• The Journal of Korean Medicine Ophthalmology and Otolaryngology and Dermatology
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• v.19 no.2
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• pp.77-87
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• 2006

Objectives : We studied Effect of Platycodon grandiflorum on Lung carcinoma Methods : By using cDNA microarray technique, we analyzed the effects of AEPG(aqueous extract of Platycodon grandiflorum) on the gene expression profile. Results : Out of 384 genes screened associated with growth inhibition of carcinoma cell, 9 genes were founded to be affected in their expression levels by more than 1.2-fold after treatment with AEPG. And 67 genes were changed the expression level 0.5 times more than that of reference RNA after treatment of AEPG. Conclusions: These findings suggest that P. grandiflorum has strong potential for development as an agent for prevention and treatment against human lung cancer.

• Biomedical Science Letters
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• v.18 no.4
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• pp.369-376
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• 2012

Platycodon grandiflorum is a medicinal herb that is used to treat pulmonary and respiratory allergic disorders. The objective of this study was to investigate the protective effects of ethyl acetate extract of Platycodon grandiflorum (PGEA) against inflammation and to discern the molecular mechanism of PGEA in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced signal pathways in RAW264.7 macrophage cells. PGEA suppressed the generation of nitric oxide (NO) and the expression of inducible NO synthase induced by LPS in RAW264.7 cells, and inhibited the release of pro-inflammatory cytokines induced by LPS in RAW264.7 cells. Western blot analysis showed that PGEA suppressed LPS-induced phosphorylation of p38 and c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) but not extracellular signal-regulated kinase and $I{\kappa}-B{\alpha}$ degradation. Inactivation of JNK and p38 was effectively alleviated by PGEA, which subsequently affected the activation of c-Jun and c-Fos, which are the essential components of the activator protein-1 (AP-1) transcription complex. Taken together, the results indicate PGEA suppress the activation of p38, JNK, and AP-1, thereby inhibiting the generation of NO and pro-inflammatory cytokines, which affect the regulation of inflammation. PGEA may be useful for the treatment of various inflammatory diseases.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.46 no.6
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• pp.769-772
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• 2014

This study was conducted to provide basic information on the effects of drying temperatures (45, 65, and $85^{\circ}C$) on saponins and free sugar contents of a 5-year-old Platycodon grandiflorum Radix. Platycodin D levels decreased with increase in drying temperature (956, 334, and 197 mg% at 45, 65, and $85^{\circ}C$, respectively). Polygalacin D levels were the highest at $45^{\circ}C$ (577 mg%), while platycodin $D_3$ and deapioplatycodin D were high at $65^{\circ}C$ (304 and 272 mg%, respectively). Sucrose levels were 3,825 mg% at $85^{\circ}C$ and 1,226 mg% at $45^{\circ}C$, and decreased when the drying temperature was decreased. The sucrose content showed significant negative correlation with saponin levels in dried P. grandiflorum ($-0.987^{**}$, p<0.01). These results suggested that drying P. grandiflorum at low temperatures is more economically viable.

• Journal of Plant Biology
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• v.33 no.3
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• pp.183-188
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• 1990

Induction and culture of hairy roots by Agrobacterium rhizogenes A4 were carried out in Platycodon grandiflorum DC. After 2-4 weeks of inoculation with Agrobacterium rhizogenes hairy roots were formed at root segments in the balloon flower. Optimized growth of hairy roots was obtained in hormone-free MS medium, 6% sucrose and pH 5.8. The pattern of ginsenoside in the transformed roots was not different with that in the ordinary roots.

• Culinary science and hospitality research
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• v.20 no.6
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• pp.211-222
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• 2014

This study was performed to identify the quality characteristic of Platycodon grandiflorum for blanching(1, 2, 3 min), drying(5, 10, 15 min) conditions and thawing methods($4^{\circ}C$, $25^{\circ}C$, running water). The color, moisture contents, pH, hardness, viable cell count of blanched Platycodon grandiflorum were lower than those of native Platycodon grandiflorum. The sensory properties of blanched Platycodon grandiflorum for blanching and drying time showed the most highly evaluated in terms of texture. The optimum blanching and drying times selected for producing of frozen Platycodon grandiflorum were 1 min, 5 min. At this condition, the blanched Platycodon grandiflorum was frozen at $-40^{\circ}C$. After thawing of frozen Platycodon grandiflorum, the thawing time was the shortest in the case of thawing in running water, and drip loss was the lowest. The color, hardness and sensory properties did not significantly differ with different thawing methods. These results show that thawing in running water is the most suitable for frozen Platycodon grandiflorum.

• KSBB Journal
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• v.15 no.2
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• pp.162-166
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• 2000

This study was pe바ormed to observe the effects of Platycodon grandiflorum A. DC (3 years) extracts on the bronchus d diseases bacteria(Mycobacterium sp., K. pneumoniae, F. nucleatum, S. aureus, C. diphtheriae, S. pygogenes and N N. gonorrhoeae) and fungi(A. fumigatus). Platycodon grandiflorum A. DC was extracted by ethanol, water, ethyl ether and p petroleum ether. The extraction rates of Platycodon grandiflorum A. DC were identified as 71.8%, 100%, 15.4% and 14.1% i in each extract solution. Each extract solution was injected into culture media with several concentrations and then the b bacteria cell growth was investigated during 32 hours. As a result, the antimicrobial activities of extracts from ethyl ether and p petroleum ether were excellent. Among several concentrations, the percentage of bacteria cell growth inhibitions were observed to be from 0.06% to 0.14%. The rates of antimicrobial activities were over 70%. The degree of cell growth | inhibition of each bacteria was appeared in the order of ethyl ether > petroleum ether > water > ethanol.

• Korean Journal of Plant Resources
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• v.31 no.6
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• pp.660-666
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• 2018

In order to understand the characteristics of soil according to the cultivation environment of Chinese bellflower (Platycodon grandiflorum A.), soil chemical properties of 12 collected soil samples from 6 cultivated fields in Okcheon, Chungbuk province in August. 2017 were analyzed. The soil pH was distributed within the range of 4.61 to 5.25 at all cultivation years and E.C (Electric Conductivity) and T-N (Total Nitrogen) of the cultivation year were not significant. Available $P_2O_5$ was higher than the average for medicinal crops and P. grandiflorum in Korea and C.E.C (Cation Exchange Capacity) was inconsistent for each cultivation year. In particularly, it was validated that the content of exchangeable cations K, Ca, Ma, and Na in this experiment was similar to that of C.E.C according to the cultivation years, because C.E.C had a high correlation with the exchangeable cations. For the available $P_2O_5$, as affected by trans-planting, 5Y-NT-H (cultivated 5 years and non-transplanted) had 58 mg/kg, while 5Y-T-H (cultivated 5 years and transplanted) had 246 mg/kg. The soil pH was found to be lower (acidic) in diseased soils than healthy soils. E.C was confirmed to be was higher in diseased soils than healthy soils except for the one cultivated for 2 years. The contents of T-N and available $P_2O_5$ were higher in diseased soil except for the one cultivated for 5 years and 11 years. The exchangeable cation K and Na tended to be higher in diseased soils rather than that in healthy soils, and the exchangeable cation Ca and Mg contents were higher in healthy soils than in diseased soils. The C.E.C of the soil was lower than that of healthy soils in all of the years except for the one which was cultivated for 5 years (transplanted).

• Journal of Physiology & Pathology in Korean Medicine
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• v.17 no.4
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• pp.1019-1030
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• 2003

Platycodi Radix, the root of Platycodon grandiflorum, commonly known as Doraji, is used as a traditional oriental medicine. Extracts from the roots of P. grandiflorum have been reported to have wide ranging health benefits. In the present study, we investigated the effects of an aqueous extract from the roots of P. grandiflorum (AEPG) on the growth of human lung carcinoma A549 cells. Results obtained are as fellow; AEPG treatment resulted in the inhibition of the cell viability of A549 cells in a concentration-dependent manner. Upon treatment with AEPG, A549 cells developed many of the hallmark features of apoptosis, including condensation of chromatin. Flow cytometry analysis confirmed that AEPG increased populations of apoptotic-sub G1 phase. Western blot and RT-PCR analyses indicated that the expressions of Bcl-2 was down-regulated but Bax was up-regulated in AEPG-treated A549 cells. AEPG-induced apoptotis of A549 cells was associated with rroteolytic cleavage and activation of caspase-3, release of cytochrome c from mitochondria into cytosol and down-regulation of Akt and phospho-Akt proteins in a dose-dependent manner. Induction of apoptosis by AEPG treatment was associated with inhibition and/or degradation of apoptotic target proteins such as poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase, β-catenin and phospholipase C-γ 1. AEPG treatment inhibited the levels of cyclooxygenases protein of A549 cells, which was associated with the inhibition of prostaglandin E2 accumulation in a concentration-dependent fashion. Taken together, these findings suggest that P. grandiflorum has strong potential for development as an agent for prevention against human lung cancer.

• Journal of the Korean Applied Science and Technology
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• v.33 no.4
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• pp.686-692
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• 2016

This study was done to investigate the antidiabetic effect of ethanol extract from Platycodon grandiflorum root in Streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic rats. Diabetes was induced by intravenous injection of STZ at a dose 45mg/kg.b.w. dissolved in citrate buffer(pH4.5). The ethanol extract of Platycodon grandiflorum root was orally administrated once a day for 7 days. The contents of serum glucose, triglyceride(TG) and total cholesterol were significantly decreased(p<0.05) in Platycodon grandiflorumt root treated group compared to the those of STZ-control group. Also the contents of hepatic glycogen and HDL-cholesterol, the activities of glucose-phosphate dehydrogenase(G-6-PDH) and glucokinase(GK) were significamtly increased (p<0.05). These results indicated that ethanol extract of Platycodon grandiflorum root would have antidiabetic effect in STZ-induced diabetic rats.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.62 no.3
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• pp.259-274
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• 2017

Platycodon grandiflorum (Bell flower) is an important plant that has traditionally been used as herbal medicine for the treatment of cough, phlegm, sore throats, lung abscesses, chest pains, dysuria, and dysentery. The present study was initiated to investigate the feasibility of inducing shoot and root organogenesis in cultured explants of P. grandiflorum in a range of culture media and through use of various plant growth regulators (PGRs). The plantlets (Stem containing one node) were isolated and cultured on different concentrations of Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium supplemented with PGRs. We found that proliferation and elongation of shoots and roots could be achieved on 1/4 MS for P. grandiflorum with wild and green petals and on 1/8 MS for P. grandiflorum with double petals. The highest levels of development and elongation of adventitious shoots and roots were observed when petal explants were cultured on 1/4 MS (pH 3.8) supplemented with 5% sucrose. Increasing the agar concentration reduced shoot growth and rooting potential; nevertheless, the highest number of shoots and roots was observed on 0.6% agar. In the case of growth regulators, 1/4 MS supplemented with $1mg\;L^{-1}$ 6-benzylaminopurine (BA) was found to be best for shooting, although higher concentrations of BA tended to reduce shoot and root elongation. The highest number of shoots was achieved on $0.5mg{\cdot}L^{-1}$ thidiazuron (TDZ) from double petal explants grown on 1/8 MS. However, root and shoot elongation were found to decrease when TDZ concentrations were increased. Low concentrations of kinetin, naphthalene acetic acid, indole acetic acid, and 3-indole butyric acid induced shoot and root proliferation and elongation. Taken together, our study showed that low concentrations of PGRs induced the greatest root formation and elongation, showing that the optimal concentration of PGRs for shoot proliferation was species-dependent.