• Journal of Embryo Transfer
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• v.26 no.1
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• pp.1-7
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• 2011

The purpose of this study was to determine the relationship between conception rate and other parameters (body condition score; BCS, progesterone concentrations and follicle size) before estrus induction with CIDR(intravaginal progesterone-releasing controlled internal drug release). The conception rate in cows with < 2.75, 2.75 to 3.25, and 3.25 <, BCS regardless of AI (artificial insemination) time was 46.6%, 63.3%, and 46.6% at CIDR insertion, respectively. The conception rate regardless of BCS was 54.9% in cows inseminated based on detected estrus, and 48.7% in cows inseminated at 72 to 80 hours (timed artificial insemination, TAI) after removal of CIDR. The conception rate regardless of AI time was 40.0% in cows with low progesterone concentrations (less than 1.0 ng/ml), and 56.6% in cows with high progesterone concentrations (more than 1.0 ng/ml) at CIDR injection. The conception rate regardless of progesterone concentrations was 53.8% in cows inseminated based on detected estrus, and 38.0% in cows of TAI after removal of CIDR. The conception rate regardless of AI time was 43.3% in cows with small follicle (less than 5 mm), 53.3% in cows between 5 mm to 10 mm of follicle, and 63.3% in cows with large folliclc (more than 10 mm) at CIDR injection, respectively. The conception rate regardless of follicle size was 58.4% in cows inseminated based on detected estrus, and 45.9% in cows of TAI after removal of CIDR. These results indicated that if the cows with BCS 2.75 to 3.25, active corpus luteum, and/or large dominant follicle (more than 10 mm) are used for estrus induction, the conception rate will be greater.

• Restorative Dentistry and Endodontics
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• v.17 no.1
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• pp.83-94
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• 1992

This study was executed to measure the biosynthesis of arachidonic acid metabolic products in chronic periapical lesions, to compare the products among periapical granuloma, periapical cyst and chronic periapical abscess, and to understand the pathogensis of chronic periapical lesions. Tissues from 33 chronic periapical lesions of human teeth were enucleated during endodontic surgery. large part of each tissue was contained in liquid nitrogen immediately and the other was examined histologically. In histologically diagnosed 8 cases of periapical granuloma, 9 cases of periapical cyst and 8 cases of chronic periapical abscess. the tissues were homogenatecl and incubated with $_{14}C$-arachidonic acid. Lipid solvent extracts were separated by thin layer chromatography to be analyzed by autoradiography and TLC analyzer. 1. $TXB_2$, 6-keto-$PGF_1{\alpha}$ and $PGE_2$, $LTB_4$, HETEs, and unidentified product which are metabolic products of arachidonic acid were measured in the tissues of chronic peripaical lesions. 2. In all of periapical granuloma, cyst and abscess, the conversion rate of HETEs among all products was the highest(P<0.05), and the percentage of HETEs in total converted products was also the highest(P<0.05). 3. The concentration of each arachidonic acid product was higher in chronic periapical absecss than in periapical granuloma and cyst(P<0.05). The concentration of $TXB_2$ and HETEs in periapical cyst were hight than in periapical granuloma. 4. The relative amounts of total products from lipoxygenase pathway to those from cyclo-oxygenase pathway were about 7 fold in chronic periapical lesions. There was no difference among periapical granuloma, cyst and abscess(P<0.05). The total amount of products from each pathway were higher in chronic periapical abscess than in periapical cyst and granuloma.

• The Korean Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology
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• v.21 no.3
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• pp.293-300
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• 2017

Prostaglandin $D_2$ ($PGD_2$) may act against myocardial ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) injury and play an anti-inflammatory role in the heart. Although the effect of $PGD_2$ in regulation of ANP secretion of the atrium was reported, the mechanisms involved are not clearly identified. The aim of the present study was to investigate whether $PGD_2$ can regulate ANP secretion in the isolated perfused beating rat atrium, and its underlying mechanisms. $PGD_2$ (0.1 to $10{\mu}M$) significantly increased atrial ANP secretion concomitantly with positive inotropy in a dose-dependent manner. Effects of $PGD_2$ on atrial ANP secretion and mechanical dynamics were abolished by AH-6809 ($1.0{\mu}M$) and AL-8810 ($1.0{\mu}M$), $PGD_2$ and prostaglandin $F2{\alpha}$ ($PGF2{\alpha}$) receptor antagonists, respectively. Moreover, $PGD_2$ clearly upregulated atrial peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma ($PPAR{\gamma}$) and the $PGD_2$ metabolite 15-deoxy-${\Delta}12$, 14-$PGJ_2$ (15d-$PGJ_2$, $0.1{\mu}M$) dramatically increased atrial ANP secretion. Increased ANP secretions induced by $PGD_2$ and 15d-$PGJ_2$ were completely blocked by the $PPAR{\gamma}$ antagonist GW9662 ($0.1{\mu}M$). PD98059 ($10.0{\mu}M$) and LY294002 ($1.0{\mu}M$), antagonists of mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK)/extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) and phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase (PI3K)/protein kinase B (Akt) signaling, respectively, significantly attenuated the increase of atrial ANP secretion by $PGD_2$. These results indicated that $PGD_2$ stimulated atrial ANP secretion and promoted positive inotropy by activating $PPAR{\gamma}$ in beating rat atria. MAPK/ERK and PI3K/Akt signaling pathways were each partially involved in regulating $PGD_2$-induced atrial ANP secretion.

• Journal of Embryo Transfer
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• v.19 no.2
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• pp.81-87
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• 2004

This study was designed to determine whether repeated superovulation is beneficial for recovery and quality of oocytes in Korean native goats. Seventy-six mature goats, maintained in a pen under natural day length and fed hay ad libitum, were pretreated with progestagen impregnated CIDR for 10 days and then the goats were divided into two groups. One group of the goats received a single intramuscular injection of 1,000 IU PMSG on Day 8 of CIDR insertion. The other group of the goats received twice daily intramuscular injections of a total of 70 mg FSH for 3 days from Day 8 of CIDR. All the gonadotropin treated goats were injected with 10 mg $PGF2{\alpha}on$ Day 8 and 400 IU hCG in the afternoon on Day 10. For oocyte recovery, donor goats were fasted 24 h before operation. Anesthesia was induced by intravenous injection of 2% xylazine(0.2 mg/kg body weight) and ketamin(11 mg/kg body weight). In vivo oocytes were recovered by follicle aspiration or oviduct flushing at 35 to 40 hours after hCG injection through mid-ventral incision. The mean number of CL and oocytes recovered and recovery rate of oocytes by oviduct flushing were greater(P<0.05) in the first treatment than those in the second treatment. Contrary to our assumption, PMSG treatment significantly (P<0.05) increased the number of CL formed and recovery rate of oocytes compared to FSH. However, the same effect was not observed in recovery of follicular oocytes. There was no significant difference in oocyte quality between FSH and PMSG or first and second treatments. The present results indicate that repeated superovulation and repeated use of donor animals may be inefficient for obtaining oocytes in good qualities.

• Korean Journal of Animal Reproduction
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• v.26 no.3
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• pp.291-298
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• 2002

This study was carried out to investigate the reproductive status and the effect of progesterone treatment on the recovery of reproductive disorders in Hanwoo. Hanwoo farms were surveyed the general management status, such as the type of barn, the feed intake, the incidence of reproductive disorders. The reproductive disorder cattle were treated 7 days insertion of control internal drug releasing for cattle (CIDR) and injection of PGF$_2$$\alpha$ at 1 day before removal. The recovery of reproductive disorders was assessed by determining the pregnancy following artificial insemination. The total number of surveyed Hanwoo farms was 127, and the total incidence rate of reproductive disorders was 19.7% (209/1,061). Compared to the herd size, the incidence rates of reproductive disorders in less than 10 heads (37.5%) was significantly (P<0.05) higher than in 10 to 20 heads (14.7%) and more than 20 heads (13.6%) of herd size per farm. The incidence rate of reproductive disorders in tie stall barn was significantly (P<0.05) higher than in free stall barn (30.4% vs. 14.7%), and even in free stall barn, that tended to decrease as the floor area was larger. The incidence rate of reproductive disorder by the parity was highest in heifer (50.7%), and that tended to decrease as the parity was increased. The distribution rate of the case of reproductive disorder in anestrus, recovery rate of reproductive disorders fellowing CIDR treatment was 75.1% (157/209). In the recovery rate of reproductive disorders by body condition score (BCS), BCS 1, 2 and 3 was significantly (P<0.05) higher pregnancy rate (85.7, 84.9 and 86.8%), and gross recovery rate in emaciated cattle was better than in obese cattle (BCS 4, 5). In conclusion, the incidence rate of reproductive disorders in Hanwoo raised in Youngju province area was 19.7%, and that tended to decrease as the herd size was increase because of increased farmer's attentions, and the floor area was larger. The majority of the case of reproductive disorders was anestrus. The recovery rate of reproductive disorders following CIDR treatment was 75.1%, and to optimize the recovery rate of reproductive disorders, cows and heifers were maintained BCS 1, 2 and 3 by moderate management.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Research
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• v.29 no.3
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• pp.253-262
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• 1989

This study was performed to investigate the patterns of progesterone secretion after induction of estrus in premature, metestrous and anestrous bitches. A total of 22 bitches were used. Of them 18 bitches were treated with hormone to induced estrus and 4 bitches were untreated and served as controls. Estrus was induced with $PGF_{2{\alpha}}$, estrone, estradiol-$17{\beta}$, PMSG and HCG(Treatment A), and with PMSG and HCG(Treatment B). Blood samples were collected via the cephalic vein at 2 to 5 days interval. Blood samples were centrifuged (1,200g, 10min.) within 30 minutes after collection and plasma was stored at $-20^{\circ}C$ until analyzed for the progesterone concentrations. Plamsa progesterone concentrations were measured by radioimmunoassay. The results of estrous induction were determined by estrous signs, ovarian response, egg recovery and progesterone patterns. The results obtained were as follows; 1. All bitches in treatment A showed estrous signs, however the ovarian response and egg recovery were not detectable and the levels of progesterone were nearly same as before. 2. In the treatment B, premature and metestrous bitches showed only estrous signs, however 5 of 7 anestrous bitches (71.4%) showed estrous signs, ovarian response and changes of progesterone levels. In conclusion, clinical estrous behavior can be induced during any phase of the estrous cycle, but ovulation should be induced only if induction occur approximately 4 months or more after the previous estrus.

• Journal of Embryo Transfer
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• v.26 no.2
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• pp.91-96
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• 2011

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of days open on subsequent reproductive performance following to estrus synchronization in the 114 lactating dairy cows. The animals were divided into two groups according to the time of estrus synchronization; viz, ${\leq}$ 85 days, and > 85 days postpartum, respectively. The estrus synchronization protocol consisted of insertion of a controlled internal drug release (CIDR) device containing 1.9 g progesterone with an injection of 250 ${\mu}g$ gonadorelin (Day 0), an injection of $PGF_2{\alpha}$ and removal of the device on Day 7, an injection of 250 ${\mu}g$ GnRH on Day 9, and TAI 17 h later. Pregnancy diagnosis was determined at 30 to 60 days after TAI using both ultrasonography and rectal palpation. The body condition score (BCS) gradually increased over the postpartum period. In estrus synchronized cows until 85 days, conception rate on first service, number of service per conception, interval from estrus synchronization to conception, and interval from calving to conception were not significantly different among two farms (P>0.05). In estrus synchronized cows after 85 days postpartum, conception rate on first service, number of service per conception and interval from calving to conception were significantly different ($P{\leq}0.05$) between herds A and B (26.8 vs 50.0%; $2.1{\pm}1.35$ vs $1.37{\pm}0.54$ times, $237.3{\pm}97.8$ vs $164.7{\pm}69.3$ days, respectively). In estrus synchronized cows after 85 days postpartum interval from estrus synchronization to conception was greater (P<0.01) in herd B than in herd A ($63.6{\pm}57.4$ vs $26.1{\pm}24.9$). These results indicate that the time of estrus synchronization for maximized the reproductive performance is before 85 days postpartum and feeding and management is important factor for high reproductive performance.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.20 no.6
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• pp.842-849
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• 2007

The purpose of the present study was to produce live offspring from in vitro fertilized goat embryos. Oocytes were collected from abattoir ovaries and kept in oocyte collection medium. Oocytes were washed 4-5 times with maturation medium containing medium-199 with 5 ${\mu}g/ml$ FSH, 100 ${\mu}g/ml$ LH, 1 ${\mu}g/ml$ estradiol-$17{\beta}$ 50 ${\mu}g/ml$ gentamycin, 10% inactivated estrus goat serum, and 3% BSA (fatty acid free). Oocytes were placed in 100 ${\mu}l$ drops of maturation medium containing granulosa cell monolayer and incubated in a 5% $CO_2$ incubator at $38.5^{\circ}C$ for 27 h. For capacitation of spermatozoa fresh semen was processed and mixed in 3 ml fertilization TALP medium containing 50 ${\mu}g/ml$ heparin and kept in the above incubator for 2 h. The capacitated spermatozoa were coincubated with matured oocytes for fertilization. Cleaved embryos were separated and cultured in embryo development medium with oviductal cells and 494 embryos were produced. Recipient goats were synchronized with two injections of 15 mg $PGF_{{2}{\alpha}}$/goat 10 days apart. Eighty early stage embryos were transferred into the uterotubal junction of 14 surrogate mothers using laparoscopy techniques. One recipient delivered twin kids, whereas another two recipients each.delivered a single kid The parentage of these kids was evaluated using highly polymorphic co-dominant microsatellites markers. From the present study, it was concluded that live goat kids can be produced from in vitro matured and fertilized goat embryos, to the best of our knowledge for the first time in India.

• The Korean Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology
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• v.3 no.3
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• pp.321-328
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• 1999

Pulmonary blood vessels with diameters of $200{\sim}400\;{\mu}m$ produce considerably more force in response to vasoconstrictor drugs than those which are either smaller or larger. We have therefore investigated whether or not hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction (HPV) is more powerful in vessels of these diameters. We have also looked at the possibility that vessels from different regions of the lung respond differently. To do this we have grouped vessels according to their location within the lung as well as by size. We used a small vessel myograph (Cambustion AM10, Cambridge, UK) to study 208 preconstricted $(1\;{\mu}M\;PGF_{2{\alpha}})$ small pulmonary arteries $(300{\sim}800\;{\mu}m$ diameter when stretched to a tension equivalent to 25 mmHg transmural pressure) from 39 rats anaesthetized with 2% inspired halothane. A biphasic contraction was observed in response to hypoxia (ca. 25 mmHg $Po_2).$ The magnitudes of both the first, transient, phase (PT, peak tension) and of the second, sustained, phase (SST, steady state tension) were measured. The latter was measured 40 min after the start of hypoxia. The first phase was most pronounced in vessels with an average diameter of 423 ${\mu}m$ while the second phase was most pronounced in larger vessels (mean diameter 505 ${\mu}m).$ These maximal responses were all seen in vessels somewhat larger than reported by others. The responses of smaller vessels $(400{\sim}500\;{\mu}m)$ did not depend upon their location within the lung, but those of larger vessels $(600{\sim}700\;{\mu}m)$ showed regional differences. Those from the right lobe and those from the base of the lung gave the largest responses. It was especially noticeable that large vessels (631 ${\mu}m$ diameter) from the base of the right lung gave the biggest responses. Thus HPV seems to occur not in a uniform manner, dependent solely to the size of vessels, but it also depends to some degree on the region of the lung from which vessels have been taken. Furthermore, our results suggest that larger vessels, as well as smaller ones, may contribute significantly to HPV.

• Journal of Veterinary Clinics
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• v.34 no.2
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• pp.82-86
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• 2017

We determined the risk factors for late embryonic mortality in dairy cows. We diagnosed pregnancy at 31 days and then confirmed the diagnosis at 45 days after artificial insemination (AI) via ultrasonography. The presence of an embryo with a heartbeat was the criterion for a positive pregnancy diagnosis. A diagnosis of late embryonic mortality was made when there was no positive sign of pregnancy in cows previously diagnosed as pregnant. The overall incidence of late embryonic mortality among 3,695 pregnancies was 6.9%. Logistic regression analysis revealed that herd size, AI month, synchronization protocol, and postpartum disease were important risk factors for late embryonic mortality. Herd size > 100 (odds ratio [OR]: 0.66, p < 0.05) and 50-100 lactating cows (OR: 0.63, p < 0.01) had lower risks of late embryonic mortality than herd size < 50 lactating cows. Cows inseminated during May-July had a higher risk (OR: 1.49, p < 0.05) of late embryonic mortality than cows inseminated during February-April. Cows inseminated after estrus following $PGF_{2{\alpha}}$ treatment also had a higher risk (OR: 1.77, p < 0.001) of late embryonic mortality than cows inseminated following natural estrus. Lastly, cows with postpartum disease tended to have a higher risk (OR: 1.26, p < 0.1) of late embryonic mortality than cows without postpartum disease. In conclusion, late embryonic mortality associated with the herd size, AI month, synchronization protocol, and postpartum disease in dairy cows.