• 한국토양비료학회지
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• 제44권6호
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• pp.1226-1231
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• 2011

The biogenic emission of the atmospheric volatile organic compounds (VOCs) from the forests is dominated by monoterpenes. This study investigated the changes in the concentration of monoterpenes distributed in various types of forest near the Gangwon Nature Environment Research Park, Hongcheon, Gangwon Province, Korea. Samples were collected from the three sites of different types of forest, including coniferous, broad-leaved and mixed forests. Additionally, the seasonal and daily changes of monoterpene compounds were monitored. Our results found the several types of monoterpene such as ${\alpha}$-pinene, ${\beta}$-pinene, camphene, d-limonene, p-cymene and ${\alpha}$-terpinene. The highest total concentration of terpene compounds was observed in the coniferous forest. For the summer season, the total concentration of terpene compounds was highest in coniferous and mixed forests, and that was also highest in broad-leaved forest for the autumn.

• 대한약침학회지
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• 제20권3호
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• pp.158-172
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• 2017

Nigella sativa (N. sativa, family Ranunculaceae) is a medicinal plant that has been widely used for centuries throughout the world as a natural remedy. A wide range of chemical compounds found in N. sativa expresses its vast therapeutic effects. Thymoquinone (TQ) is the main component (up to 50%) in the essential oil of N. sativa. Also, pinene (up to 15%), p-cymene (40%), thymohydroquinone (THQ), thymol (THY), and dithymoquinone (DTQ) are other pharmacologically active compounds of its oil. Other terpenoid compounds, such as carvacrol, carvone, 4-terpineol, limonenes, and citronellol, are also found in small quantities in its oil. The main pharmacological characteristics of this plant are immune system stimulatory, anti-inflammatory, hypotensive, hepatoprotective, antioxidant, anti-cancer, hypoglycemic, anti-tussive, milk production, uricosuric, choleretic, anti-fertility, and spasmolytic properties. In this regard, we have searched the scientific databases PubMed, Web of Science, and Google Scholar with keywords of N. sativa, anti-cancer, apoptotic effect, antitumor, antioxidant, and malignancy over the period from 2000 to 2017. The effectiveness of N. sativa against cancer in the blood system, kidneys, lungs, prostate, liver, and breast and on many malignant cell lines has been shown in many studies, but the molecular mechanisms behind that anti-cancer role are still not clearly understood. From among the many effects of N. sativa, including its anti-proliferative effect, cell cycle arrest, apoptosis induction, ROS generation, anti-metastasis/anti-angiogenesis effects, Akt pathway control, modulation of multiple molecular targets, including p53, p73, STAT-3, PTEN, and $PPAR-{\gamma}$, and activation of caspases, the main suggestive anti-cancer mechanisms of N. sativa are its free radical scavenger activity and the preservation of various anti-oxidant enzyme activities, such as glutathione peroxidase, catalase, and glutathione-S-transferase. In this review, we highlight the molecular mechanisms of apoptosis and the anti-cancer effects of N. sativa, with a focus on its molecular targets in apoptosis pathways.

• 한국식품영양과학회지
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• 제34권2호
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• pp.236-242
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• 2005

방사선 조사된 고춧가루의 휘발성 화합물로부터 방사선 조사 표지물질의 선정에 의한 새로운 검지방법의 개발 가능성을 검토하기 위해, 각 선량별(0, 1, 3, 5, 10 kGy)로 조사된 고춧가루를 시료로 하여 SPME법 및 P&T법으로 휘발성 화합물을 추출한 후 GC/MS법으로 분석하였다. 그 결과 SPME법 및 P&T법에 의해 각각 51종과 34종의 휘발성 화합물이 검출되었다. 이 중 방사선 조사선량과 유의 적 상관성 (p<0.05 또는 p<0.01)을 가지는 총 25종의 화합물이 SPME법 및 P&T법에 선별되었으며 이는 주로 탄화수소류(4종, dodecane, tridecane, tetradecene, pentadecane), 알데히드류(7종: propanal, 2-methylpropanal, 2-propenal, hexanal, (E)-2-octenal, benzaldehyde, (E)-2-noneal), 케톤류(1종: 2,2,6-trimethyl-cyclohexanone), 알콜류(3종: 1-ponton-3-ol, hexanol, 1-octen-3-ol), 방향족화합물류(4종: toluene, ethyl benzene, o-xylene, 1,3-bis(1,1-dimethylethyl)benzene), 에스테르 화합물류(2종, methyl acetate, ethyl acetate) 및 기타 화합물(4종: p-cymene, tetramethyl-pyrazine, dimethyl disulfide, $\beta$-ocimene)로 구성되어 있었다. 하지만 방사선 조사선량과 화합물의 함량 간의 회귀분석에 의한 결정계수($R^2$) 0.80 이상을 나타내며, 방사선 조사된 시료에서만 검출되는 조건을 만족하는 화합물은 1,3-bis(1,1-dimethylethyl)benzene 1종 뿐이었으며, 1,3-bis(1,1-dimethylethyl)benzene이 SPME법 과 P&T법에 의한 고춧가루의 방사선 조사 판별을 위한 휘발성 표지물질로 선정되었다.

• 한국작물학회지
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• 제41권5호
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• pp.521-525
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• 1996

본 연구는 우리나라에 자생하는 전조의 근에 대한 조성분, 유리 아미노산, 향기성분 등의 분석을 통하여 향료작물로서의 가능성을 검토하고자 수행하였는 바 얻어진 결과를 요약하면 다음과 같다 1. 전조 뿌리의 조성분가운데 조단백질은 7.69%, 조지방 1.74%, 조섬유 2.44%, 그리고 조회분은 3.76% 였으며 엑스 함량은 27.68%로 나타났다. 2. 유리 아미노산 조성 및 함량에서 종류는 총 16종이었으며 아미노산의 함량에 따른 순위는 phenylalanine>tyrosine>arginine>alanine>glutamic acid>aspartic acid>lysine>isoleucine>proline>glycine>histidine>thereonine>leucine>methionine>valine, serine이었고 유리 아미노산 함량 중 가장 높은 아미노산은 phenylalanlne으로 6.38 mg이었다. 3. 전조의 뿌리에 대한 향기성분은 $\alpha$-pinene, d-1imonene 등의 mono terpene류가 11종이었고 methyl eugenol 등의 phenyl propanoid류가 3종, 기타 8종으로 구성되어 있었으며 식물정유의 수율은 0.58%였다. 4. 종합적으로 볼 때, 한국산 전조에 대한 향료작물로서의 가능성이 있을 것으로 판단되어 금후 향기성분의 수율을 높이기 위한 재배법 연구의 일환으로 차광, 재배거리, 시비량 등의 시험이 필요한 것으로 판단되었다.

• The Plant Pathology Journal
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• 제31권3호
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• pp.269-277
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• 2015

Anthracnose caused by Colletotrichum gloeosporioides has been destructive during pepper fruit production in outdoor fields in Korea. In vitro antifungal activities of 15 different plant essential oils or its components were evaluated during conidial germination and mycelial growth of C. gloeosporioides. In vitro conidial germination was most drastically inhibited by vapour treatments with carvacrol, cinnamon oil, trans-cinnamaldehyde, citral, p-cymene and linalool. Inhibition of the mycelial growth by indirect vapour treatment with essential oils was also demonstrated compared with untreated control. Carvacrol, cinnamon oil, trans-cinnamaldehyde, citral and eugenol were among the most inhibitory plant essential oils by the indirect antifungal efficacies. Plant protection efficacies of the plant essential oils were demonstrated by reduced lesion diameter on the C. gloeosporioides-inoculated immature green pepper fruits compared to the inoculated control fruits without any plant essential oil treatment. In planta test showed that all plant essential oils tested in this study demonstrated plant protection efficacies against pepper fruit anthracnose with similar levels. Thus, application of different plant essential oils can be used for ecofriendly disease management of anthracnose during pepper fruit production.

• 한국대기환경학회지
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• 제29권6호
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• pp.757-772
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• 2013

In this study, a combination of sorbent tube (ST)-thermal desorption (TD)-gas chromatography (GC)-mass spectrometry (MS) was used for quantitative analysis of liquid phase standards of 10 BVOC ((1) (+)-${\alpha}$-pinene, (2) (+)-${\beta}$-pinene, (3) ${\alpha}$-phellandrene, (4) (+)-3-carene, (5) ${\alpha}$-terpinene, (6) p-cymene, (7) (R)-(+)-limonene, (8) ${\gamma}$- terpinene, (9) myrcene, and (10) camphene). The results of BVOC calibration yielded comparatively stable pattern with response factor (RF) of 23,560~50,363 and coefficient of determination ($R^2$) of 0.9911~0.9973. The method detection limit (MDL) of BVOC was estimated at 0.03~0.06 ng with the reproducibility of 1.30~5.13% (in terms of relative standard error (RSE)). Emissions of BVOC were measured from four types of fruit samples ((1) tangerine (TO), (2) tangerine peel (TX), (3) strawberry (SO), and (4) sepals of strawberry (SX)). The sum of BVOC flux (${\sum}flux$ (BVOC) in ng/hr/g) for each sample was seen on the descending order of (1) TX=291,614, (2) TO=2,190, (3) SO=1,414, and (4) SX=2,093. If the results are compared between the individual components, the highest flux was seen from (R)-(+)-limonene (265,395 ng/hr/g) from TX sample.

• Parasites, Hosts and Diseases
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• 제52권6호
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• pp.653-659
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• 2014

Surgery remains the preferred treatment for hydatid cyst (cystic echinococcosis, CE). Various scolicidal agents have been used for inactivation of protoscolices during surgery, but most of them are associated with adverse side effects. The present study aimed to evaluate the in vitro scolicidal effect of Nigella sativa (Ranunculaceae) essential oil and also its active principle, thymoquinone, against protoscolices of hydatid cysts. Protoscolices were aseptically aspirated from sheep livers having hydatid cysts. Various concentrations of the essential oil (0.01-10 mg/ml) and thymoquinone (0.125-1.0 mg/ml) were used for 5 to 60 min. Viability of protoscolices was confirmed by 0.1% eosin staining. Furthermore, the components of the N. sativa essential oil were identified by gas chromatography/mass spectroscopy (GC/MS). Our study revealed that the essential oil of N. sativa at the concentration of 10 mg/ml and its main component, thymoquinone, at the concentration of 1 mg/ml had potent scolicidal activities against protoscolices of Echinococcus granulosus after 10 min exposure. Moreover, thymoquinone (42.4%), p-cymene (14.1%), carvacrol (10.3%), and longifolene (6.1%) were found to be the major components of N. sativa essential oil by GC/MS analysis. The results of this study indicated the potential of N. sativa as a natural source for production of a new scolicidal agent for use in hydatid cyst surgery. However, further studies will be needed to confirm these results by checking the essential oil and its active component in in vivo models.

• Food Science and Biotechnology
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• 제14권1호
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• pp.164-167
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• 2005

The growth responses of materials extracted from Juniperus virginiana leaves against Bifidobacterium bifidum, B. longum, Clostridium perfringens, Escherichia coli, Lactobacillus acidophilus, L. casei, and Streptococcus mutans were examined using impregnated paper disk agar diffusion. The biologically active constituent isolated from the J. virginiana extracts was characterized as ${\alpha}$-cedrene using various spectroscopic analyses including IR, EI-MS, and NMR. The responses varied according to the dose, chemicals, and bacterial strain tested. Methanol extracts of J. virginiana leaves exhibited a strong and moderate inhibitory activity against C. perfringens and E. coli at 5 mg/disk, respectively. However, in tests conducted with B. bifidum, B. longum, L. acidophilus, L. casei, and S. mutans, the methanol extracts showed no or weak inhibitory response. At 2 mg/disk, a-cedrene strongly inhibited the growth of C. perfringens and moderately inhibited the growth of E. coli and S. mutans, without any adverse effects on the growth of four lactic acid-bacteria. Of the commercially available compounds originating from J. virginiana leaves, cedrol and ${\alpha}$-pinene exhibited strong and moderate growth inhibition against C. perfringens, and ${\alpha}$-copaene revealed moderate growth inhibition against E. coli at 1 mg/disk. Furthermore, cedrol exhibited moderate and weak growth inhibition against S. mutans at 2 and 1 mg/disk, respectively. However, little or no activity was observed for camphene, (+)-2-carene, p-cymene, limonene, linalool, and a-phellandrene against B. bifidum, B. longum, C. perfringens, L. acidophilus, L. casei, and S. mutans at 2 mg/disk. The observed inhibitory activity of the J. virginiana leaf-extracted materials against C. perfringens, E. coli, and S. mutans may be an indication of at least one of the pharmacological actions of the J. virginiana leaf.

• 농업과학연구
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• 제46권1호
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• pp.33-44
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• 2019

This study was conducted to examine the components of phytoncide from a pine forest in the southern temperate zone. Recent studies have found that a large amount of phytoncide is released not only from cypress trees but also from pine trees. Because the amount released is the highest during summer, we selected a warm climate region in the southern temperate zone and measured the concentration in the month of August. To capture the phytoncide from the forest atmosphere, we used the adsorption tube method with a mini pump and successfully gathered 9 L of forest air at a flow rate of 150 mL/min. We performed duplicate sampling from two different tubes installed at the same location and derived the mean value. A gas chromatography/mass spectrometer detector with thermal desorption spectroscopy was utilized to perform quantitative and qualitative analyses of the captured material. The results showed that the average phytoncide particle of the pine forest in the southern temperate zone contained a number of components as follows in descending order: ${\alpha}$-Pinene (39%, $0.28ng/m^3$), followed by ${\beta}$-Pinene (16%, $0.11ng/m^3$), D-Limonene (8%, $0.06ng/m^3$), camphor (6%, $0.04ng/m^3$), camphene (6%, $0.04ng/m^3$), and p-Cymene (5%, $0.04ng/m^3$). There were also 13 additional phytoncide components in trace amounts. The results of this study are expected to provide a useful dataset for building a "Healing-forest".

• 분석과학
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• 제28권3호
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• pp.246-254
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• 2015

무등산 탐방로 8개 지점과 도심 1개 지점에서 2013~2014년에 자연 기원 휘발성유기화합물질 (BVOCs)과 인위적인 휘발성유기화합물질 (AVOCs)의 분포특성을 GC-MSD를 사용하여 조사하였다. 자연기원 휘발성유기화합물인 테르펜 발생량은 편백숲인 PA 지점이 821 pptv으로 가장 높았고, WH 지점이 785 pptv, NZ 지점이 679 pptv, DJ 지점이 513 pptv, JB 지점이 476 pptv, SS 지점이 464 pptv 순으로 조사되었다. 테르펜은 지점별로 11~15 종이 검출되었는데, 5월에 PA 지점에서는 α-pinene이 20%로 가장 높고, coumarin, sabinene, phellandrene, myrcene, borneol, eucalyptol, β-pinene, cymene, δ-limonene, γ-terpinene, camphor, camphene, mentol 순이었다. 인위적인 휘발성유기화합물질(AVOCs)은 5~7월에 숲 8개 지점에서 0.74~2.52 ppbv 이었고, 도심(JW 지점)에서는 3.14 ppbv로 나타나 도심/산림 비율은 1.9~4.0로 도심지역이 높았다. JW 지점에서 벤젠과 톨루엔만 합한 농도는 평균 2.37 ppbv로 AVOCs 10항목 전체의 75%를 차지했다. 6월 중 AVOCs 종별 분포조사 결과, 숲인 DJ 지점에서 toluene이 44.1%로 가장 많았고, 도심인 JW 지점에서도 toluene이 53.1%로 가장 많았다. 또한, 숲에서 AVOCs와 BVOCs 농도의 상관성 분석 결과, 양의 상관계수가 0.328이나 유의인자(p)는 0.184로서 통계적으로 유의하지 않는 것으로 나타나 숲에서의 AVOCs는 도심에서 영향을 받은 것으로 추정된다.