• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• 제65권6호
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• pp.504-511
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• 2008

연구배경: 황사는 동북아시아에서 자연 발생하는 현상으로, 지름 $10{\mu}m$ 이하의 미세먼지(particulate matter 10, $PM_{10}$)를 다수 포함하여, 흡입하면 하부기관지 및 폐의 가스-교환부분까지 침착 가능하여 호흡기계에 손상을 일으킬 수 있다. 본 연구에서는 황사에 포함된 $PM_{10}$을 기관지상피세포에 작용시켜 활성산소 및 $NF{\kappa}B$, $TGF-{\beta}$, fibronectin이 증가 여부를 확인하고 섬유화의 신호경로를 규명하고자 하였다. 방 법: 공기포집기로 포집한 $PM_{10}$ 입자를 추출하여 기관지 상피세포인 WI-26 VA4 cells (KCLB)에 $PM_{10}$을 농도에 맞게 노출시켰다(0, 50, $100{\mu}g/ml$). ROS는 DCF-DA를 세포에 반응시킨 후 생성된 DCF를 FACScan을 이용해 측정하였다. $TGF-{\beta}$, fibronectin, $NF{\kappa}B$는 western blotting으로 분석하였다. 항산화제인 NAC를 이용하여 각 물질의 발현 억제 여부를 측정하였다. 결 과: $PM_{10}$을 가했을 때 대조군에 비하여 $50{\mu}g/ml$, $100{\mu}g/ml$에서 ROS, $TGF-{\beta}$, fibronectin, $NF{\kappa}B$ 발현이 유의하게 증가하였고, 항산화제인 NAC를 처리한 세포는 ROS, $TGF-{\beta}$, fibronectin, $NF{\kappa}B$의 발현이 $50{\mu}g/ml$, $100{\mu}g/ml$에서 유의하게 감소하였다. 결 론: 황사의 $PM_{10}$은 WI-26 VA4 cells에서 ROS 생성을 증가시키고 $NF-{\kappa}B$, $TGF-{\beta}$, fibronectin 생성을 증가시켜 섬유화에 기여할 것으로 사료된다.

• International Journal of Automotive Technology
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• 제7권5호
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• pp.527-534
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• 2006

Modern passenger cars with diesel engines are equipped with DOC(diesel oxidation catalyst) for the purpose of reducing HC and CO in the exhaust stream. Cold start exhaust emissions pose troubles here as on gasoline engine vehicles. As a result, some of the diesel passenger cars roll off todays the assembly lines with WCC(warm-up catalytic converter). Oxidation characteristics of the particulates in WCC is analyzed in this study by EEPS(engine exhaust particulate size spectrometer). The maximum number of PM is found to come out of WCC in sizes near 10nm when an HSDI diesel engine is operated under the conditions of high speed and medium to heavy load. When the temperature of the WCC exceeds $300^{\circ}C$, the number of PM smaller than 30 nm in diameter sharply increases upon passing through the WCC. Total mass of emitted PM gets reduced downstream of the WCC under low speed and light load conditions due to adsorption of PM onto the catalyst. Under conditions of high speed and medium to heavy load, the relatively large PM shrink or break into fine particles during oxidation process within the WCC, which results in more mass fraction of fine particles downstream of the WCC.

• 한국빅데이터학회지
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• 제9권1호
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• pp.127-140
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• 2024

이 연구는 녹색 교통 지역에서 차량 등급 운행 제한이 초미세먼지 농도에 미치는 영향을 연도별로 조사하였다. 연구 결과, 차량 등급 운행 제한이 초미세먼지 농도를 줄이는 데 긍정적인 영향을 미쳤다. 녹색 교통 지역 정책은 차량 유출을 감소시키고 대중 교통 및 친환경 교통수단을 활용하도록 유도하여 대기질을 향상시킨 것으로 나타났다. 특히 초미세먼지 농도의 감소는 주요 결과 중 하나로 나타났으며, 이는 도시 내 거주민들의 건강 개선에 긍정적인 영향을 미칠 것으로 기대된다. 연구에서는 차량 등급 운행제한 정책의 효과와 관련하여 다양한 요인과 변수를 고려하였으며, 정책의 시행 방식, 지역 특성 및 다른 환경 요인도 논의 될 필요성이 있다고 판단 하였다. 이러한 연구 결과는 초미세먼지 관리와 도시 계획의 측면에서 중요한 시사점을 제공하며, 미래의 도시 지속 가능성을 고려할 때 참고 자료 및 향후 연구가 지속적으로 필요 할 것으로 예측 된다.

• 대한원격탐사학회지
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• 제36권6_3호
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• pp.1691-1710
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• 2020

본 연구에서는 평택과 부산의 초등학교를 대상으로 학교 주변과 교실 내를 포함하여 총 16개 지점에서 PM2.5(particulate matter less than 2.5 ㎛ in diameter) 및 PM10(particulate matter less than 10 ㎛ in diameter)을 동시에 측정하였고, 이 결과를 여러 국외 선행연구 리뷰를 통해서 획득한 실내·외 PM2.5 및 PM10 측정 농도 및 I/O ratio(Indoor/Outdoor ratio)와 비교하였다. 선행연구는 총 30건의 연구에서 144건의 사례를 수집하여 이를 실내활동, 측정 계절, 건물용도, 주변환경에 대해 다양한 항목별로 분류하여 본 연구의 측정결과와 비교하였다. 선행연구 결과에서 PM2.5는 흡연활동이나 요리활동 등의 실내 연소작용이 없는 환경에서는 외기농도가 실내농도에 중요한 영향을 미치는 반면, PM10은 외기농도와 함께 물리적 활동에 따른 재 비산이 중요한 실내 배출원일 것으로 보인다. 평택과 부산의 초등학교에서의 측정결과도 선행연구 리뷰 결론을 뒷받침하는 양상을 보였고, 공기청정기 사용이 미세먼지 저감에 효율적인 것으로 나타났다. PM2.5와 PM10은 실내 배출원 및 외기와의 상호작용 영향이 다를 수 있으며 환기방식에서는 강제환기가 자연환기보다 PM2.5와 PM10의 실내농도 감소에 더 효율적일 수 있는 것으로 보인다.

• 한국환경보건학회지
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• 제35권4호
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• pp.315-321
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• 2009

Under-fired charbroiling cooking processes are known as important contributors of particulate matter (PM). In this study, we characterized the emission of particulate matters from under-fired charbroiling cooking processes using the hood method. Accumulated mass concentration of $PM_{10}$ was 92.2~99.5% and particle size of 2.0~2.5 ${\mu}m$ was highest. The concentration of PM increased very sharply at the beginning of charbroiling meats and then gradually decreased as the charbroiling continued. PM concentration also increased very sharply when gravy from meat spilled onto the frame of fire. However, mass concentration during charbroiling using only charcoals was very low compared to that of meats. We estimated the emission factors of charcoal, pork belly and pork shoulder respectively; 0.01~0.02 g/kg, 5.02~6.26 g/kg, 2.86~4.15 g/kg of $PM_{2.5}$, 0.01~0.03 g/kg, 7.44~7.91 g/kg, 4.54~5.56 g/kg of $PM_{10}$, and 0.02~0.05 g/kg, 7.59~7.95 g/kg, 4.93~5.68 g/kg of TSP. The emission factors of charcoal were negligible and the emission factors of pork belly were higher than that of pork shoulder. Emission rates of particulate matters from under-fired charbroiling cooking process were estimated as 578,009~1,265,152 kg/yr of $PM_{2.5}$, 917,539~1,598,619 kg/yr of $PM_{10}$ and 996.358~1,606,703 kg/yr of TSP. But emission factors should be verified with an in-stack cascade impactor because the reported method involves some assumptions.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• 제84권1호
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• pp.55-66
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• 2021

Background: Particulate matter 10 (PM₁₀; airborne particles <10 ㎛) inhalation has been demonstrated to induce airway and lung diseases. In this study, we investigate the effects of PM₁₀ inhalation on RNA expression in lung tissues using a murine model. Methods: Female BALB/c mice were affected with PM₁₀, ovalbumin (OVA), or both OVA and PM₁₀. PM₁₀ was administered intranasally while OVA was both intraperitoneally injected and intranasally administered. Treatments occurred 4 times over a 2-week period. Two days after the final challenges, mice were sacrificed. Full RNA sequencing using lung homogenates was conducted. Results: While PM₁₀ did not induce cell proliferation in bronchoalveolar fluid or lead to airway hyper-responsiveness, it did cause airway inflammation and lung fibrosis. Levels of interleukin 1β, tumor necrosis factor-α, and transforming growth factor-β in lung homogenates were significantly elevated in the PM₁₀-treated group, compared to the control group. The PM₁₀ group also showed increased RNA expression of Rn45a, Snord22, Atp6v0c-ps2, Snora28, Snord15b, Snora70, and Mmp12. Generally, genes associated with RNA splicing, DNA repair, the inflammatory response, the immune response, cell death, and apoptotic processes were highly expressed in the PM₁₀-treated group. The OVA/PM₁₀ treatment did not produce greater effects than OVA alone. However, the OVA/PM₁₀-treated group did show increased RNA expression of Clca1, Snord22, Retnla, Prg2, Tff2, Atp6v0c-ps2, and Fcgbp when compared to the control groups. These genes are associated with RNA splicing, DNA repair, the inflammatory response, and the immune response. Conclusion: Inhalation of PM₁₀ extensively altered RNA expression while also inducing cellular inflammation, fibrosis, and increased inflammatory cytokines in this murine mouse model.

• 대기
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• 제30권4호
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• pp.391-404
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• 2020

To understand the characteristics of the relationship between visibility and particulate matter (PM) in different meteorological conditions, we investigated the contributions of PM and relative humidity (RH) to visibility in Seoul, South Korea. For the period from 2001 to 2018, both PM and RH show descending trends, resulting in a visibility increase. PM has little impact on the hourly variation of visibility, which could be explained more by the RH variability. Meanwhile, the daily change of PM accounts for daily visibility variation. For the monthly variation of visibility, both PM and RH showed similar influence. The correlation coefficients of PM10, PM2.5, and RH with visibility was -0.486, -0.644, and -0.556, respectively, which became higher during the high PM seasons of spring and winter. The correlation coefficient between PM2.5 and visibility was -0.454 for RH higher than 80%, and -0.780 for RH between 40% and 60%. From 2017 to 2018, there were 10 cases of extreme visibility impairment, among which five cases were incurred by high PM pollution, and two cases were by high humidity. Further analysis with PM chemical composition measurements is required to better understand the characteristics of visibility in Seoul.

• Molecules and Cells
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• 제38권12호
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• pp.1096-1104
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• 2015

Particulate $matter_{2.5}$ ($PM_{2.5}$) is notorious for its strong toxic effects on the cardiovascular, skin, nervous, and reproduction systems. However, the molecular mechanism by which $PM_{2.5}$ aggravates disease progression is poorly understood, especially in a water-soluble state. In the current study, we investigated the putative physiological effects of aqueous $PM_{2.5}$ solution on lipoprotein metabolism. Collected $PM_{2.5}$ from Seoul, Korea was dissolved in water, and the water extract (final 3 and 30 ppm) was treated to human serum lipoproteins, macrophages, and dermal cells. $PM_{2.5}$ extract resulted in degradation and aggregation of high-density lipoprotein (HDL) as well as low-density lipoprotein (LDL); apoA-I in HDL aggregated and apo-B in LDL disappeared. $PM_{2.5}$ treatment (final 30 ppm) also induced cellular uptake of oxidized LDL (oxLDL) into macrophages, especially in the presence of fructose (final 50 mM). Uptake of oxLDL along with production of reactive oxygen species was accelerated by $PM_{2.5}$ solution in a dose-dependent manner. Further, $PM_{2.5}$ solution caused cellular senescence in human dermal fibroblast cells. Microinjection of $PM_{2.5}$ solution into zebrafish embryos induced severe mortality accompanied by impairment of skeletal development. In conclusion, water extract of $PM_{2.5}$ induced oxidative stress as a precursor to cardiovascular toxicity, skin cell senescence, and embryonic toxicity via aggregation and proteolytic degradation of serum lipoproteins.

• Biomolecules & Therapeutics
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• 제32권1호
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• pp.162-169
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• 2024

Particulate matter (PM) constitutes a hazardous blend of organic and inorganic particles that poses health risks. Inhalation of fine airborne PM with a diameter of ≤ 2.5 ㎛ (PM_2.5) can lead to significant lung impairments. (+)-afzelechin (AZC), a natural compound sourced from Bergenia ligulata, boasts a range of attributes, including antioxidant, antimicrobial, anticancer, and cardiovascular effects. However, knowledge about the therapeutic potential of AZC for patients with PM_2.5-induced lung injuries remains limited. Thus, in this study, we investigated the protective attributes of AZC against lung damage caused by PM_2.5 exposure. AZC was administered to the mice 30 min after intratracheal instillation of PM_2.5. Various parameters, such as changes in lung tissue wet/dry (W/D) weight ratio, total protein/total cell ratio, lymphocyte counts, levels of inflammatory cytokines in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF), vascular permeability, and histology, were evaluated in mice exposed to PM_2.5. Data demonstrated that AZC mitigated lung damage, reduced W/D weight ratio, and curbed hyperpermeability induced by PM_2.5 exposure. Furthermore, AZC effectively lowered plasma levels of inflammatory cytokines produced by PM_2.5 exposure. It reduced the total protein concentration in BALF and successfully alleviated PM_2.5-induced lymphocytosis. Additionally, AZC substantially diminished the expression levels of Toll-like receptors 4 (TLR4), MyD88, and autophagy-related proteins LC3 II and Beclin 1. In contrast, it elevated the protein phosphorylation of the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR). Consequently, the anti-inflammatory attribute of AZC positions it as a promising therapeutic agent for mitigating PM_2.5-induced lung injuries by modulating the TLR4-MyD88 and mTOR-autophagy pathways.

• 지역연구
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• 제37권1호
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• pp.29-44
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• 2021

미세먼지는 인간의 수명을 단축시키고 각종 암을 유발하는 대기오염 물질이다. 따라서 도시민은 미세먼지 농도에 따라 도시활동을 조정할 수 있다. 미세먼지가 도시민의 활동에 미치는 영향은 미세먼지의 지속 기간, 미세먼지 경보 여부에 따라 달라질 수 있다. 또한 도시활동의 유형과 장소, 도시민의 미세먼지 취약 정도에 따라 회피행동의 수준이 다르게 나타날 수 있다. 이처럼 다양한 요인들에 따라 도시민의 미세먼지 대응 방식이 다르게 나타날 수 있음에도, 이에 관한 연구적 증거는 매우 미흡한 상황이다. 따라서 본 연구에서는 서울시 도심 중 하나인 종로구를 대상으로 미세먼지가 도시민의 활동에 미치는 영향을 분석하였다. 이를 위해 SKT의 휴대전화신호 자료와 토지이용 자료를 연계하여 도시활동 유형·연령별 일 단위 활동인구 수를 추출하고, 미세먼지 농도, 미세먼지 지속일 수, 미세먼지 경보 여부의 영향을 분석하였다. 분석 결과, 미세먼지에 대한 회피행동이 도시활동의 유형, 활동장소의 물리적 특성(실내·야외), 미세먼지 지속 기간, 미세먼지 경보 여부, 도시민의 연령에 따라 다른 것으로 나타났다. 본 연구의 결과는 미세먼지가 도시민의 활동에 미치는 영향을 다각적으로 제공하여, 공공의 미세먼지 저감 및 적응 정책 수립을 위한 기초자료로 활용될 수 있다.