13.93{\pm}1.75$) showed a significantly lower value than that of the control group ($14.90{\pm}1.29$).