• Korean Journal of Pharmacognosy
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• v.36 no.3 s.142
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• pp.209-219
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• 2005

In this study, we carried out the preparing standardization and regulation of processed Glycyrrhizae Radix (PGR) which have been widely used in oriental medicines. Glycyrrhizae Radix(GR) have been generally prepared by the stir-frying, or mix-frying with honey for the purpose of decreasing sweetness and augmenting vitality. Firstly, we tried to standardize PGR prepared by the stir-frying. We purchased 14 kinds of PGR and non-processed GR(NPGR) at oriental physician's offices and oriental pharmacies on a nation scale, respectively. The amounts of dry on loss, water extract, diluted ethanol extract, ether extract, total ash, acid insoluble ash, glycyrrhizin(GL), glycyrrhetic acid(GA) and liquiritin(LQ) of them were examined. The amounts of dry on loss, GL and LQ in commercial PGRs showed remarkable decrease, while GA showed increased as compared with NPGR. In order to standardize preparing method of PGR, the effect of heating time on physico-chemical parameters and biological activities were examined. Physico-chemical parameters such as dry on loss, extract amount, GL and LQ contents in PGRs showed decrease, however, GA was increased with heating time as compared with NPGR. Also, GA, obtained from heat-treated GR, was found as an artifact in PGRs. PGR was more effective than NPGA in vitro test of DPPH scavenging effect and TBA-Rs reducing effect. PGR and NPGR showed potent hepatoprotective effect on $CCl_4-intoxicated$ rats. Especially, PGR prepared by 80 min of heating was the most effective. Considering these results, the optimal condition for PGR preparation was $150^{\circ}C$ for 80 min.

• Journal of Bio-Environment Control
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• v.20 no.4
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• pp.333-340
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• 2011

This study was conducted on the effect of plant growth retardants (PGRs) on growth of potted Ardisia pusilla and Ardisia pusilla var. variegata grown for a short term in an ebb and flow system. Plants were planted in 10 cm plastic pots, containing a mixture of peat moss and perlite (1 : 1, v/v) on 30 June 2005 and were grown until 23 Sep. 2005. The PGRs used were 50, 200, 350, 500 $mg{\cdot}L^{-1}$ daminozide (B- 9), 10, 40, 70, 100 $mg{\cdot}L^{-1}$ paclobutrazol (Boundy), and 5, 15, 25, 35 $mg{\cdot}L^{-1}$ ethephon (Florel). On every irrigation, the nutrient solution containing PGRs was supplied at a 2 cm depth and was kept for 15~20 minutes. The surplus nutrient solution was drained back into the tank for next irrigations. In both cultivars, paclobutrazol gave the most pronounced effect in inhibition of stretchiness. Ardisia pusilla, which was pinched just before initiation of paclobutrazol treatment, resulted in the greatest inhibition of shoot elongation. Daminozide treatments above 200 $mg{\cdot}L^{-1}$ also gave reduction of shoot length. However, ethephon treatments gave no dwarfing effect in Ardisia pusilla. Inhibition of stretchiness was observed even in the lowest concentration treatments. Among the PGRs, paclobutrazol was the most effective in suppressing plant stretchiness.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.97 no.4
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• pp.452-457
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• 2008

In order to develop an efficient micropropagation technique effect of plant growth regulators (PGRs) affecting on shoot proliferation from shoot apex in Pyrus ussuriensis was tested. Generally, there was no conspicuous effect on shoot induction by the treatment of PGRs and one or two shoots/explant were induced when cultured on MS medium supplemented with BA and/or BA plus NAA. Both apical shoot necrosis and hyperhydric shoots were observed frequently in multiplied shoots, and callus was formed at the basal part of shoots. About 20% spontaneous rooting was achieved in growing shoots, however the proliferated shoots exhibited poor rooting rate in gelrite supported media. When we tried to ex vitro rooting of the shoot cutting, the shoot cuttings rooted up to 50% with 100 mg/L IBA application. The rooted plantlets grew normally after acclimatization in the greenhouse.

• Korean Journal of Plant Resources
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• v.32 no.1
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• pp.53-62
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• 2019

The purpose of this study was to establish the in vitro propagation system by shoot tip culture of six Hosta species native to Korea (Hosta capitata (Koidz.) Nakai, H. clausa Nakai, H. jonesii M.G.Chung, H. minor (Baker) Nakai, H. venusta F.Maek., and H. yingeri S.B.Jones) for mass proliferation and a new cultivar development. The shoot tips of each Hosta species were cultured on MS medium containing eight combinations of 0.5, 1.0, 2.0, 4.0 mg/L BA with 0.1 mg/L NAA, 0.1, 0.5, 1.0, 2.0 mg/L TDZ with 0.1 mg/L NAA, and without any PGRs (control). They were investigated on callus, somatic embryo, crown bud, differentiation and growth of shoot and root, total fresh weight after 8 weeks of culture. In all six Hosta species, callus and somatic embryo induction rate and multiple shooting rate of the PGRs treatment group were higher than that of the control group. The highest number of differentiated shoots were obtained on medium supplemented with 2.0 ㎎/L TDZ in H. capitata (5.4), 1.0 mg/L TDZ in H. clausa and H. jonesii (3.3 and 5.8, respectively), 0.5 mg/L BA in H. minor (11.1), 1.0 mg/L BA and 0.1 mg/L TDZ in H. venusta (8.1), and 0.5 mg/L TDZ in H. yingeri (9.8). In somatic embryo formation, the PGRs treatment group of H. jonesii and H. yingeri were more effective than the control group, and the effects were relatively less in H. capitata, H. clausa Nakai, H. minor, H. venusta. Crown bud formation of four Hosta species (H.capitata, H. clausa, H. jonesiig, and H. yingeri) were also higher in the PGRs treatment group than in the control group. Crown bud formation of four Hosta species (H.capitata, H. clausa, H. jonesiig, and H. yingeri) were also higher in the PGRs treatment group than in the control group. H. clausa showed no significant effect on callus and shoot differentiation regardless of the type and concentration of cytokinin, but slightly increased in formation of crown bud in TDZ.

• Journal of Forest and Environmental Science
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• v.29 no.4
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• pp.275-281
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• 2013

To establish in vitro nodal culture conditions of Echinosophora koreensis Nakai, one of rare and endangered species famous for beautiful flowers in the Korean Peninsula, the influence of plant growth regulators (PGRs) on shooting and rooting from in vitro shoots was investigated. In shoot multiplication, addition of 6-benzylaminopurine (BA) to the half-strength Driver and Kuniyuki's media in the range of 2.22 to 8.88 ${\mu}M $induced 2.5 to 2.7 shoots per axillary bud; and addition of 2.27 ${\mu}M $ thidiazuron (TDZ) produced 3.2 shoots, during 4 weeks of culture, while zeatin and isopentenyl adenine (2ip) were not effective on shoot multiplication as observed from several combination treatments of BA with other PGRs. Shoots established were smaller than 2 cm in length, in most of the treatments. while in BA 8.88 ${\mu}M $ treatment more than 30% of shoots were longer than 2 cm and shorter than 4 cm. In rooting, naphthalene acetic acid (NAA) from 5.37 to 21.48 ${\mu}M $ showed the rooting rate from 40.0 to 62.5%. Indole butyric acid (IBA) addition had little effect on rooting (<10%), although some roots in IBA-containing media were longer than those in NAA. Micropropagation from axillary buds of nodular explants was applicable and promising to multiplication and conservation of Echinosophora koreensis Nakai.

• Plant Resources
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• v.8 no.2
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• pp.81-86
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• 2005

An efficient plant regeneration system of Gentiana scabra through somatic embryogenesis was established. Leaves and roots of seedlings of Gentiana scabra excised after germination were cultured on MS basal medium with 2,4-D, NAA or BA. Embryogenic callus was obtained on MS medium with 0.5 mg/L 2,4-D alone or 0.1 mg/L 2,4-D combimation with 1.0 mg/L BA after 45 days of culture. These embryogenic calli gave rise to somatic embryos, which subsequently developed into plantlets on MS medium without PGRs. Also, shoots were effectively differentiated from embryogenic callus when root segments were cultured on MS medium supplement with 0.1 mg/L 2,4-D and 1.0 mg/L BA. Shoots were effectively rooted on MS medium without PGRs. In vitro flowers were formed from plantlets cultured on MS medium with $5\%$ sucrose after 60 days of culture.

• Proceedings of the Plant Resources Society of Korea Conference
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• 2020.12a
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• pp.60-60
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• 2020

To establish in vitro axillary bud culture conditions of Echinosophora koreensis Nakai, one of Korean endemic endangered species famous for beautiful flowers, we tested the influence of plant growth regulators (PGRs) in shooting and rooting stage from in vitro plants. In shoot multiplication, addition of 6-benzylaminopurine (BA) to the media induced 2.5 to 3 shoots per bud during 4 weeks of culture. And media including 0.5 mg L^-1 thidiazuron (TDZ) produced 3 to 4 shoots per bud. However, zeatin and isopentenyl adenine (2-ip) were not successful to increase shoot number, and the combination treatments of BA with other PGRs were also not effective. Shoots were smaller than 2 cm in length, in most of the treatments. In rooting, naphthalene acetic acid (NAA) treatments in the range of 0.5 to 4.0 mg L^-1 appeared to increase rooting rate by 10% to 60% approximately when compared with the control but roots developed with callus clusters. Indole butyric acid (IBA) addition had little effect on rooting (below 10%), while some roots were longer than in NAA treatments and some shoots were longer on high IBA concentrations (4.0 to 8.0 mg L^-1). It is suggested that micropropagation is a highly applicable and promising to multiplication and conservation of rare and endangered endemic species.

• FLOWER RESEARCH JOURNAL
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• v.17 no.2
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• pp.106-113
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• 2009

Germination percentage of Korean native lily seeds was high at $20-25^{\circ}C$. It was almost 100% in L. cernuum, L. callosum, L. amabile, and L. concolor, 88.0% in L. lancifolium, and 73.0% in L. maximowitzii, respectively. Meanwhile, it was low rate of 34.0%-54.0% in L. distichum, L. hansonii, and L. tsingtauense. Germination was mostly delayed of $15^{\circ}C$ and days to germination were more shortened in species with higher germination percentage. Even though the effect of daylength was not considerable in germination rate, it was promoted in L. maximowitzii but it was delyed in L. hansonii under long day. The effect of soaking in hot PGRs solution in L. callosum, L. cernuum, L. amabile, L. lancifolium, and L. concolor did not show any difference in comparison with non-treatment. However, it was improved by BA in L. maximowitzii. Longer period of cold wet storage resulted in improved germination percentage in L. maximowitzii and L. lancifolium, while it affected decreased percentage in L. distichum and L. hansonii. Days to germination were shortened by longer period of cold wet storage regardless of species. Germination percentage in dry storage was higher under cold temperature than room temperature and under desiccator storage than outside desiccator, it was highest under desiccator storage at $4^{\circ}C$. It was drastically reduced by the non-use desiccator storage at room temperature L. concolor, however it was improved only by the use of desiccator L. maximowitzii for a long time.

• Korean Journal of Medicinal Crop Science
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• v.12 no.6
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• pp.508-514
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• 2004

Chrysanthemum boreale M. is an important medicinal plant that has been historically used in herbal medicine and in the health food throughout East Asia. This study was conducted to investigate the influence of abscisic acid (ABA) and salicylic acid (SA) on plant growth, mineral content and effective components, such as essential oil, amino acid and cumambrin A, by means in order to increase the productivity and the quality of flowerheads in the plant. Yields of flowerheads were increased by 12.7%, 21.7% and 15.5% by ABA, SA and both treatments, respectively, as compared with the control. Inorganic nutrient content was changed by PGRs; SA treatment was increased by nitrogen, phosphorus and magnesium content but decreased by potassium of C. boreale M. flowerheads. Total content of amino acid was increased by SA but decreased by ABA treatment. Essential oil content and yields were increased to 9.7% and 33.8% by SA treatment. Moreover, the content of terpene, monoterpenoids and sesquiterpenoids, were improved by ABA treatment, especially, germacrene-D content was increased by 39.1%, as compared to control. In addition, yields of cumambrin A, sesquiterpene compound exhibiting blood-pressure activity, increased in all PGRs treatments, but its concentration in the C. boreale M. flowerheads only increased by ABA and both treatment. The experiment suggests that PGRs using ABA and SA could increase the yields and quality of C. boreale M. flowerheads.

• Proceedings of the Plant Resources Society of Korea Conference
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• 2018.10a
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• pp.80-80
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• 2018

Hosta is a genus of the family Asparagaceae and distributed in East Asia. There are six Hosta species (Hosta capitata (Koidz.) Nakai, H. clausa Nakai, H. jonesii M.G.Chung, H. minor (Baker) Nakai, H. venusta F.Maek., and H. yingeri S.B.Jones) native to Korea and among them, four species (H. minor, H. jonesii, H. venusta and H. yingeri) are endemic to the Korea peninsula. Hosta is generally propagated by seed, crown division or tissue culture. However, tissue culture is a more efficient method to mass proliferation, a new cultivar development and disease-free plantlet production in a limit time. Hence, we conducted this study to evaluate the influence of various plant growth regulators (PGRs) treatments on the induction of callus and somatic embryo of the six Hosta species. Leaf, petiole and root were used to select optimum tissue culture explants. Petiole explants thus only were used for callus induction and somatic embryogenesis with TDZ (0.1, 0.5 or 1.0mg/L) and NAA (0.1 or 0.5 mg/L) combinations. After 12 weeks of culture, the highest rate of somatic embryogenesis was achieved on modificated MS medium containing 1.0 mg/L TDZ and 0.1 mg/L NAA in H. capitata and H. minor (15.5%, respectively), 0.1 or 0.5 mg/L TDZ and 0.1 mg/L NAA in H. jonesii (22.2%), 1.0 mg/L TDZ and 0.5 mg/L NAA in H. yingeri (26.7%), and 0.1 mg/L TDZ and 0.5 mg/L NAA in H. venusta (53.3%). H. clausa showed very low effect on somatic embryogenesis by PGRs; 2.2%. There was interspecies difference to PGRs respond for callus and somatic embryo induction. Regenerated multiple shoots and plantlet of H. minor, H. jonesii, H. venusta and H. yingeri were obtained via somatic embryogenesis.