• 사상체질의학회지
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• 제15권1호
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• pp.1-11
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• 2003

In Sasang Constitutional Medicine, pine trees have been used as medicines for Taeyangin and a pine-nuts tree for Taeumin. However, there has been some misunderstandings in interpretation as the Koreans referred to back(栢) as pine-nuts tree as well as cheukback(측백) tree. Also, we have disputed over how to translate songback(松栢). Regarding this dispute, 1 came to the following conclusion based on a research with exactitude. 1. Songja (松子), Songjain(松子仁), Songsil(松實) means Pinus Koraiensis(잣), not a pine .one. 2. Backja(栢子) is a fruit of Cheukback(측백) tree, not of a pinus koraiensis(잣). 3. Some part of 'yulsunjun(列仙傳)' quoted to explain pine-nuts in Bonchogangmok(本草綱目) was misrepresented. 4. In regard to the record that a court lady of Chin(秦) Dynasty lived for bundle of years, Galhong(葛洪) made a mistake by saying that she took pine needles and a Pinus Koraiensis in 'Pobakja(抱朴子)', while saying that she took pine needles and leaves of Cheukback(측백) tree in 'Joohoobigeupbang(　後備急方). Also He made a mistake by saying that took pine needles and leaves of cheukback(측백) tree in Bonchogangmok(本草綱目). 5. Songback(松栢), which was referred to in the Analects of Confucius(論語) and the historical annals(史記), should be understood as an old pine tree with a hard quality of the lumber and evergreen, .rather than 'a pine tree and a pine-nuts tree' or 'a pine tree and Cheukback(측백) tree'. 6. Although 'Songback(松栢) mentioned in a book on medicine were sometimes considered as 'a pine-nuts tree' and 'Cheukback(측백) tree' or 'a pine tree and .Cheukback(측백) tree,' it should be regarded as an old pine tree in most cases.

• 한국환경보건학회지
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• 제39권2호
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• pp.151-158
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• 2013

Objective: This study was carried out to determine the depositional characteristics of pine needles, pine tree bark, moss, and soil, which are used as a passive air sampler (PAS) of atmospheric polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs). Methods: All four media were sampled from the same site. PCB concentrations were analyzed by GC/MSD, and the lipid contents were measured using the gravimetric method. Results: The total PCB concentration (IUPAC No. 28, 52, 101, 138, 153, 180) was the highest in soil (227.97 pg/g dry), followed by pine needles (71.36 pg/g dry), pine tree bark (44.58 pg/g dry), then moss (21.91 pg/g dry). Pine needles contained the highest lipid contents (21.31 mg/g dry), whereas soil (10.01 mg/g dry), pine tree bark (4.85 mg/g dry), and moss (1.92 mg/g dry) contained less. The concentration of lower-chlorinated PCBs was relatively high in pine needles, pine tree bark and moss, but not in soil. The PCB concentrations were proportional to their lipid contents in pine needles, pine tree bark and moss, but a different trend was revealed in soil. Conclusions: The PCBs concentrations in the media were affected by various factors including atmospheric PCB concentrations, lipid contents, and depositional pathways. However, each of these factors had a varying influence depending on the type of medium.

• Toxicological Research
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• 제21권3호
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• pp.235-240
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• 2005

Pollen has been used for prevention or treatment of certain diseases such as diabetes arthritis or cancer in traditional medicine. Among various pollens, pine tree pollen is known to relieve hypertension, suppress fatty liver progression, and facilitate the digestion, but its immunological activities are less known. To evaluate immunological reactivities and immunotoxicities of pine tree pollen, BALB/c mice were administered to the poller through oral route. Pine tree pollen suspended in distilled water or extracted with methanol has been administered at the concentration of 0, 10, or 100 mg/kg five days per week for four weeks. Polyclonal activation of splenic T cells with phytohemagglutinins did not induce a significant difference in IL-4 and $IFN_{\gamma}$ production between the pollen-administered mice groups and the control mice. Furthermore, polyclonal activation of splenic B cells with lipopolysaccharides did not result a significant difference in IgG1 and IgG2a production among the groups. These findings imply that the intake of pine tree pollen does not bring any humoral and cellular immune-dysrequlation. Whereas, viability of Listeria monocytogenes was suppressed in the mice administered with 100 mg/kg bw methanol extract, indicating the potential ability of pine tree pollen to enhance cell-mediated immunity mediated by type-1 helper T cells. In addition, aberrant upregulation of plasma IgG1 level was observed in the pollen-administered mice, which suggests a possibility of allergic response induction through the pine tree pollen uptake. Overall, pine tree pollen-mediated modulation of humoral or cellular immunity is worthy of further systematic investigation.

• Journal of Ecology and Environment
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• 제38권1호
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• pp.85-93
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• 2015

In 2013, the epidemics of pine wilt disease caused by the pine wood nematodes (Bursaphelenchus xylophilus) resulted in damages to the forests of black pine (Pinus thunbergii Parl.) trees in Jeju Island, Korea. Among the affected trees, an old black pine tree at Cave Temple on Mt. Sanbangsan was included and died due to the prevalence of pine wilt disease. The tree was on Mt. Sanbangsan, which was designated as a National Scenic Place with the Number 77 and was believed to be more than 400 years old in age. By examining the disc of the tree stem obtained from the height of 2 m, we counted the tree rings from 4 different directions and cross-dated the readings by comparing the records of drought simulated from the BROOK Model. Our analysis indicates that the tree seems to have grown since late 1860s. Contrary to the belief of the general public, we can conclude that the age of the tree was estimated to be at maximum 150 years, which means that it was not the same old tree as was shown in the painting of the Tam-Ra-Sun-Ryeok-Do (an old painting book for the Inspection Tour of Jeju Island) published in 1702. Discussion was extended to the life history of the tree in growth and leaning and the measures to protect the tree species from the damages of the pine wilt disease caused by pine wood nematodes.

• 한국미생물·생명공학회지
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• 제48권3호
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• pp.316-321
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• 2020

송이버섯이 첨가된 전통주를 제조한 후 송절편을 첨가하여 첨가량과 숙성 기간에 따른 향기 성분의 변화를 기체 크로마토그래피 질량분광법을 통해 조사하였다. 송절편을 첨가하지 않은 대조구에서는 총 3종의 향기 성분이 검출되었으나, 송절편을 첨가한 송이주에서는 총 15종의 향기 성분이 검출되었다. 송절편을 5% 첨가한 실험구에서 송이버섯 특유의 향기 성분인 β-fenchyl alcohol과 2-octanol, methyl cinnamate은 숙성기간 동안 상대적인 함량이 증가하여 8주 후에는 각각 67.57%, 2.14%와 0.94%를 나타냈다. 주성분 분석 결과 송절편 첨가에 의한 β-fenchyl alcohol의 상대적 함량 증가가 송이주의 향미 특성에 영향을 미치며, 송이주의 향미 특성은 송절편의 첨가량 보다 숙성 기간에 의해 더 큰 영향을 받는 것으로 판단된다.

• Journal of Plant Biology
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• 제11권4호
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• pp.21-29
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• 1968

It may be fully known that Korea is the main producing country of pine tree form the pan-Asian viewpoint of the geographical distribution of the pine tree. Through the study on the reason why the pine tree became a tree of the maximum cover degree in Korea and the observation of natural preservation status of all sorts of trees in the DMZ area for nearly 20 years after the Korean Armistice, it has come to know that almost all of the pine tree were banished. This phenomenon has been resulted by the ecological characteristics of the pine tree itself which has no sprouting power at all, war disasters, deforestation and incendiary fire that have been steadily occurred until now since the time of Armistice.

• The Korean Journal of Ecology
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• 제20권2호
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• pp.95-102
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• 1997

Ring width chronologies of blue pine (pinus wallichiana) from two mesic sites, Kanasar(2, 400 m) and Gangotri(3, 000 m), in the western Himalayan region. India were developed to understand tree growth-climate relationship and its applicability in proxy climate studies. The resoponse function analyses of the two chronologies show that the site conditions play an important role in modulating the effect of climatic variables on tree growth. Winter temperature, prior to the growth year, has been found to play positive influence on blue pine growth at both sites. Summer temperature also has very similar response except for June and August. June temperature has negative influence at the lower in contrary to at the higher site. Low August temperature favors tree growth to precipitation has been found to vary which could be due to different precipitation regime at the two sites. Winter precipitation is important for tree growth at the higher, whereas summer at the lower sits. The present study suggests that the tree ring materials of blue pine from the temperate Himalayan regions could be used to develop chronologies for the reconstruction of seasonal climatic variables.

• 한국대기환경학회지
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• 제18권6호
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• pp.515-525
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• 2002

A field study was conducted to estimate the emission rate of biogenic volatile organic compounds (BVOCs) from pine trees. In addition, the influences of meteological variables on their distribution characteristics have been investigated. A vegetation enclosure chamber was designed and constructed of Tedlar bag and acril. Sorbent tubes made up of Tenax TA and Carbotrap were used to collect biogenic VOCs emitted from each individual tree. Analysis of BVOCs was performed using a GC-FID system. The fundamental analytical parameters including linearity, retention time, recovery efficiency, and breakthrough volume were examined and verified for the determination of monoterpene emission rates. Total average concentration of each component is found to be $\alpha$-pinene (16.5), $\beta$-pinene (4.61) from pine trees, and $\alpha$-pinene (42.4), $\beta$-pinene (18.7 ng(gdw)$^{-1}$ hr$^{-1}$ ) from Korean pine trees. On the basis of our study, $\alpha$-pinene was found to be the major monoterpene emitted from both pine and Korean pine trees which were accompanied by $\beta$-pinene, camphene, and limonene. In ambient air, variable monoterpene compositions of emissions from pine trees were similar to Korean pine trees. Emission rates of monoterpene from each tree were found to depend on such parameters as temperature and solar radiation.

• 한국의류산업학회지
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• 제9권5호
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• pp.538-544
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• 2007

We usually try to accomodate ourselves to our nature surroundings interacting with nature. There fore I've decided to apply nature materials, esp. the pine to Hair Art as a way of expressing our feelings from Nature. 'Hair Art' is a follow-up study based on the various artistic point of view. There has been various works of 'Hair Art' with nature materials. However, it is rare to see a work of 'Hair Art' with the pine. That's why I've decided to study more about this. This study is a new experiment in 'Hair Art' against a conventional idea "Hair Art values practicability." Therefore, the primary goal of this study is to do much for the cause of learning in 'Hair Art' and encourages some development of 'Hair Art' industry. I've researched an image of a pine tree in art of Joseon Dynasty and contemporary art. Then I've tried to apply the image to a work of 'Hair Art'. First of all, in a view of expression technique for the symbolism of the pine, the artists in Joseon Dynasty drew pictures of a pine tree with a paintbrush but the modern artists make a new attempt from the thought of Modernism. We can find it in some photos. Next, to express traditional oriental idea such as 'unconventional and elegance', comtemporary artists chose the symbolism of the pine tree as an object of their works like pen and ink sketches from the thought of Modernism. Third, in a fusion style picture which contains features of both oriental paintings and western paintings and in a sexualism style picture that depicts a harmony of a male and a female as a shape of a pine, we can find colorful images of a pine tree and Their figurative beauty in art. Those are another symbols of the pine. In conclusion, the implication of the pine tree still hasn't changed even there are differences of drawings of pine tree in the past and the present. I've tried to combine these symbolic ideas of the pine with 'Hair Art' and made 5 hair styles. Throughout the process of researching this topic which is 'The Study of Hair Art Using The Symbolism of The Pine', I've realized that pine trees make it possible to express intrinsic tough spirit of human being and abundance in color and figurative beauty in art. I hope this can contribute to the field of 'Hair Art' and would become an important educational resource for further study.

• 한국식품영양과학회지
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• 제22권5호
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• pp.603-610
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• 1993

송피 및 모시풀의 첨가량을 각각 달리하여 떡을 제조하고 저장기간별로 관능검사와 기계적 측정을 행하여 이들 야생식물이 떡의 품질에 미치는 영향을 비교 검토하였다. 송피 및 모시풀의 첨가량에 따른 제품의 수분 함량은 17.28% 첨가시 7~10%까지 증가하였으며, 백편의 경우는 제조후 시간이 경과함에 따라 제품의 수분함량이 약 2~5%까지 감소하였으나, 송피 및 모시풀의 첨가군에서는 약 1~3% 감소하였다. 송피 및 모시풀의 첨가량에 따른 제품의 호화도는 17.28% 첨가시 가장 높았으며, 시간이 경과함에 따라 0%, 4.32% 첨가군은 급격한 저하를 보인 반면, 8.64%, 12.96%, 17.28% 첨가군은 완만한 저하현상을 보였다. 송피의 첨가량을 달리한 시료의 저장시간별 관능검사 결과 조직의 부드러운 정도와 촉촉한 정도 그리고 쫄깃한 정도는 0%, 4.32% 첨가군보다 8.64%, 12.96%, 17.28% 첨가군에서 다소 높게 나타났으며(p<0.05), 색과 향기는 첨가량에 따른 큰 차이를 보이지 않았다. 제품의 전반적인 바람직한 정도는 송피 첨가시료에서 더 좋게 평가되었고, 저장시간이 경과할수록 송피 첨가량이 많은 시료가 높은 값을 나타내었다. 모시풀의 첨가량을 달리한 시료도 송피떡과 유사한 경향을 보였다. 송피 및 모시풀의 첨가량을 달리한 시료의 기계적 텍스쳐 측정 결과 0%, 4.32% 첨가군에서는 저장기간이 경과함에 따라 견고성이 크게 증가하였으나 첨가량이 증가할수록 완만한 증가현상을 나타내었다. 응집성과 탄력성은 각 시료간에 큰 차이를 보이지 않았으며 점착성은 송피와 모시풀의 첨가량이 높아짐에 따라 증가하였으며 17.28% 첨가군에서는 시간이 경과함에 따라 큰 감소를 보이지 않은 반면에 첨가량이 적은 군에서는 시간이 경과함에 따라 큰 감소를 보였다.