• Journal of Plant Biology
• /
• v.39 no.3
• /
• pp.223-229
• /
• 1996

The genetic variation in Korean evening primorse (Oeothera odorata L.) populations was examiend to estimate the level of allozyme variation within populatons using starch gel electrophoresis. 7 of 13 loci (Adh, Est-1, Est-2, Mdh-2, Pgd-2, Pgm-1, and Idh) revealed (Ps=43.2%) were polymorphic. The mean number of alleles per locus (A) and polymorphic locus (Ap) for populations were 1.64 and 2.46, respectively. The effective number of alleles (Aep) within populations relatively was low ranging from 1.08 to 1.22 with a mean of 1.14. Within populations, the mean number of allele per polymorphic loci (Ap) was 2.46, the mean number of alleles per locus (A) was 1.64, and the mean genetic diversity was 0.093. About 2.7% of the total allozyme diversity resided among populations (Mean GST=0.0274). FIS, a measure of the deviation from random mating within 13 populations, was relative low (mean FIS=0.03636). The indirect estimate of gene flow, based on the mean GST, was high (Nm=8.88). Estimates of gene flow were consistent with low levels of genetic differentiation among populations.

• Biomolecules & Therapeutics
• /
• v.17 no.4
• /
• pp.388-394
• /
• 2009

The cytokines which is produced by allergen-specific T helper (Th) cells play a pivotal role in the pathogenesis of asthma. Asthma is caused by exaggerated T-helper 2 (Th2)-based immune responses. It is suggested that controlling such Th2-based response is necessary for asthma therapy. The current therapies for asthma focus primarily on control of symptoms and suppression of inflammation, without affecting the underlying cause. So, we examined that anti-asthmatic drugs might have play a certain role in Th2/Th1 balance. Splenocytes isolated from ovalbumin (OVA)-sensitized mice cultured with anti-asthmatic drugs. It is well known that Th2 and Th1 immune responses can balance one another, as Th2 mediators suppress Th1 responses and Th1 mediators similarly inhibit Th2 responses. But salmeterol inhibits both of Th1 and Th2 mediators, which salmeterol is a suppressor of immune responses not only a suppressor of Th2-based immune responses. Aminophylline is a weak suppressor of immune responses. But ipratropium and cromoglycate don't have any suppressor effect to Th2-driven responses. They only have suppressor effect to Th1 immune responses. Salmeterol, ipratropium, aminophylline, and cromoglycate augmented mRNA levels of CRTH2, EP2, and IP2 receptors in OVA-sensitized splenocytes. It is well known that the up-regulation of CRTH2 - $PGD_2$ receptor - results in restraint of eosinophil recruitment and that the increment of IP and EP2 - $PGI_2$ and $PGE_2$ receptor, respectively - may induce the accumulation of cAMP that decrease the effector function of T cells. Moreover salmeterol and cromoglycate increase the mRNA expression of $PGD_2$ synthase. These findings indicate that anti-asthma agents may alleviate the immunological responses that cause the asthmatic diseases.

• Korean journal of applied entomology
• /
• v.61 no.1
• /
• pp.173-195
• /
• 2022

Like vertebrates, insects synthesize various eicosanoids after the committed catalytic step of phospholipase A₂ (PLA₂). However, the subsequent biosynthetic steps exhibit some deviation from those of vertebrates. Due to little composition of arachidonic acid in insect phospholipids, PLA₂ releases linoleic acid, which is another polyunsaturated fatty acid and relatively rich in insect phospholipids, to synthesize arachidonic acid via chain extension and desaturation. Resulting arachidonic acid is then oxygenated into a prostaglandin (PG), PGH₂, by a specific peroxidase called peroxynectin, but not by cyclooxygenase. PGH₂ is then isomerized to various PGs such as PGA₂, PGD₂, PGE₂, PGI₂, and a thromboxane (TXB₂). All four epoxyeicosatrienoic acids such as 5,6-EET, 8,9-EET, 11,12-EET, and 14,15-EET are also synthesized from arachidonic acid by oxygenation of vertebrate types of monooxygenases. However, the other type of eicosanoids called leukotrienes are found in insect tissues but their synthetic pathway is unclear. Eicosanoids mediate various insect physiological processes such as metabolism, excretion, immunity, and reproduction. Thus, identification of novel compounds interrupting eicosanoid biosynthesis would be a novel approach to develop insecticides. This review focuses on PGs and their immune mediation.

• Korean Journal of Agricultural and Forest Meteorology
• /
• v.3 no.2
• /
• pp.114-120
• /
• 2001

Ginkgo biloba L. has been planted in the city as street trees because reported as resistant species to air pollutant. Especially, the trees planted on the street of 'Cheongro', Mt. 'Nam', and 'Jamsil' have been exposed to air pollutant for a long time. This study was conducted to examine chlorophyll contents and genetic variation of Ginkgo biloba in the areas. Chlorophyll contents measured in the above three areas were variable although the the diameter at breast height measured in 'Cheongro' and Mt. 'Nam' were constant. In addition, the result showed positive relation between chlorophyll contents and DBH in this study. Eight enzyme systems were analyzed in megagametophytes which were collected in the areas and separated to two groups based on chlorophyll contents. All the enzymes appeared to be polymorphic : Got-2, Pgi-2, Pgm, Acon, Mnr, Mdh, Skdh, and 6Pgd. The sensitive (S) groups varied from 1.253 to 2.571 in the genetic diversity and the tolerant (T) groups ranged from 1.416 to 2.825. The observed single locus heterozygosities (H$_{0}$) ranged from 0.056 to 0.611 in the S groups, and from 0.179 to 1.643 in the T groups. The expected heterozygosities (H$_{e}$) ranged from 0.208 to 0.629 in the S groups and from 0.321 to 0.658 in the T groups. In addition, the H$_{0}$ values averaged over all loci were 0.326 for the T groups and 0.299 for the S group, respectively. A difference between the two groups was 0.027. The T groups had the unique alleles and genotypes and all the parameters for genetic diversity showed that the T groups had higher genetic diversity than the S groups.s. genetic diversity than the S groups.

• The Korean Journal of Ecology
• /
• v.21 no.3
• /
• pp.301-307
• /
• 1998

Intraspecific and interspecific isozyme variations and their relationship of 16 local populations in 3 species of Phyllostachys, that is, P. bambusoides, P. nigra var. henonis and P. pubescens were investigated by multi-variate analysis. Leaf isozymes of Phyllostachys such as 6-PGD (6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase), MDH (malate dehydrogenase), PGI (phosphoglucoisomerase), PRX (peroxidase), PGM (phosphoglutamase), IDH (isocitrate dehydrogenase) showed electrophoretic variations in the number of zymotypes (7, 6, 6, 9, 3 and 5, respectively). In the cluster analysis on the isozymic characteristics, 16 populations were classified into 3 species at the euclid genetic distance of 2.041. P. nigra var. henonis and P. bambusoides were clustered first at 2.813 and then P. pubescens at 3.001. So far, 3 local types of intraspecific ariation were found in P. nigra var. henonis and P. bambusoides.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
• /
• v.12 no.7
• /
• pp.1011-1014
• /
• 1999

Blood protein polymorphism of fowls in Laos was analyzed by electrophoresis. Blood samples were collected in the area of Viangchan, Louangphrabang and Pakxe. Out of 17 loci, polymorphism was detected at the following seven loci; ES-1, Amy-1, Akp-akp, Akp-2, Alb, Tf and Pas. The other ten loci; Amy-3, LDH, 6-PGD, PGM, PHI, To, MDH, Es-D, Hb-l, Hb-2 were noted to be monomorphic. The proportion of polymorphic loci $(P_{poly})$, the expected average heterozygosity per individual ($\bar{H}$), and the subdivision index $(G_{ST})$ of the native fowl in Laos was $0.412{\pm}0.123$, 0.106 and 0.026, respectively. Genetic distance between native fowls in Laos, Bangladesh, and Nepal was clustered in one group.

• Geomechanics and Engineering
• /
• v.9 no.2
• /
• pp.125-144
• /
• 2015

This paper presents the probabilistic seismic microzonation of densely populated Kolkata city, situated on the world's largest delta island with very soft alluvial soil deposit. At first probabilistic seismic hazard analysis of Kolkata city was carried out at bedrock level and then ground motion amplification due to sedimentary deposit was computed using one dimensional (1D) wave propagation analysis SHAKE2000. Different maps like fundamental frequency, amplification at fundamental frequency, peak ground acceleration (PGA), peak ground velocity (PGV), peak ground displacement (PGD), maximum response spectral acceleration at different time period bands are developed for variety of end users, structural and geotechnical engineers, land use planners, emergency managers and awareness of general public. The probabilistically predicted PGA at bedrock level is 0.12 g for 50% exceedance in 50 years and maximum PGA at surface level it varies from 0.095 g to 0.18 g for same probability of exceedance. The scenario of simulated ground motion revealed that Kolkata city is very much prone to damage during earthquake.

• Advances in aircraft and spacecraft science
• /
• v.2 no.3
• /
• pp.233-248
• /
• 2015

Frame structures have been traditionally represented as an assembling of components, these last described within the beam theory framework. In the case of frames involving complex components in which classical beam theory could fail, 3D descriptions seem the only valid route for performing accurate enough analyses. In this work we propose a framework for frame structure analyses that proceeds by assembling the condensed parametric rigidity matrices associated with the elementary beams composing the beams involved in the frame structure. This approach allows a macroscopic analysis in which only the condensed degrees of freedom at the elementary beams interfaces are considered, while fine 3D parametric descriptions are retained for local analyses.

• The Korean Journal of Zoology
• /
• v.39 no.2
• /
• pp.147-158
• /
• 1996

Since the floating goby, Choenogobius onnuloris, has intricate and diverse morphological variations, allozymic analysis at 25 loci was carried out for their populations in Korea to clarify its taxonomic status. A genetic assay carried out revealed that the floating gobies were clearly divided into three genetic groups (Tvpe-A, Tvpe-B and Tvpe-C) in Korea. Alternative alleles were fated at six loci (Aco, 6pgd, Ldh-1, Got-1, Gpf, Gp3l. Some loci had considerable heterogeneitv among three types and no evidence of gene exchange in slunpatric populations was found from statistical analyses. The genetic similarity (Rogers'S) among three types was lower than 0.80 and divergent time estimate indicates that they were speciated during 1.2-1.8 million year before present (WBP). ASso, these three types of C. unnuluris were distinguished morpholosicallv from each other by several characters such as band ornamentations. In conclusion, the evidences presented here support recognition of three types of Chuenogobius annularis as typical discrete species.

• YAKHAK HOEJI
• /
• v.42 no.2
• /
• pp.214-219
• /
• 1998

Tissue distributions and association of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) with inflammatory have led us to search for COX-2 selective inhibitors from natural products. Conceptually, COX- 2 selective inhibitors should be expected to retain anti-inflammatory efficacy by inhibition of PGs production while reducing or eliminating the gastric, renal and hemostatic side effects commonly associated with NSAIDs use. Thus, a logical approach to the treatment of inflammatory diseases should involve the inhibitors of COX-2. To develop new COX-2 inhibitors from natural products, two hundred crude drugs were screened by inhibiting PGD2 generation in bone marrow derived mast cells (BMMC). Among them, 6 methanol extracts of crude drugs such as, Bletillae rhizoma, Aconiti kgreani rhizoma, Belamcandae rhizoma, Nelumbinis semen, Gleniae radix, Aurantii immatri pericarpium inhibited more than 85% of BMMC COX-2 activity at a concentration 2.5${\mu}$g/ml.