• Journal of Food Hygiene and Safety
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• v.25 no.1
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• pp.65-72
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• 2010

We used fluorescence detector to analyse total aflatoxins (G1, G2, B1, B2) with TFA (Trifluoroacetic acid) derivation method and PHRED (Photochemical reactor enhanced detection) method. PHRED method was superior in reproduction and convenience, but TFA derivation method was superior in selectivity and sensitivity. The recovery rate of aflatoxin B1, B2, G1 were more than 80%, and G2 was more than 70%. The detection limit of B1, B2, G1 and G2 were respectively 0.05, 0.05, 0.2 and $0.1\;{\mu}g/kg$. Confirmed method was used to analyse total aflatoxins in total 316 items as 9 kinds 137 dried fruits and 10 kinds 179 spices. By the result, Aflatoxins were detected in 27 dried fruits (19.7%) and in 87 spices (48.6%).

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Sericultural Science Conference
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• 2003.10a
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• pp.23-23
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• 2003

We made use of 81, 635 expressed sequence tags (ESTs) derived from 12 different cDNA libraries of Bombyx mori to identify high-quality candidate single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs). By PHRAP assembling, we obtained 12, 980 contigs containing 11, 531 contigs assembled by more than one reads. From 117 contig sequences, which were assembled by 1, 576 high-quality reads base-called with PHRED, we identified 101 candidate SNPs and 27 single base insertions/deletions based on a neighborhood quality standard(NQS) of SNP. (omitted)

• Proceedings of the Korean Information Science Society Conference
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• 2002.10c
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• pp.730-732
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• 2002

서열 배치 문제는 두 개의 서열에서 가장 유사한 부분을 찾는 문제이다. 이 문제를 푸는 알고리즘으로 가장 많이 쓰이는 것은 Smith-Waterman 알고리즘이다. Smith-Waterman 알고리즘은 동적 프로그래밍을 이용하여 두 서열에서 유사한 부분을 찾아낸다. 그러나 Smith-Waterman 알고리즘은 서열을 이루는 문자들의 품질 정보를 사용하지는 않는다. 각 문자가 얼마 정도의 신뢰도를 가지고 있는지를 나타내는 품질 정보는 생물학에서는 중요한 정보이다. 본 논문에서는 각 문자에 주어지는 품질이 서로 다를 때에, 품질 정보를 이용하여 가장 적합한 부분 배치를 찾아내는 알고리즘을 제시한다. 실제로 현재 서열 배치에 가장 많이 사용되고 있는 프로그램 중 하나인, Phred/Phrap에서 사용하는 LLR 값을 이용해서 비교했을 때, 본 논문에서 제시한 알고리즘은 기존의 Smith-Waterman 알고리즘보다 더 좋은 결과를 얻었다.

• Journal of the Korea Society of Computer and Information
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• v.13 no.3
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• pp.35-44
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• 2008

In this paper, we present an EST sequence annotation system based on Service Oriented Architecture, called SeqWeB. We developed the web services of eight applications (Phred, cross_match, RepeatMasker, TGICL, ICAtools, CAP3, Phrap and Blast) which are located in sequence annotation process and integrated the web services through BFEL. SeqWeB uses an XML file format for data input and output to maximize interoperability between each application. SeqWeB can be extended or modified easily through some modification such as insertion, deletion and replacement because service-oriented architecture allows loose coupling between applications.

• Proceedings of the Korean Information Science Society Conference
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• 2007.10b
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• pp.1-6
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• 2007

서열을 분석하고, 기능을 예측하는 서열 주해는 생명 현상 규명을 위한 필수 과정이다. 서열 주해는 다수 응용 프로그램간 상호 연계를 통한 복잡한 처리 과정을 거쳐 이루어진다. 현재 사용자는 다양한 응용 프로그램들 중 적합한 응용 프로그램을 선택한 후, 운영환경에 맞도록 설치하고, 사용법을 익혀야 한다. 또한 각 프로그램들의 연계를 위해 입출력 데이터 형식을 변환해야 하는 불편함이 있다. 이를 위해 자동화된 솔루션들이 개발되고 있지만, 각 단계별 프로그램들이 강결합(tightly coupled)되어 있어 유연성(flexibility)이 떨어지고, 기능의 확장 및 변경에 어려움이 있다. 본 논문에서는 기존 시스템들의 한계를 극복하기 위하여 SOA (Service Oriented Architecture) 기반의 서열 주해 시스템인 SeqWeB을 제안한다. SeqWeB은 서열 주해에 필요한 7개의 응용 프로그램(Phred, cross_match, RepeatMasker, ICAtools, Phrap, CAP3, Blast)들을 웹 서비스 기술을 통해 단위 서비스로 개발하고, BPM 기법을 이용하여 통합하였다. SeqWeB은 각 응용 프로그램간 상호 운용성을 높이기 위하여 XML 형식의 입/출력 데이터를 사용하며, SOA 기반의 시스템 통합으로 각 응용 프로그램들을 약결합(loosely coupled)하여 시스템의 확장 및 변경이 용이하다. 또한 웹을 기반으로 하는 다양한 조합의 서열 주해 솔루션 제공이 가능한 특징이 있다.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.20 no.11
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• pp.1636-1650
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• 2007

As an initial step toward a better understanding of the genome structure of Korean cattle (Hanwoo breed) and initiation of the framework for genomic research in this bovine, the bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC) end sequencing of 21,024 clones was recently completed. Among these clones, BAC End Sequences (BESs) of 20,158 clones with high quality sequences (Phred score ${\geq}20$, average BES equaled 620 bp and totaled 23,585,814 bp), after editing sequencing results by eliminating vector sequences, were used initially to compare sequence homology with the known bovine chromosomal DNA sequence by using BLASTN analysis. Blast analysis of the BESs against the NCBI Genome database for Bos taurus (Build 2.1) indicated that the BESs from 13,201 clones matched bovine contig sequences with significant blast hits (E<$e^{-40}$), including 7,075 single-end hits and 6,126 paired-end hits. Finally, a total of 5,105 clones of the Korean cattle BAC clones with paired-end hits, including 4,053 clones from the primary analysis and 1,052 clones from the secondary analysis, were mapped to the bovine chromosome with very high accuracy.

• BMB Reports
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• v.39 no.2
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• pp.183-188
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• 2006

Using the Phred/Phrap/Polyphred/Consed pipeline established in the National Livestock Research Institute of Korea, we predicted candidate coding single nucleotide polymorphisms (cSNPs) from 7,600 expressed sequence tags (ESTs) derived from three cDNA libraries (liver, M. longissimus dorsi, and intermuscular fat) of Hanwoo (Korean native cattle) steers. From the 7,600 ESTs, 829 contigs comprising more than two EST reads were assembled using the Phrap assembler. Based on the contig analysis, 201 candidate cSNPs were identified in 129 contigs, in which transitions (69%) outnumbered transversions (31%). To verify whether the predicted cSNPs are real, 17 SNPs involved in lipid and energy metabolism were selected from the ESTs. Twelve of these were confirmed to be real while five were identified as artifacts, possibly due to expressed sequence tag sequence error. Further analysis of the 12 verified cSNPs was performed using the program BLASTX. Five were identified as nonsynonymous cSNPs, five were synonymous cSNPs, and two SNPs were located in 3'-UTRs. Our data indicated that a relatively high SNP prediction rate (71%) from a large EST database could produce abundant cSNPs rapidly, which can be used as valuable genetic markers in cattle.

• Genomics & Informatics
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• v.7 no.2
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• pp.65-84
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• 2009

Sequences from the clones of full-length enriched cDNA libraries serve as valuable resources for functional genomics related studies, genome annotation and SNP discovery. We analyzed 7,392 high-quality chromatograms (Phred value ${\geq}$30) obtained from sequencing the 5' ends of clones derived from full-length enriched cDNA libraries of Korean native pigs including brainstem, liver, cerebellum, neocortex and spleen libraries. In addition, 50,000 EST sequence trace files obtained from GenBank were combined with our sequences to identify cSNPs in silico. The process generated 11,324 contigs, of which 2,895 contigs contained at least one SNP and among them 610 contigs had a minimum of one sequence from Korean native pigs. Of 610 contigs, we randomly selected 262 contigs and performed in silico analysis for the identification of cSNPs. From the results, we identified 1,531 putative coding single nucleotide polymorphisms (cSNPs) and the SNP detection frequency was one SNP per 465 bp. A large-scale sequencing result of clones from full-length enriched cDNA libraries and identified cSNPs will serve as a useful resource to functional genomics related projects such as a pig HapMap project in the near future.

• Korean Journal of Medicinal Crop Science
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• v.18 no.5
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• pp.338-344
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• 2010

Our paper shows the results of 302 samples of herb medicines about fungal contamination at Yakyeang markets in Seoul. The sample medicines were treated VICAM pretreatment and analysed by post column derivatisation procedure(PHRED-HPLC) with a fluorescence detector. Aflatoxin B1 was founded from 50.3% of samples, aflatoxin B2 was 39.7%, aflatoxin G1 was 21.2% and aflatoxin G2 was 23.5%. The detected ranges of aflatoxin B1, B2, G1 and G2 were from 0.1 to $57.2\;{\mu}g/kg$, 0.1 to $42.6\;{\mu}g/kg$, 0.1 to $23.5\;{\mu}g/kg$ and 0.1 to $9.5\;{\mu}g/kg$ respectively. Among total samples, 26 samples contained aflatoxin B1 violated the regulation (less than 10 ug/kg) for aflatoxin B1 of KFDA. From the result, we could presumed that more than a half of samples were contaminated by aflatoxins. Therefore, it seems to be necessary that the new safety giudeline will be established aflatoxin B2, G1 and G2 from herb medicines as aflatoxin B1.

• The Korea Journal of Herbology
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• v.34 no.6
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• pp.91-97
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• 2019

Objective : To establish a reliable tool between for the distinction of original plants of Sanguisorbae Radix, we analyzed the complete chloroplast genome sequence of Sanguisorbae Radix and identified single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs). Materials and methods : The chloroplast genome sequence of Sanguisorba officinalis, Sanguisorba tenuifolia f. alba (Trautv. & Mey.) Kitam and Sanguisorba tenuifolia Fisch. ex Link obtained using next-generation sequencing technology were described and compared with those of other species to develop specific markers. Candidate genetic markers were identified to distinguish species from the chloroplast sequences of each species using Modified Phred Phrap Consed and CLC Genomics Workbench programs. Results : The structure of the chloroplast genome of each sample that had been assembled and verified was circular, and the length was about 155 kbp. Through comparative analysis of the chloroplast sequences, we found 220 nucleotides, 158 SNPs, and 62 Indel (insertion and/or deletion), to distinguish Sanguisorba officinalis, Sanguisorba tenuifolia f. alba (Trautv. & Mey.) Kitam and Sanguisorba tenuifolia Fisch. ex Link. Finally, 15 specific SNP genetic markers were selected for the verification at positions. Avaliable primers for the dried herb, which is used as medicine, were used to develop the PCR amplification product of Sanguisorbae Radix to assess the applicability of PCR analysis. Conclusion : In this study, we found that Fendel-qPCR analysis based on the chloroplast DNA sequences can be an efficient tool for discrimination of Sanguisorba officinalis, Sanguisorba tenuifolia f. alba (Trautv. & Mey.) Kitam and Sanguisorba tenuifolia Fisch. ex Link.