• Transactions of the Korean Society of Mechanical Engineers
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• v.19 no.11
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• pp.3054-3062
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• 1995

Recently, the improvement of fuel economy and the reduction of exhaust smoke and NOx have been successfully achieved by supplying diesel engines with emulsified diesel oil with water particles. In the present paper, the difference between the combustion of injected emulsified fuel and that of diesel oil spray is clarified by means of taking high-speed and color photographs of the flames in the engine cylinder. As the results, the two kinds of fuels show different combustion behavior each other in the growth of initial flame and in the termination of combustion process in the cylinder. Then, suitable combustion chamber design for the use of emulsified fuel is discussed on the basis of experimental data for various distribution of spray in different kinds of piston cavities. Some methods of clearing troubles caused by emulsified fuel injection are also discussed on the basis of performance tests with a remodeling test engine.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Rural Architecture
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• v.14 no.2
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• pp.67-74
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• 2012

This study investigated that grasped the present state of high-rise apartment on Urban Street color, through the color image estimation effect of primary factor on color image preference. The range of study were high-rise apartment on Urban Street color of land for housing, Sangmu, Woonnam, Shinchang, Pungam, Ilgok, Moonheung district. The method of study put out a model of reference after photography a spot colorimeter BIB test. And the data analyzing was factor analysis, multi regression through Semantic Differential Method, questionnaire. The result of study, the present state of color was used predominate, support color is YR, Y, and stress color is YR, R. Predominate color showed distribution of high luminosity, low freshness and assistance, stress color is middle luminosity, low freshness. And effects of primary factor on color image preference were 'unification', 'comfortableness', 'sophistication'. The result of this study showed that need high luminosity color for comfortableness to improve of high-rise apartment on Urban Street color, harmony of color, harmony of vertical horizontality color scheme pattern, consult square rate of stress color.

• Journal of the Architectural Institute of Korea Structure & Construction
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• v.34 no.10
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• pp.11-18
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• 2018

In this study, the cross-sectional image has been acquired to evaluate the aggregate distribution affecting quality of lightweight aggregate concrete, and through the binarization method, the study is to calculate the aggregate area of upper and lower sections to develop the method to assess the aggregate distribution of concrete. The acquisition of cross-section image of concrete for the above was available from the cross-sectional photography of cleavage tension of a normal test specimen, and an easily accessible and convenient image analysis software was used for image analysis. As a result, through such image analyses, the proportion of aggregate distribution of upper and lower sections of the test specien could be calculated, and the proportion of aggregate area U/L value of the upper and lower regions of concrete cross-section was calculated, revealing that it could be used as the comprehensive index of aggregate distribution. Moreover, through such method, relatively easy image acquisition methods and analytic methods have been proposed, and this indicated that the development of modeling to assess aggregate distribution quantitatively is available. Based on these methods, it is expected that the extraction of fundamental data to reconsider the connectivity with processes in concrete will be available through quality assessment of quantitative concrete.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.38 no.5
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• pp.12-20
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• 2010

The purpose of this study is to evaluate human thermal comfort by spatial structure and to explore solutions to improve the thermal environment of a small urban space. The study site was Korea University campus. Thermal conditions were measured to evaluate the quality of the thermal environment in each type of space within the study site. Micrometeorology measurements, analysis of space characteristics for using fish-eye lens photography, and thermal comfort modeling through the use of collected meteorological data, such as temperature and humidity, were performed. Results showed that the level of thermal comfort for humans differs depending on the types of space within the study site. Thermal comfort is better in open spaces than enclosed in the aspect of radiative mean temperature, Predicted Mean Vote(PMV), and Physiologically Equivalent Temperature(PET). This fact is probably due to shadows or buildings or trees that may block solar radiation. Thus, it is necessary to consider the spatial arrangements of buildings and trees to enhance openness and ventilation in the space. Paving materials and exterior building materials should also be selected to lower the radiant temperature. Given these results, a quantitative evaluation on human thermal comfort could propose a way to plan user comfortable small urban spaces. Study methods used and results provided in the study can promote a better way for urban space planning direction to improve environmental quality.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.109 no.4
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• pp.361-370
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• 2020

Long-term observation of the life cycle of plants allows the identification of critical signals of the effects of climate change on plants. Indeed, plant phenology is the simplest approach to detect climate change. Observation of seasonal changes in plants using digital repeat imaging helps in overcoming the limitations of both traditional methods and satellite remote sensing. In this study, we demonstrate the utility of camera-based repeat digital imaging in this context. We observed the biological events of plants and quantified their phenophases in the northern temperate type deciduous broadleaf forest of Jeombong Mountain. This study aimed to identify trends in seasonal characteristics of Quercus mongolica (deciduous broadleaf forest) and Pinus densiflora (evergreen coniferous forest). The vegetation index, green chromatic coordinate (GCC), was calculated from the RGB channel image data. The magnitude of the GCC amplitude was smaller in the evergreen coniferous forest than in the deciduous forest. The slope of the GCC (increased in spring and decreased in autumn) was moderate in the evergreen coniferous forest compared with that in the deciduous forest. In the pine forest, the beginning of growth occurred earlier than that in the red oak forest, whereas the end of growth was later. Verification of the accuracy of the phenophases showed high accuracy with root-mean-square error (RMSE) values of 0.008 (region of interest [ROI]1) and 0.006 (ROI3). These results reflect the tendency of the GCC trajectory in a northern temperate type deciduous broadleaf forest. Based on the results, we propose that repeat imaging using digital cameras will be useful for the observation of phenophases.

• Journal of Convergence for Information Technology
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• v.10 no.12
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• pp.201-207
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• 2020

In this study, the practicality of unmanned aerial vehicle photography information was identified. Therefore, a total of four consecutive surveys were conducted on the field-level survey areas among the areas subject to photography using unmanned aerial vehicles, and the changes in crop conditions were analyzed using pictures of unmanned aerial vehicles taken during each survey. It is appropriate to collect and utilize photographic information by directly taking pictures of the survey area according to the time of the on-site survey using unmanned aerial vehicles in the field layer, which is an area where many changes in topography, crop vegetation, and crop types are expected. And it turned out that it was appropriate to utilize satellite images in consideration of economic and efficient aspects in relatively unchanged rice paddies and facilities. If the survey area is well equipped with systems for crop cultivation, deep learning can be utilized in real time by utilizing libraries after obtaining photographic data for a certain area using unmanned aircraft in the future. Through this process, it is believed that it can be used to analyze the overall crop and shipment volume by identifying the crop status and surveying the quantity per unit area.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Environmental Restoration Technology
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• v.22 no.6
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• pp.63-76
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• 2019

UAVs are unmanned, autonomous or remotely piloted aircraft. As UAVs become smaller, lighter and more economical, their applications continue to expand. Researches on UAVs in the field of remote sensing show development methods and purposes similar to those on satellite images, and they are widely used in studies such as 3D image composition and monitoring. In the field of environmental impact assessment(EIA), satellite information and data are mainly used. However, only low-resolution images covering long distances and large-scale data allowing for rough examination are being provided, so their uses are seriously limited. Therefore, in this paper, we construct spatial information of forest area by using unmanned aerial vehicle and seek efficient utilization and policy improvement in the field of environmental impact assessment. As a result, high-resolution images and data from UAVs can be used to identify the location status of SEIA, EIA, and small scale EIA project plans and to evaluate detailed environmental impact analysis. In addition, when provided together with infographics about Post-environmental impact investigation, it was confirmed that the possibility of periodic spatial information construction and evaluation can be used throughout the entire project contents and project post-process.In order to provide sophisticated infographics for the EIA, drone photography and GCP surveying methods were derived.The results of this study will be used as a basis for improving high-resolution monitoring and environmental impact assessment in the forest sector.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Surveying, Geodesy, Photogrammetry and Cartography
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• v.11 no.1
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• pp.19-27
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• 1993

For the design of a large-scale landfill, the future utilization plan of the landfill ought to precede based on the analysis of existing facility. Analysis for the present condition of reclamation must include accurate assesment of volume and other consideration such as urban scenery. In this study an optimum data interpolation scheme area/volume determination method based on the classification of topography were combined for the correct assessment of sweeping volume. Combined model was compared with the real data of Digital Elevation Model constructed by aero photography. The new model aims at providing basic information for the design and utilization of a new landfill. A a result of this study, we made an algorithm to perform the classification of the topography in the area of interest objectively. In addition, we decided optimal data interpolation scheme and area/volume calculation method for given topography. Finally, we applied the developed methodology to Nangido Landfill to assess current landfill situation and potential capacity when landfilling is resumed.

• Journal of Korean Society of Rural Planning
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• v.10 no.2 s.23
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• pp.35-42
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• 2004

This study aimed at establishing the multi-ranged approach on data acquisition technique for rural landscape planning, which tried categorization, grading and transferring of landscape elements in the more detailed level. For the systematic management of database for the topographic informations in the village level, a kind of the aerial photographing techniques with UAV(Unmanned Aerial Vehicle) was used and its resultant data for the landscape simulation of the rural village, which in turn helped the convenient approach to understanding of its comprehensive spatial structure. The image data from aerial photography was systematically processed through; First, after revision of the distorted one, the image map was adjusted with the topographical and cadastral maps. Second, the farm houses and buildings, and other facilities difficult to find out in the topographical map was digitally read from the adjusted image. The topographical landscape view of rural village was simulated on the base of DEM(Digital Elevation Model) and the 3-dimensional shapes of farm houses and buildings were automatically modelled using the input system developed by the author. In conclusion, the aerial image information adjusted with the edited maps could give more intuitive and detailed villagescape than the ordinary one and through landscape simulation of the rural village, its topography, features of houses/buildings and spatial distribution of land uses were effectively reproduced. And, by the linkage between field survey and photographed/simulated results of the typical landscape elements using hyper-link method, it would be expected to develop as an effective visualization technique of rural landscape.

• Korean Journal of Remote Sensing
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• v.20 no.5
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• pp.337-351
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• 2004

Our laboratory originally developed the compact, multi-spectral, automatic aerial photographic system PKNU3 to allow greater flexibility in geological and environmental data collection. We are currently developing the PKNU3 system, which consists of a color-infrared spectral camera capable of simultaneous photography in the visible and near-infrared bands; a thermal infrared camera; two computers, each with an 80-gigabyte memory capacity for storing images; an MPEG board that can compress and transfer data to the computers in real-time; and the capability of using a helicopter platform. Before actual aerial photographic testing of the PKNU3, we experimented with each sensor. We analyzed the lens distortion, the sensitivity of the CCD in each band, and the thermal response of the thermal infrared sensor before the aerial photographing. As of September 2004, the PKNU3 development schedule has reached the second phase of testing. As the result of two aerial photographic tests, R, G, B and IR images were taken simultaneously; and images with an overlap rate of 70% using the automatic 1-s interval data recording time could be obtained by PKNU3. Further study is warranted to enhance the system with the addition of gyroscopic and IMU units. We evaluated the PKNU 3 system as a method of environmental remote sensing by comparing each chlorophyll image derived from PKNU 3 photographs. This appraisement was backed up with existing study that resulted in a modest improvement in the linear fit between the measures of chlorophyll and the RVI, NDVI and SAVI images stem from photographs taken by Duncantech MS 3100 which has same spectral configuration with MS 4000 used in PKNU3 system.