• Journal of Embryo Transfer
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• v.26 no.3
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• pp.153-158
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• 2011

This study was performed in order to simplify the operation and minimize stress of donor and be readily available in the field with low cost and high quality embryos using the Direct Embryo Collection (DEC). Donors, at random stages of the estrous cycle, received a CIDR. 7 days later, 200 mg FSH was treated with 40, 30, 20, 10 mg FSH levels in declining doses twice daily by intramuscular injection for 4 days. On the 3rd day administration of FSH, 25 mg $PGF_2{\alpha}$ was administered and CIDR was withdrawn. After FSH injections were complete, donors were artificially inseminated twice at 12 hr intervals. The donor cattle received 250 ${\mu}g$ GnRH at time of 1 st insemination and embryos were recovered 8 days after the 1st insemination. Embryo collection from superovulated donors was performed to flushing by non-surgical methods of 3-way, 2-way and DEC (l-way). The average number of recovered embryos were 11.25${\pm}$0.63, 12.5${\pm}$0.65 and 11.75${\pm}$0.48 from operations of 3-way, 2-way and DEC methods, respectively. There were no significant differences among the embryo collection methods. Also, The average number of transferable embryos were 6.25${\pm}$0.48, 7.25${\pm}$0.48 and 7.25${\pm}$0.63 from each embryo collection procedures. The number of transferable embryos was no differences among the 3-way, 2-way and DEC methods, respectively. Meanwhile, the ratio of transferable embryos for all recovered embryos from DEC methods was higher as 61.7 % than 55.6 %, 58 % from methods of 3-way, 2-way. And the flushing solution required for recovering embryos by DEC method was significantly lower as 0.28${\pm}$0.32 1 than 1.8${\pm}$0.12 1, 1.75${\pm}$0.10 1 from 3-way, 2-way methods (p<0.05). Also, the time required for recovering embryos by DEC methods was significantly lower as 27${\pm}$2 min than 51${\pm}$3, 45${\pm}$2 min, respectively (p<0.05). In conclusion, these results suggest that DEC method for embryo collection may be effectively used for production of in vivo embryos using less flushing solution and, it might be effectively available in the field compared to conventional embryo recovery methods using 3-way or 2-way balloon catheter.

• Korean Journal of Medicinal Crop Science
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• v.18 no.3
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• pp.201-207
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• 2010

This study was carried out to obtain the information on the antioxidant activity of Phyllanthus. We compared and analyzed three indigenous collections of Phyllanthus: species from Korea, Brazil and Paraguay. Total phenolic acid contents were $1.93{\pm}0.015$ mg/mL in KCS (Korean Collection Species), $1.65{\pm}0.003$ mg/mL in PCS (Paraguay Collection Species) and $1.49{\pm}0.003$ mg/mL in BCS(Brazil Collection Species). In both DPPH radical scavenging activities and SOD-liked activities, KCS was the highest ($67.25{\pm}0.03%,\;78.38{\pm}1.17%$). KCS were also the highest in hydroxyl radical scavenging activities ($95.80{\pm}0.17%$). It turned out that there was no meaningful difference between BCS ($81.64{\pm}0.23%$) and PCS ($81.54{\pm}0.04%$). As for hydrogen radical scavenging activities, there was no statistically meaningful difference between KCS ($36.44{\pm}0.24%$) and BCS ($36.31{\pm}0.33%$) and it was the lowest in PCS ($33.72{\pm}0.15%$). Our results showed that KCS excelled the others not only in antioxidant activity but also in other beneficial effects. This encouraging results may be potentially useful in developing Phyllanthus urinaria L. variety which contains lots of functional elements such as total phenolic acid.

• Journal of Embryo Transfer
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• v.26 no.3
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• pp.159-164
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• 2011

This study was performed in order to determine optimum flushing solution using the direct embryo collection (DEC). Donors, at random stages of the estrous cycle, received a CIDR. 7 days later, 200 mg FSH was treated with 40, 30, 20, 10 mg FSH levels in declining doses twice daily by intramuscular injection for 4 days. On the 3$^{rd}$ day administration of FSH, 25 mg $PGF_2{\alpha}$ was administered and CIDR was withdrawn. After FSH injections were complete, donors were artificially inseminated twice at 12 hr intervals. The donor cattle received 250 ${\mu}g$ GnRH at time of 1$^{st}$ insemination and embryos were recovered 8 days after the 1$^{st}$ insemination. Embryo collection from superovulated donors were performed to flushing by DEC and conventional method. As a results, the average number of recovered embryos were significantly higher as 19.1${\pm}$1.40 with DEC method than 12.0${\pm}$0.44 with conventional embryo collection method, respectively (p<0.05). Also, The average number of transferable embryos were significantly higher (p<0.05) as 15.8${\pm}$1.72 with DEC method than 6.9${\pm}$0.35 from conventional embryo recovery procedures. Meanwhile, number of recovered embryos and number of recovered transferable embryos following the number of flushing times until 6${dr}$ flushing were significantly higher as 8.6${\pm}$0.53 and 8.6${\pm}$0.53 from 2$^{nd}$ flushing time than other groups (p<0.05). No. of Ear. B stage embryos were significantly higher as 3.9${\pm}$0.90 and 3.9${\pm}$0.90 with 2$^{nd}$ flushing time in total collected embryos and transferable embryos (p<0.05). Com M stage embryos were significantly higher as 3.7${\pm}$1.00 in 2$^{nd}$ flushing time and as 2.2${\pm}$0.76 in 3$^{rd}$ flushing time for recovered embryos (p<0.05). In transferable embryos, Com. M stage embryos were significantly higher (p<0.05) as 3.7${\pm}$1.00 in 2$^{nd}$ flushing time and as 2.2${\pm}$0.76 in 34$^{dr}$ flushing time, also. No. of degradation embryos was significantly higher as 2.2${\pm}$0.72 in 5${rd}$ flushing time, On the other hand, degradation embryos was not observed in transferable embryos (p<0.05). In conclusion, these results suggest that DEC method should effective methods for production of in vivo embryos using less flushing solution following perform until 4$^{rd}$ flushing time than conventional embryo collecting method. Also, it might be effectively collection of transferable embryos following more less procedure times compared to conventional embryo recovery methods.

• Journal of Korean Society of Environmental Engineers
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• v.39 no.6
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• pp.371-376
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• 2017

The effect of vortex finder confiqurations on the PM-10 collection efficiencies has been investigated using 7 different types of cyclones. Cyclone inlet velocities were calculated by computational fluid dynamics analysis and PM-10 collection efficiencies were measured from experimental apparatus. The inlet velocities of normal, P and A type cyclones were calculated 15.48 m/sec, 16.03 m/sec and 15.9 m/sec, respectively while experimental results show that PM-10 collection efficiencies were increased 4% for P type and 7% for A type cyclones compared to normal cyclone. Also it was found that there exist optimum parallel head lengths for both P and A type cyclones to maximize the PM-10 collection efficiencies.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.20 no.4
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• pp.496-500
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• 2007

Holstein cow ovaries obtained at a slaughterhouse were used to study the influence of the oocyte collection methods (slicing, puncture, aspiration I and II) on recovery efficiency and subsequent in vitro maturation and embryonic development competence of immature oocytes recovered. In the slicing method, the whole ovarian was chopped into small pieces with a surgical blade. In the puncture method, the whole ovarian surface was punctured by 18-g needle. In other 2 aspiration methods, collected oocytes by aspirating from the visible follicles using an 18-g needle attached to a 5 ml syringe (aspiration I) or using a constant negetive pressure (-80 mmHg) with a vacuum pump (aspiration II). The oocytes were classified into 4 classes on the basis of the morphology of cumulus cells and cytoplasmic appearance of oocyte. Slicing ($9.6{\pm}0.4$) and puncture ($9.7{\pm}0.4$)yielded a larger number of oocytes per ovary than other two aspiration methods (aspiration I and II were $5.8{\pm}0.3$and $5.6{\pm}0.4$, respectively) (p<0.05). The number of the highest quality oocytes (grade A) per ovary was significantly higher in slicing ($4.2{\pm}0.2$) and puncture ($4.6{\pm}0.1$) methods than in other methods (aspiration I and II were $1.2{\pm}0.2$ and $1.4{\pm}0.2$, respectively) (p<0.05). The rate of nuclear maturation of the highest and higher quality oocytes (grade A and grade B, respectively) was not affected by the oocytes collection methods. The oocytes collection methods also did not influence subsequent embryonic developmental competence after in vitro fertilization with M II stage oocytes. It is concluded that slicing and puncture methods of the ovaries can be used as an alternative techniques to aspiration by the syringe or vacuum pump.

• Transactions of Materials Processing
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• v.33 no.4
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• pp.270-276
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• 2024

In order to improve the performance of the PM (Particulate Matter) filter, the TPMS structure was used as a flow controller to control the flow entering the filter. Among various TPMS structures, a primitive structure that is easy to utilize 3D printing technique was selected and the effect of unit cell size was analyzed. In addition, numerical analysis was performed and swirl ratio was analyzed to confirm changes in filter inlet flow characteristics that affect changes in filter performance. Unit cell size is closely related to filter performance, and both PM collection efficiency and pressure drop increase as unit cell size decreases. Through quality factor (QF) comparison, which comprehensively evaluate collection efficiency and pressure drop, it was confirmed that when the unit cell size is 5 mm, PM collection efficiency increases, but the flow controller actually reduces filter performance. QF values are similar for unit cell sizes of 10 and 20 mm, and it is advantageous to select the unit cell size among these two considering collection efficiency and operating costs. The filter's collection performance increases due to the increase in swirl flow caused by the primitive structure, and the filter's collection efficiency increases due to the swirl flow that increases throughout the flow field as the unit cell size becomes smaller.

• Journal of Embryo Transfer
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• v.24 no.1
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• pp.29-32
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• 2009

Prostaglandin $F_2{\alpha}$ ($PGF_2{\alpha}$) can facilitate release of epinephrine from the adrenal gland. The objective was to extend these findings and determine the effects of $PGF_2{\alpha}$ on sexual activity and semen collection training in sexually inexperienced boars. Boars (n=32; $281{\pm}18$ days of age) were moved individually once weekly to a semen collection room equipped with an artificial sow. Before entering the semen collection room, boar received i.m. treatments of $PGF_2{\alpha}$ at doses of 5 (n=8), 10 (n=8), or 20 (n=8), and control boar (n=8) were not treated. Reaction time (elapsed time after entering collection pen until the start of mounting) for boars receiving 5mg ($3.3{\pm}0.9\;min$), 10mg ($3.3{\pm}0.8\;min$) $PGF_2{\alpha}$ was shorter (p<0.05) than for controls ($6.7{\pm}0.9min$). Duration of ejaculation (min) per session was longer (p<0.05) for $PGF_2{\alpha}$ (10 mg, 20 mg)-treated boars ($7.3{\pm}0.7\;min$, $6.9{\pm}0.7\;min$), compared to control ($3.4{\pm}0.8\;min$). The number of training session per boars was less (p=0.056) for $PGF_2{\alpha}$ 10mg-treated boars ($1.0{\pm}0.4$), compared to control ($2.0{\pm}0.4$). Semen characteristic such as volume, concentration, the number of total ejaculated sperm, were similar for $PGF_2{\alpha}$-treated and controls. There was no apparent difference on sperm movement characteristics (Mot: motility, VCL : curve linear velocity, VSL : straight line velocity, VAP : average path velocity, LIN : linearity) after semen preservation by collected with or without $PGF_2{\alpha}$ treatment. In summary, administration of $PGF_2{\alpha}$ in boars increased the sexual activity and facilitated the training boars to mount an artificial sow for semen collection, but did not affect semen characteristic.

• Safety and Health at Work
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• v.8 no.3
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• pp.296-305
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• 2017

Background: Surfactant-containing water sprays are commonly used in coal mines to collect dust. This study investigates the dust collection performance of different surfactant types for a range of coal dust particle sizes and charges. Methods: Bituminous coal dust aerosol was generated in a wind tunnel. The charge of the aerosol was either left unaltered, charge-neutralized with a neutralizer, or positively- or negatively-charged using a diffusion charger after the particles were neutralized. An anionic, cationic, or nonionic surfactant spray or a plain water spray was used to remove the particles from the air flow. Some particles were captured while passing through spray section, whereas remaining particles were charge-separated using an electrostatic classifier. Particle size and concentration of the charge-separated particles were measured using an aerodynamic particle sizer. Measurements were made with the spray on and off to calculate overall collection efficiencies (integrated across all charge levels) and efficiencies of particles with specific charge levels. Results: The diameter of the tested coal dust aerosol was $0.89{\mu}m{\pm}1.45$ [geometric $mean{\pm}geometric$ standard deviations (SD)]. Respirable particle mass was collected with $75.5{\pm}5.9%$ ($mean{\pm}SD$) efficiency overall. Collection efficiency was correlated with particle size. Surfactant type significantly impacted collection efficiency: charged particle collection by nonionic surfactant sprays was greater than or equal to collection by other sprays, especially for weakly-charged aerosols. Particle charge strength was significantly correlated with collection efficiency. Conclusion: Surfactant type affects charged particle spray collection efficiency. Nonionic surfactant sprays performed well in coal dust capture in many of the tested conditions.

• Journal of Korean Society for Atmospheric Environment
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• v.24 no.E1
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• pp.24-31
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• 2008

In this study, a new PM (particulate matter) sampler was developed and fabricated to collect fine particles in the atmosphere, and laboratory and field tests were carried out to evaluate the performance of the sampler. The PM sampler, which was based on impingers, employed an aerosol condensation system as a PM magnifier to improve its collection efficiencies. Sodium chloride, ammonium sulfate and ammonium nitrate aerosols were used as test particles, because these components are rich in ambient aerosols. As a result, it was found that the collection efficiency of the novel PM sampler was very high. Thus, it is believed that the PM sampler is an effective device for sampling fine particles. In addition, it was demonstrated that this work could contribute to the collection or removal of fine particles and be applied to the semicontinuous sampling of ambient aerosols for chemical composition analysis.

• Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society
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• v.30 no.7
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• pp.1505-1515
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• 2009

A new method to semicontinuously determine $PM_{2.5}$ ionic species with a short time resolution is described in detail. In this system, a particle collection section (mixing part, particle collection chamber, and air/liquid separator) was developed. A Y-type connector was used to mix steam and an air sample. The particle collection chamber was constructed in the form of a helix coil and was cooled by a water circulation system. Particle size growth occurred due to the high relative humidity and water absorbed particles were efficiently collected in it. Liquid samples were drained out with a short residence time (0.08-0.1 s). The air/liquid separator was also newly designed to operate efficiently when the flow rate of the air sample was 16.7 L $min^{-1}$. For better performance, the system was optimized for particle collection efficiency with various types of test aerosols such as ($NH_4)_2SO_4,\;NaCl,\;NH_4HSO_4,\;and\;NH_4NO_3$. The particle collection efficiencies were almost 100% at different concentration levels in the range over 500 nm in diameter but 50-90% in the range of 50-500 nm under the following experimental conditions: 15 coil turns, a water flow rate for steam generation of 0.65 mL $min^{-1}$, and an air sample flow rate of 16.7 L $min^{-1}$. Finally, for atmospheric applications, chemical compositions of $PM_{2.5}$ were determined with a time resolution of 20 min on January 11-24, 2006 in Seoul, Korea, and the chemical characteristics of $PM_{2.5}$ ions were investigated.