• Journal of environmental and Sanitary engineering
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• v.21 no.4 s.62
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• pp.1-10
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• 2006

This research is based on self-filling survey which 220 dental hygienists who work in seoul participated on July 2006 through August 2006. This survey was analyzed the experience item and occurred time of the symptoms and the time of acute and vanish of the symptoms that dental office's working environment effects on physical subjective symptom. We suggest a plan to minimizing physical subjective symptom for health manage of dental hygienist. We found out the fact that dental hygienists were unsatisfied with hospital air condition and this polluted air condition cause them physical subjective symptom in work place. As follows analyzed results ventilation time is below the 3-times a day, this may be have some trouble in indoor air quality. The experience the symptoms level is higher then non-experience level in "Fatigue and sleepiness", "Dorsalgia, omarthralgia, cervicodynia", "Hypersensitivity", "Dry eye, itch, smarting", "Headaches" and a subjective symptom is occurred at after 11:00(am) more then 60%, 50% of the dental hygienist. This experience the symptom' pain is vanished after the work and reduced when go out the office and building, respectively. The ratio of the experience the symptoms and starting time the symptoms is anywhere from 12 noon to 4 pm (73.2%) in a day. The time of acute pain the symptoms is anywhere from 12 noon to 4 pm (78.7%) refer to the individual characteristics and work environment.

• Journal of dental hygiene science
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• v.9 no.5
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• pp.513-518
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• 2009

The purpose of this study was to examine correlation between smoking and gingivitis in boy students targeting 281 students in the 2nd grade for vocational boys' high schools where are located in Cheongju city. As a result of carrying out questionnaire research and oral examination, the following conclusions were obtained. 1. The smoking-experience rate in subjects of this study accounted for 59.4%. The current smoking rate was indicated to be 41.3%. Students' average gingivitis prevalence accounted for 61.5%. Out of those students, the students with experience of smoking accounted for 44.8%. The average gingivitis index was $0.20{\pm}0.27$. Out of those students, the students with experience of smoking were indicated to be $0.29{\pm}0.31$. 2. In case of having experience of smoking, the probability of having gingivitis was high(p = 0.000). The more drinking experience led to the higher gingivitis prevalence(p = 0.010). 3. In the multi-variate analysis, a case of gingivitis prevalence was higher in the group with experience of smoking by 5.5 times(p = 0.000) compared to the non-smoking group. A case that the smoking volume for a day is over 6 pieces was higher by 8.4 times(p = 0.000) compared to the non-smoking group. A case of being over 25 months in the smoking period was higher 13.2 times(p = 0.000) compared to the non-smoking group.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing
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• v.30 no.6
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• pp.1569-1579
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• 2000

The purpose of this study was to identify the level of grief experience, family hardiness and family resource for management after bereavement of a family member. The subjects of this study were 100 family members who had lost a family member from cancer within the past two years. The data was analyzed using the SPSS program for descriptive statistics, t-test, ANOVA, Duncan test, and Pearson correlation. The results were as follows. 1. The mean score for the level of grief was 2.84 $\pm$ 0.66. The mean score for the a family hardiness was 3.08 $\pm$ 0.39. The mean score for the level of family resource management was 2.70 $\pm$ 0.35. 2. The level of grief experience differed respondent's age was F=2.95, p=.02, and type of bereavement was t=2.01, p=.04. 3. The level of family hardiness was not significantly different according to respondent's and familial characteristics. 4. The level of family resource management differed according to monthly income of the family (F=3.98, p=.01). 5. There were negative correlations between grief experience and family hardiness (r= -.551, p<.001), grief experience and family resource for management (r=-.351, p<.001). Family hardiness was positively related with family resource for management (r=.709, p<.001). In conclusion, family hardiness and family resource management were identified as important variables that contributed to reduce the grief experience. Therefore, it is important to develop nursing intervention that enhances family hardiness and family resource for management for bereaved family.

• The Korean Journal of Emergency Medical Services
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• v.22 no.1
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• pp.73-82
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• 2018

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to compare the tidal volumes and airway pressures of 3 mask-sealing methods (one hand C-E, two hands C-E, and one hand O-E) for ventilation treatment. Methods: The study subjects were 45 paramedic students. Tidal volume was measured for the three sealing methods by setting a ventilator, connecting it to the masks for 2 minutes, and using Respi-trainer software. Results: Regarding general characteristics, the group of men, in upper grades, and with practical training experience and experience and experience in the implementation of bag-valve-mask ventilation provided higher tidal volumes. Regarding physical characteristics, larger hands and greater grip strength correlated with higher tidal volume. Two hands C-E generated the highest tidal volume of $483.78{\pm}34.14mL$, one hand O-E generated $449.59{\pm}51.09mL$ and one hand C-E generated $394.31{\pm}68.95mL$. Conclusion: Means of tidal volumes were statistically significantly different based on mask sealing methods (p<.001). Two hand C-E was performed by the two-persons task and was suggested as the most effective method. For the one-person task, one hand O-E was the more effective method compared to the previous one hand C-E.

• Journal of Chest Surgery
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• v.25 no.11
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• pp.1337-1345
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• 1992

One hundred and fourty-one Bjork-Shiley Monostrut valves were implanted in 105 consecutive patients from November 1983 to February 1990. There were 61 male and 44 female patients with a mean age of 33.6 years at the surgery. The cummurative follow-up was 370.3 patient-years with a mean of 44.0 months per patient. The operative mortality rate was 3.8%, and the linealized late mortality was 1.18%/patient-year. The incidence of major complications were 4.59%/patient-year, and the actuarial rate of freedom from valve-related morbidity was 80.2$\pm$4.4% at 7 years. The 7-year survival rate was 90.5$\pm$4.1%, and the actuarial rate of freedom from thromboembolism at 7 years was 93.3$\pm$2.3%. The linealized annual rates of complication were ; structural valve failure 0.27% /patient-year, non-structural valve failure 0.54% /patient-year, thromboembolism 1.62% /patient-year; bleeding 1.62% /patient-year; endocarditis 0.54% /patient-year. On the basis of our experience, we judged the Bjork-Shiley Monostrut valve reliable, with similar incidence of valve-related morbidity of other mechanical prosthetic valves.

• Journal of Chest Surgery
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• v.51 no.1
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• pp.1-7
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• 2018

Background: Sutureless aortic valve replacement (SU-AVR) has been developed as an alternative surgical treatment for patients with symptomatic severe aortic stenosis (AS). The aim of this study was to evaluate the clinical outcomes of SU-AVR through an assessment of hemodynamic performance and safety. Methods: From December 2014 to June 2016, a total of 12 consecutive patients with severe AS underwent SU-AVR. The endpoints were overall survival and valve-related complications (paravalvular leakage, valve thrombosis, migration, endocarditis, and permanent pacemaker implantation). The mean follow-up duration was $18.1{\pm}8.6months$. Results: The mean age of the patients was $77.1{\pm}5.8years$ and their mean Society of Thoracic Surgeons score was $9.2{\pm}17.7$. The mean cardiopulmonary bypass and aortic cross-clamp times were $94.5{\pm}37.3$ minutes and $54.9{\pm}12.5minutes$, respectively. Follow-up echocardiography showed good prosthesis function with low transvalvular pressure gradients (mean, $13.9{\pm}8.6mm\;Hg$ and peak, $27.2{\pm}15.0mm\;Hg$) at a mean of $9.9{\pm}4.2months$. No cases of primary paravalvular leakage, valve thrombosis, migration, or endocarditis were reported. A new permanent pacemaker was implanted in 1 patient (8.3%). The 1-year overall survival rate was $83.3%{\pm}10.8%$. Conclusion: Our initial experience with SU-AVR demonstrated excellent early clinical outcomes with good hemodynamic results. However, there was a high incidence of permanent pacemaker implantation compared to the rate for conventional AVR, which is a problem that should be solved.

• Journal of Korean Ophthalmic Optics Society
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• v.17 no.1
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• pp.47-52
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• 2012

Purpose: This study was to evaluate visual fatigue with passing of watching 3D TV in short term and with experience of watching 3DTV in long term. Methods: 98 adult subjects aged $33.5{\pm}5.5$ years (22 to 51 years; 12 females and 86 males) agreed to participate in this study. Subjects were asked to watch 52 inch LED 2D and 3D television (Shutter glasses method) at 2.7 meters for 65minutes with wearing their habitual glasses or contact lenses. For evaluating visual fatigue, subjects were verbally responded to 11 questions : eye straining, eye paining, dry eye, sore eye, watery eye, photophobia, blur vision, diplopia, eye fatigue, headache, and dizziness with scale 0 to 3 at each measurement while watching 3D and 2D TV. Results: The mean scores of visual fatigue were $2.08{\pm}2.14$, $3.19{\pm}3.02$, $3.40{\pm}3.37$, $3.53{\pm}3.07 $for after 5 minutes, 25 minutes, 45 minutes, and 65 minutes respectively for 3D TV, and $0.40{\pm}1.03$, $0.22{\pm}0.70$, $0.22{\pm}0.58$, and $0.17{\pm}0.52$ after 25, 45, and 65 minutes respectively for 2D TV. Visual fatigue for watching 3D TV was significantly higher than for watching 2D TV at all measurements sessions (paired t-test, p < 0.001). The visual fatigue significantly increased during watching 3D TV for 65 minutes (p < 0.001, RM-ANOVA). The visual fatigue during watching 3D TV was significantly increased until 25 minutes (paired t-test, p < 0.001), stable after that. For correlation between visual fatigue and 3D watching experience, the more 3D watching experiences were significantly the less visual fatigues in photophobia, blur vision, diplopic and dizzy symptoms (ANOVA, all F(1, 96) = 4.500, all p < 0.05), but there was not significantly different in the other symptoms (ANOVA, F (1, 96) = 2.123, p = 0.148). Conclusions: Visual fatigue for watching 3D TV was higher than for watching 2D TV, increase by 25 minutes. It was different by symptoms for correlation between visual fatigue and 3D watching experience.

• Korean Journal of Applied Biomechanics
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• v.29 no.2
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• pp.113-119
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• 2019

Objective: The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of the falls on the center of pressure (CoP) complexity during gait using non-linear approximate entropy (ApEn). Method: 20 elderly women with experience of falling ($age=72.55{\pm}5.42yrs$; $height=154.40{\pm}4.26cm$; $body\;weight=57.40{\pm}6.21kg$; $preferred\;gait\;speed=0.52{\pm}0.17m/s$) and 20 elderly women with no experience of falling ($age=71.90{\pm}2.90yrs$; $height=155.28{\pm}4.73cm$; $body\;weight=56.70{\pm}5.241kg$; $preferred\;gait\;speed=0.56{\pm}0.13m/s$) were recruited for the study. While they were walking at their preferred gait speed on a treadmill (instrumented dual belt treadmills, Bertec, USA) with a force plate CoP data were collected for the 20 strides. The complexity of the CoP was analyzed using the ApEn technique. Results: The ApEn of the medial-lateral CoP in the fallers showed smaller about 16% compared to the non-fallers (p<.05). The ApEn of the antero-posterior CoP of the fallers showed smaller about 12% compared to the non-fallers, but the difference was not statistically significant. Conclusion: Based on the results of this study, the reduction of the medio-lateral CoP complexity in the elderly gait would be an index to determine the potential fall.

• Journal of East-West Nursing Research
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• v.14 no.1
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• pp.24-35
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• 2008

Purpose: The study were to identify smoking knowledge, attitude on smoking and experience of smoking cessation in male smokers. Methods: The subjects were 174 male smoker in Seoul and Inchun. The data were collected using structured questionnaires from 18th of December in 2007 to 16th of March in 2008. The data were analyzed by descriptive statistics and Pearson's Correlation Coefficient with SPSS computer program. The tools were used with smoking knowledge, smoking attitude and experience of smoking cessation. Result: Participants showed that a high level of smoking knowledge score 48.20 (${\pm}5.27$) of total 57. Participants showed that a high level of score 40.80 (${\pm}6.81$) of total 60. There was a positive correlation between smoking attitude and smoking knowledge (r=.319 p=.000). Conclusion: These results suggested that the level of smoking knowledge was related to the level of smoking attitude. Therefore, these finding give useful information for constructing a smoking cessation program in male smokers.

• Journal of Chest Surgery
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• v.25 no.3
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• pp.296-306
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• 1992

A 6 year experience with the bileaflet St. Jude Medical valve is reported. Between Feb. 1986 and Dec. 1992, 68 patients received 87 such valves[36 mitral, 13 aortic, and 19 double mitral-aortic valve replacements]. The results are summarized as follows 1. There were 35 male and 33 female patients ranging in age from 17 to 55 years the mean age of 35.3 $\pm$ 9.7 years. 2. The mean aortic clamp time[ACT] of the MVR, AVR and DVR groups were 91.5$\pm$16.4, 117.2$\pm$28.7 and 165.5$\pm$24.1 minutes. The mean total bypass time [TBT] of the MVR, AVR and DVR groups were 112.8$\pm$19.5, 134.7$\pm$31.4 and 192.2$\pm$28.5 minutes. 3. Eighty seven valves were used [55 mitral site, 32 aortic site]. 31mm[20], 33mm[15], 29mm[15], 27mm[2], 25mm[2] and 35mm[1] were used in mitral site and 23mm[13], 21mm[8], 19mm[7] and 25mm[4] were used in the aortic site. In the DVR, there were valve combinations such as 4 cases of M[29mm]-A[19mm], 4 of M[31mm]-A[23mm], 3 of M[33mm]-A[23mm] and others. 4. Preoperative NYHA functional classes were II [3 cases], III [46 cases], IV[19 cases] and improved to I [52 cases] and Il [13 cases] postoperatively. 5 Early postoperative complications were occurred in 15 cases[2Z.l%] and there were LOS in 5 cases[7.4%], arrythmia [3 cases], wound infection [2 cases], hepatitis [2 cases], sudden cardiac arrest [2 cases] and postoperative bleeding [1 case]. The early hospital death was occurred in 3 cases[4.4%] with LOS [1 case] and sudden cardiac arrest [2 cases]. 6. Mean follow-up time of survival cases[65 cases] was 31.3$\pm$21.9 months and the total follow-up time was 169.8 patient-years. Late postoperative complications were occurred in 4 cases[2 thromboembolism, 1 paravalvular leak, 1 thromboembolism br paravalvular leak, 1 valve endocarditis] with the occurrence rate as 2.35% per patient-years. Reoperation was performed in 2 cases [1 paravalvular leak, 1 left atrial thrombus] and there was one [1.5%] late valve related death. Therefore the 6 year complication free rate was 90.6% and 6 year actuarial survival rate was 98.3$\pm$1.7%. On the basis of this experience and the results, SJMvalve appears to be one of the best performing mechanical prosthesis currently available, in terms of both hemodynamics and lower complications with warfarin antioagulation.