• 대기
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• 제26권2호
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• pp.227-241
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• 2016

This study investigated the cause of the heavy snowfall that occurred in the East Coast of Korea from 6 February to 14 February 2014. The synoptic conditions were analyzed using blocking index, equivalent potential temperature, potential vorticity, maritime temperature difference, temperature advection, and ground convergence. During the case period, a large blocking pattern developed over the Western Pacific causing the flow to be stagnant, and there was a North-South oriented High-to-Low pressure system over the Korean Peninsula because of this arrangement. The case period was divided into three parts based on the synoptic forcing that was responsible for the heavy snowfall; detailed analyses were conducted for the first and last period. In the first period, a heavy snowfall occurred over the entire Korean Peninsula due to strong updrafts from baroclinic instability and a low pressure caused by potential vorticity located at the mid-troposphere. In the lower atmosphere, a North-South oriented High-to-Low pressure system over the Eastern Korea intensified the easterly airflow and created a convergence zone near the ground which strengthened the upslope effect of the Taebaek Mountain range with a cumulative fresh snowfall amount of 41 cm in the East Coast region. In the last period, the cold air nestled in the Maritime Province of Siberia and Manchuria strengthened much more than that in the first half and extended to the East Sea. The temperature difference between the 850 hPa air and the SST was large and convective clouds developed over the sea. The highest cumulative fresh snow amount of 39.7 cm was recorded in the coastal area during this period. During the entire period, vertically oriented equivalent potential temperature showed neutral stability layer that helped the cloud formation and development in the East Coast. The 2014 heavy snowfall case over the East Coast provinces of Korea were due to: 1) stagnation of the system by blocking pattern, 2) the dynamic effect of mid-level potential vorticity of 1.6 PVU, 3) the easterly air flow from North-South oriented High-to-Low pressure system, 4) the existence of vertically oriented neutral stable layer, and 5) the expansion of strong cold air into the East Sea which created a large temperature difference between the air and the ocean.

• 한국식품영양과학회지
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• 제37권6호
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• pp.696-700
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• 2008

Gallic acid와 linoleic acid의 합성물인 octadeca-9,12-dienyl-3,4,5-trihydroxybenzoate(GA-LA)의 화장품산업에서의 이용 가능성을 알아보기 위하여 유전독성학적 안전성을 확인하고 크림 베이스 유화물을 사용하여 전자공여능, FRAP 및 tyrosinase 활성 억제능력과 같은 GA-LA의 생리 기능성 실험을 실시하였다. 그 결과 유전독성학적 안전성이 확인되었고, 산화에 의한 피부의 노화를 억제하기 위한 항산화 능력과 미백과 관련된 tyrosinase 활성 억제 능력이 있음이 확인되었다. 따라서 GA-LA는 식품산업뿐만 아니라 화장품산업에서 유용한 기능성 물질로 쓰일 수 있을 것이라고 생각되어진다.

• Radiation Oncology Journal
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• 제13권2호
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• pp.173-180
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• 1995

Purpose: Unresectable rectal cancer has a grave prognosis. regardless of the therapy used and median survival is less than 1 rear. Also, it is reported by many authors that $50-80\%$ of unresectable lesions were rendered resectable by radiation therapy and the median survival time for the completely resected patients were better than that of the unresected patients. So we analyzed retrospectively our data for the better treatment outcome in these patients. Materials and MEthods:From 1980 to 1992, 45 patients with initially unresectable tumors in the rectum were treated with radiation therapy with/without surgery in Department of Radiation Oncology, Yonsei Cancer Center 10 MV radiation and multiple field technique (box or AP/PA) were used. The total dose was 28-70 Gy and median dose was 48 Gy. We evaluated the lesion status at 45-50 Gy for operability. If the lesions appeared to be resectable, the Patients were operated on 4-6 weeks after radiation therapy. But if the lesions were still fixed, the radiation dose was increased to 60-65 Gy. Results: For all patients, the 2-year actuarial survival was $13.3\%$ and median survival was 9.5 months. Of 6 patients who had received less than 45 Gy, only $17\%$ of patients responded, but in the patients who had received more than 45 Gy, $60\%$ of response rate was achieved Six of the 24 patients$(25\%)$ underwent surgical resections following RT. For patients undergoing curative resection. the two-rear survival was $50\%,$ but that of the patients without resection was $9.5\%$ (p<0.01). Survival of patients with complete response following RT was $50\%$ at 2 years. Survival of patients with partial response, stable disease and progressive disease after RT was $13.4\%,\;15.4\%,\;0\%$ respectively (P<0.05). Conclision: Our data suffests that the efforts which can increase the response rate and aggressive surgical approach are needed to achieve the better local control and survival in unresectable rectal cancers.

• 한국식품영양과학회지
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• 제43권8호
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• pp.1278-1282
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• 2014

본 연구에서는 취반미, 팽화미 및 당화쌀알이 첨가된 쌀알첨가 두유를 제조하였으며, 이에 따른 두유의 이화학적 및 관능적 품질특성에 대해 알아보았다. pH는 6.67~6.70, 가용성 고형분 함량은 $11.50{\sim}12.00^{\circ}Brix$, 점도는 7.87~11.27 mPa sec로 시판 두유 중 전두유와 비슷한 경향을 보였으며 쌀알 첨가에 의해 점도가 높아짐을 알 수 있었다. 색도는 밝기를 나타내는 L 값과 적색도 a 값은 시료 간에 유의적인 차이가 없었으나 b 값은 12.22~12.91로 쌀알 첨가에 의해 황색도가 증가함을 알 수 있었다. 이것에 비해 시판 두유는 L 값 57.9~70.7, a 값 -0.4~3.8 그리고 b 값 4.5~16.8로 시료 간에 차이가 많음을 알 수 있었다. 관능검사 결과는 쌀알의 엉김 현상이 심하게 나타난 취반미의 선호도가 가장 낮았으며, 쌀알의 엉김 현상 없이 고루 분산되고 입안에서의 느낌 등 전체 항목에서 높게 평가된 당화쌀알 첨가구의 선호도가 가장 높게 평가되었다. 이상의 결과로부터 당화쌀알이 첨가된 두유 제조로 기존 두유와 비교하여 기호도 개선뿐만 아니라 전통음료와 건강음료의 이미지가 동시에 전달될 수 있는 새로운 형태의 두유를 제조할 수 있을 것으로 사료되었다.

• 대한화학회지
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• 제48권6호
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• pp.553-560
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• 2004

반도체 제작 과정에서 증착이나 식각, 회로의 검사 등에서 생겨날 수 있는 미세한 흠집이나 불완전성을 검사하기 위해 광음향 현미경법을 응용하였다. 반도체 표면에서 발생되는 광음향 신호를 측정하여 흠집의 형태와 깊이를 결정함으로써 3차원 영상을 분석하여 그 구조를 밝혔다. 또한 광음향 현미경법을 이용하여 진성 GaAs 반도체의 운반자 운송성질(비방사 벌크재결합 및 비방사 표면재결합)과 열확산도 및 시료 깊이에 따른 3차원 영상을 분석하여 진성 GaAs 반도체 열확산도 측정 시, 빛이 조사되는 표면조건에 따라 광음향신호의 주파수 의존성이 달라짐을 관측하였다. 실험결과 표면상태가 거친 면에서 매끄러운 면으로 갈수록 높은 주파수 의존성을 나타내었다. Si 웨이퍼 위에 임의로 제작되어진 흠집을 만들고 이를 광음향 현미경법으로 측정한 결과 광음향 신호는 변조되는 주파수와 웨이퍼의 열적 특성에 따라 달라지며 이를 통하여 흠집의 형태와 위치 및 크기를 확인하였다. 광음향 현미경은 반도체 소자나 세라믹 물질에 대하여 비파괴 검사와 비파괴 평가에 관한 연구가 가능하며 반도체 공정 과정에서 생겨날 수 있는 시료의 깨짐이나 결함 등을 검사하는데 응용 가능한 분석법임이 증명되었다.

• Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society
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• 제32권10호
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• pp.3696-3701
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• 2011

The single-crystal structure of partially dehydrated partially $Mg^{2+}$-exchanged zeolite Y, ${\mid}Mg{30.5}Na_{14}(H_2O)_{2.5}{\mid}$ [$Si_{117}Al_{75}O_{384}$]-FAU per unit cell, ${\alpha}$ = 25.5060(1) ${\AA}$, dehydrated at 723 K and $1{\times}10^{-4}$ Pa, has been determined by single-crystal X-ray diffraction techniques in the cubic space group Fd$\bar{3}$ m at 100(1) K. The structure was refined using all intensities to the final error indices (using only the 561 reflections with $F_{\circ}$ > $4{\sigma}(F_{\circ})$) $R_1$ = 0.0377 (Based on F) and $R_2$ = 0.1032 (Based on $F^2$). About 30.5 $Mg^{2+}$ ions per unit cell are found at four different crystallographic sites. The 14 $Mg^{2+}$ ions occupy at site I at the center of double 6-ring (Mg-O = 2.231(3) ${\AA}$, O-Mg-O = $89.15(11)^{\circ}$ and $90.85(11)^{\circ}$). Four $Mg^{2+}$ ions are found at site I' in the sodalite cavity; the $Mg^{2+}$ ions are recessed 1.22 ${\AA}$ into the sodalite cavity from their 3-oxygen plane (Mg-O = 2.20(3) ${\AA}$ and O-Mg-O = $92.3(14)^{\circ}$). Site II' positions (opposite single 6-rings in the sodalite cage) are occupied by 2.5 $Mg^{2+}$ ions, each coordinated to an $H_2O$ molecule (Mg-O = 2.187(20) ${\AA}$ and O-Mg-O = $114.2(16)^{\circ}$). The 10 $Mg^{2+}$ ions are nearly three-quarters filled at site II in the supercage, being recessed 0.12 ${\AA}$ into the supercage (Mg-O = 2.123(4) A and O-Mg-O = $119.70(19)^{\circ}$). About 14 $Na^+$ ions per unit cell are found at one crystallographic site; the $Na^+$ ions are located at site II in the supercage (Na-O = 2.234(7) ${\AA}$ and O-Mg-O = $110.5(4)^{\circ}$).

• 한국임상수의학회지
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• 제36권6호
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• pp.306-313
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• 2019

It is important to identify the most suitable anesthetic agent that has minimal side effects to be able to control and perform surgeries on bears. In this study, we examined and compared the induction and recovery times as well as the physiological changes occurring during anesthesia induced by medetomidine-zolazepam/tiletamine (MZT) and xylazine-zolazepam/tiletamine (XZT) at general anesthesia for laparoscopic salpingectomy in 326 female Asiatic black bears. The body temperature, heart rate, respiratory rate, and levels of PaO₂ and EtCO₂ were the physiological changes measured during surgical procedures in female bears after anesthesia. In addition, the levels of pO₂, pCO₂, and sO₂ were measured using a portable blood gas analyzer. To induce recovery from anesthesia, bears anesthetized with MZT were intravenously administered atipamezole and bears anesthetized with XZT were intravenously administered yohimbine. The combination MZT, at dosages of 0.019 ± 0.001 mg/kg for medetomidine and 1.4 ± 0.1 mg/kg for ZT, or the combination XZT, at dosages of 2.0 ± 0.1 mg/kg for xylazine and 3.0 ± 0.1 mg/kg for ZT, proved to be reliable and effective in anesthetizing Asiatic black bears for a 40-min handling period for routine clinical procedures. The average anesthesia induction times were 16.5 ± 0.95 min for the bears in the MZT group and 12.0 ± 0.44 min for those in the XZT group. A significant difference was noted between the two drugs (P < 0.001) in terms of the average anesthesia induction time. The anesthesia induction time was shorter for bears with lower body weights than those with higher body weights (P < 0.05). The recovery time of MZT was significantly faster than that of XZT (11.3 ± 0.45 min vs. 18.5 ± 0.83 min) (P < .001). The bears anesthetized with MZT exhibited lower cardiopulmonary suppression than those anesthetized with XZT (P < 0.05). The body temperatures and EtCO₂ of bears in the M ZT group were significantly lower than those in the XZT group as time progressed after anesthesia (P < 0.05). The average pO₂ before the bears were supplied with oxygen was 64.8 ± 3.7 mmHg, but it increased to 211.5 ± 42.5 mmHg afterwards (P < 0.001). In conclusion, our results indicate that bears anesthetized with MZT have longer anesthesia induction time, shorter recovery time, slower heart and respiratory rates, and lower body temperatures and EtCO₂ than those anesthetized with XZT. These findings suggest that XZT is preferable to MZT, warranting further research on its uses and clinical responses in bears.

• 재활복지
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• 제21권1호
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• pp.233-252
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• 2017

본 연구는 호흡근의 지속적 훈련이 필요한 경수손상 환자에게 취주악기를 사용한 음악치료가 호흡, 구강 운동 및 조음에 미치는 영향에 대해 알아보고자 하였다. 시행되었던 프로그램의 참여자 중 경수 손상환자 군에 해당하는 3명의 결과를 선별하여 사후 데이터 분석 하였다. 프로그램에 사용할 취주악기로 호기와 흡기를 모두 활용하는 하모니카를 선택하였다. 기간은 총 6주간 주 1회 30 ~ 40분씩 시행하였고, 소그룹으로 진행 후 개별적으로 연습을 유지하도록 당일 진행내용이 자료로 제공되었다. 평가는 호흡관련 요소인 최대 호기량과 취주악기의 특징을 반영한 구강운동 그리고 조음검사로 시행하였고, 이에 대해 사전사후 결과를 비교하여 확인하였다. 분석결과 최대 호기량이 사전보다 평균 25ml 증가하였으며, 조음은 3.16점 증가하였다. 구강운동은 사전보다 사후에서 11.67점 움직임이 증가하였고, 세부항목 비교 시 입을 제외한 턱과 혀에 대한 점수에서 구강운동기능의 증가가 확인되었다. 이러한 연구결과를 토대로 본 연구는 취주악기를 사용한 음악치료가 경수손상 환자의 호흡재활 분야에 실천적이고 효과적 중재방안이 될 것으로 생각한다.

• 한국가스학회지
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• 제22권6호
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• pp.123-128
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• 2018

MDF목재에 처리제 즉, 방화락카, 수용성방염코트, 수용성우드커버 등을 MDF표면에 처리하여 연소시 열분해특성과 대기 유해가스 발생 특성을 대용량열분석기를 활용하여 실험한 결과 순수 MDF목재에 방화락카를 질량비로 0.11/11.55g을 처리한 후 열분해 및 연소가스 발생 특성을 살펴본 결과 방화락카를 처리한 경우 순수 MDF보다 연소시작시간이 다소 길어지고 연소온도가 약$340^{\circ}C$에서 $450^{\circ}C$로 올라가는 현상을 알 수 있었다. 그리고 수성방염코트를 처리한 MDF목재(PA2)의 열분해 및 연소가스발생 특성은 시료의 질량 비 0.13/11g에서 연소시작 시간과 온도가 약 26분 $260^{\circ}C$에서 약54분 $612^{\circ}C$로 변화를 보였다. 또한 상업적으로 판매되고 있는 수용성우드커버를 MDF에 0.13/11.55g을 처리하여 연소하였을 경우 급격한 중량변화는 $300^{\circ}C$에서 $370^{\circ}C$로 높아지는 경향을 보였고 약$500^{\circ}C$에서 2차 변화가 나타났다.

• Nutrition Research and Practice
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• 제16권1호
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• pp.33-45
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• 2022

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES: Ginseng extract (GSE) and taurine (TR) are widely used antifatigue resources in functional foods. However, the mechanism underlying the antifatigue effects of GSE and TR are still unclear. Hence, we investigated whether GSE and TR have synergistic effects against fatigue in mice. MATERIALS/METHODS: L6 cells were treated with different concentrations of TR and GSE, and cell viability was determined using 2-(4-iodophenyl)-3-(4-nitrophenyl)-5-(2,4-disulfophenyl)-2H-tetrazolium. Oxidative stress was analyzed by immunocytochemistry using MitoTracker^TM Red FM and an anti-8-oxoguanine antibody. Respiratory gas analysis was performed to investigate metabolism. Expression of an activated protein kinase was analyzed using immunohistochemistry. Gene expression of cluster of differentiation 36 and pyruvate dehydrogenase lipoamide kinase isozyme 4 was measured using reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction. Mice were orally administered TR, GSE, or their combination for 30 days, and then fatigue-related parameters, including lactate, blood urea nitrogen, and glycogen, were measured after forced swimming. RESULTS: TR and GSE reduced oxidative stress levels in hydrogen peroxide-stimulated L6 cells and enhanced the oxygen uptake and lipid metabolism in mice after acute exercise. After oral administration of TR or GSE for 30 days, the fatigue-related parameters did not change in mice. However, the mice administered GSE (400 mg/kg/day) alone for 30 days could swim longer than those from the other groups. Further, no synergistic effect was observed after the swimming exercise in mice treated with the TR and GSE combination for 30 days. CONCLUSIONS: Taken together, our data suggest that TR and GSE may exert antifatigue effects in mice after acute exercise by enhancing oxygen uptake and lipid oxidation.