• Journal of Pharmaceutical Investigation
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• v.23 no.3
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• pp.179-186
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• 1993

In vitro dissolution test and pharmacokinetic study in human volunteers were conducted to evaluate the pharmacokinetic characteristics of 150 mg furbiprofen sustained-release capsule (FPSR-150). As a reference product, 50 mg flurbiprofen conventional-release capsule (FPCR-50) was used. Dissolution tests of two products were run using the paddle method in 450 : 540 (v/v %) mixture of simulated gastric and intestinal fluids (K.P. VI) by adjusting medium pH according to time. FPCR-50 was dissolved very rapidly, and it took about 1.5 hr for FPCR-50 to be dissolved over 90%, whereas 15 hr for FPSR-150. Also, in pharmacokinetic study, ten healthy male volunteers were administered one capsule of FPSR-150 or two capsules of FPCR-50 (FPCR-l00) with randomized two period cross-over study. Significant differences between FPCR-l00 and FPSR-150 were found in mean times to reach peak concentration, mean resident times and mean terminal phase halflives, while not in AUC/Dose (Student's t-test). In ANOVA for AUC/Dose to compare the bioavailabilities of two FP products, there was no significant difference. From the comparison of the simulated steady-state plasma concentration-time curves following multiple medications of FPCR-50 (3 capsules a day, dosing interval=8 hrs) and FPSR-150 (1 capsule a day) based on the above results obtained from single doses of two FP products, it was noted that the medication of FPSR-150 is more useful in clinical application rather than FPCR-50.

• Journal of Astronomy and Space Sciences
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• v.23 no.3
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• pp.167-176
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• 2006

We investigate the correlation between the peak energy and the burst duration using available long GRB data with known redshift, whose circumburst medium type has been suggested via afterglow light curve modeling. We find that the peak energy and the burst duration of the observed GRBs are correlated both in the observer frame and in the GRB rest frame. For our total sample we obtain, for instance, the Spearman rank-order correlation values ${\sim}0.75\;and\;{\sim}0.65$ with the chance probabilities $P=1.0{\times}10^{-3}\;and\;P=6.0{\times}10^{-3}$ in the observer frame and in the GRB rest frame, respectively. We note that taking the effects of the expanding universe into account reduces the value a bit. We further attempt to separate our GRB sample into the 'ISM' GRBs and the 'WIND' GRBs according to environment models inferred from the afterglow light curves and apply statistical tests, as one may expect that clues on the progenitor of GRBs can be deduced directly from prompt emission properties other than from the ambient environment surrounding GRBs. We find that two subsamples of GRBs show different correlation coefficients. That is, the Spearman rank-order correlation are ${\sim}0.65\;and\;{\sim}0.57$ for the 'ISM' GRBs and 'WIND' GRBs, respectively, after taking the effects of the expanding universe into account. It is not yet, however, statistically very much significant that the GRBS in two types of circumburst media show statistically characteristic behaviors, from which one may conclude that all the long bursts are not originated from a single progenitor population. A larger size of data is required to increase the statistical significance.

• Journal of Korean Neurosurgical Society
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• v.58 no.6
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• pp.534-538
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• 2015

Objective : To correct apical vertebral rotation for adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS), direct vertebral derotation (DVD) or simple rod rotation (SRR) might be considered. The aim of the present study is to introduce the surgical experiences of AIS by a Korean neurosurgeon and to evaluate the effectiveness of SRR for apical vertebral rotation. Methods : A total of 9 patients (1 male and 8 females) underwent scoliosis surgery by a neurosurgeon of our hospital. The Lenke classifications of the patients were 1 of 1B, 2 of 1C, 1 of 2A, 1 of 2C, 3 of 5C and 1 of 6C. Surgery was done by manner of simple rod rotation on the concave side and in situ coronal bending. Coronal Cobb's angles, vertebral rotation angles and SRS-22 were measured on a plain standing X-ray and CT before and after surgery. Results : The mean follow up period was 25.7 months (range : 5-52). The mean number of screw positioning level was nine (6-12). The mean age was 16.4 years (range : 13-25) at surgery. The mean Risser grade was $3.7{\pm}0.9$. The apical vertebral rotation measured from the CT scans was $25.8{\pm}8.5^{\circ}$ vs. $9.3{\pm}6.7^{\circ}$ (p<0.001) and the Coronal Cobb's angle was $53.7{\pm}10.4^{\circ}$ vs. $15.4{\pm}6.5^{\circ}$ (p<0.001) preoperatively and postoperative, respectively. The SRS-22 improved from 71.9 preoperatively to 90.3 postoperatively. There were no complications related with the operations. Conclusion : SRR with pedicle screw instrumentation could be corrected successfully by axial rotation without complications. SRR might serve as a good option to correct AIS deformed curves of AIS.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.50 no.3
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• pp.278-286
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• 2017

The age and growth of marbled flounder Pseudopleuronectes yokohamae in coastal waters of the East Sea of Korea off Pohang were determined, by evaluating monthly samples of commercial catches, caught by gill nets and longlines from February 2013 to January 2014. New annuli from annually in P. yokohamae otoliths, and the boundary between the opaque and translucent zones forms from March to May. The relationships between total length (TL) and total weight (TW) were $TW=0.009TL^{3.128}$ ($R^2=0.969$) for females and $TW=0.008TL^{3.150}$ ($R^2=0.964$) for males. The TLs at the time of annulus formation, back-calculated from the otolith-length relationship by reference to the von Bertalanffy growth curves, were $L_t=52.63$ ($1-{\exp}^{(-0.231(t+0.033))}$) for females and $L_t=36.22$ ($1-{\exp}^{(-0.400(t+0.117))}$) for males. Commencing at the age of 3 years, females grew faster than males (P<0.05).

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Research
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• v.35 no.4
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• pp.691-698
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• 1995

We used rats as the experimental animal for the elucidation of metabolic patterns and pharmacokinetic profiles of SMZ in the rat, by use of the urine and plasma from predetermined intervals, respectively. Information herefrom would give some insight into species differences and sex differences in the metabolism and pharamcokinetics of drugs, at least SMZ in particular. Results would be summarized as follows: 1. There were two hydorxy metabolites(5-hydroxysulfamethazine and 6-hydroxyethylsulfamethazine) and an acetyl derivative($N_4$-acetyl sulfamethazine) in the 24h-collected urine, on confirmation with each standard materials. There were also two unknown metabolites therein. 2. In the viewpoint of quantitative aspect, $N_4$-acetylsulfamethazine was the largest, hence it is assumed that the acetyl pathway is the major one in the metabolism of SMZ in the rat. 3. As regards sex difference in the rat, the male had more metabolic capacity than the female in metabolism of SMZ. 4. The concenteration-time curves of sulfamethazine(20mg/kg, po) in the plasma compartment were fitted to a one-compartment open model by use of a computer program(NONLIN). 5. There were significant differences(P<0.05) in the pharmacokinetics of sulfamethazine between two sexes in the rat, with higher disposition rate in the male. 6. The emergence of $N_4AcSMZ$ metabolized from SMZ was fast in the plasma of the rat. Half-life of $N_4AcSMZ$ was also. significantly different(P<0.05) between two sexes, suggesting differences in the eliminatory capacity of $N_4AcSMZ$.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Oral and Maxillofacial Radiology
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• v.27 no.1
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• pp.179-188
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• 1997

This study was intended to compare the diagnostic ability between Waters' radiograph and CT in the diagnosis of midfacial fracture. The study group included 44 patients(male:32, female :12, age range :16-74 years old) with facial injury who underwent surgery. Waters' radiograph and both axial and coronal scanning were performed before surgery. Three oral radiologists and three non-oral radiologist interpreted 44 Waters' radiographs and 88 CT in three ways; 1) interpretation using Waters' radiograph only, 2) interpretation using CT only, 3) interpretation using Waters' radiograph and CT. The interpretation sites were confined to the walls of maxillary sinus; anterior, posterior, medial, lateral and superior wall. ROC curves were made with the findings during surgery as a gold standard except the posterior wall, where the joint evaluation of Waters' radiograph and CT by other three oral radiologists was used. ROC areas were compared according to the interpreting methods, the interpretation sites, and groups (R group ; oral radiologist group, N group ; non-oral radiologist group). The obtained results were as followed : 1. The diagnostic ability of CT only and Waters' radiograph and CT was higher than Waters' radiograph only in both groups(P<0.05). But there was no difference between CT only and Waters' radiograph and CT. 2. Generally, the diagnostic ability for the lateral antral wall was the highest and that for the posterior antral wall was the lowest in both groups(P<0.05). 3. In R group, for the anterior antral wall the diagnostic ability using CT only was increased but for the medial, lateral and superior antral walls the diagnostic ability was increased in only using Waters' radiograph and CT. 4. In N group, for the anterior and medial walls the diagnostic ability using CT only was increased. But for the posterior, lateral and superior antral walls there were no difference among three interpreting methods. 5. The diagnostic ability of R group was higher than N group in all interpreting methods.

• Imaging Science in Dentistry
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• v.47 no.4
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• pp.227-231
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• 2017

Purpose: Sialolithiasis is one of the most prevalent large obstructive disorders of the submandibular glands. The aim of this study was to investigate submandibular sialolithiasis with computed tomography (CT) and scintigraphy, with a particular focus on the relationship between CT values of the submandibular glands and their excretion rate. Materials and Methods: Fifteen patients with submandibular sialolithiasis who underwent CT and salivary gland scintigraphy were included in this study. The relationship between the CT values of submandibular glands with and without sialoliths and salivary gland excretion measured using salivary gland scintigraphy was statistically analyzed. Dynamic images were recorded on the computer at 1 frame per 20 seconds. The salivary gland excretion fraction was defined as A (before stimulation test [counts/frame]) / B (after stimulation test [counts/frame]) using time-activity curves. Results: The CT values in the submandibular glands with and without sialoliths was $9.9{\pm}44.9$ Hounsfield units(HU) and $34.2{\pm}21.8HU$, respectively (P=.233). Regarding the salivary gland excretion fraction using scintigraphy, the A/B value in the submandibular glands with sialoliths ($1.09{\pm}0.23$) was significantly lower than in the submandibular glands without sialoliths($1.99{\pm}0.57$, P=.000). Conclusion: Assessments of the CT values and the salivary gland excretion fraction using scintigraphy in the submandibular glands seem to be useful tools evaluating submandibular sialolithiasis.

• Proceedings of the Korean Institute of Electrical and Electronic Material Engineers Conference
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• 2002.07a
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• pp.177-180
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• 2002

Thickness dependence of crystallographic orientation of diol based sol-gel derived PZT(52/48) films on dielectric and piezoelectric properties was investigated The thickness of each layer by one time spinning was about 0.2 $\mu\textrm{m}$, and crack-free films was successfully deposited on 4 inches Pt/Ti/SiO$_2$/Si substrates by 0.5 mol solutions in the range from 0.2 $\mu\textrm{m}$ to 3.8 $\mu\textrm{m}$. Excellent P-E hysteresis curves were achieved without pores or any defects between interlayers. As the thickness increased , the (111) preferred orientation disappeared from 1$\mu\textrm{m}$ to 3 $\mu\textrm{m}$ region, and the orientation of films became random above 3 $\mu\textrm{m}$. Dielectric constants and longitudinal piezoelectric coefficient d$\_$33/, measured by pneumatic method were saturated around the value of about 1400 and 300 pC/N respectively above the thickness of 0.8 7m. A micromachined piezoelectric cantilever have been fabricated using 0.8 $\mu\textrm{m}$ thickness PZT (52/48) films. PZT films were prepared on Si/SiN$\_$x/SiO$_2$/Ta/Pt substrate and fabricated unimorph cantilever consist of a 0.8 fm thick PZT layer on a SiNx elastic supporting layer, which becomes vibration when ac voltage is applied to the piezoelectric layer. The dielectric constant (at 100 kHz) and remanent polarization of PZT films were 1050 and 25 ${\mu}$C/$\textrm{cm}^2$, respectively. Electromechanical characteristics of the micromachined PZT cantilever in air with 200-600 $\mu\textrm{m}$ lengths are discussed in this presentation.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Applied Pharmacology
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• 2003.11a
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• pp.108-108
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• 2003

The current study was performed to observe the effects of Panax ginseng (PG) and P. quinquefolia (PQ) on hemodynamics such as blood flow rate (BF), blood flow velocity (BV), heart rate (HR), systolic blood pressure (SBP) and diastolic blood pressure (DBP, and body temperature (BT) in healthy young men. After testing equality of variance, Student's t-test using PROC TTEST was examined to. prove statistical differences between control and ginseng conditions at each time point. It was found that the BF data were fluctuated by personal deviation. In order to minimize the deviation, the results obtained for 6 hrs were reconstituted after dividing them into two periods of the first half from 1 to 3 hrs and of the latter half from 3.5 to 6 hrs. And then the reconstitution data and dose-response curves were obtained. Blood flow such as BF and BV shows significant increases both two periods in the dose of PG 2.25 and PG 9.0, whereas significant decrease in the dose of PG 4.5. However, in the PQ groups, the middle dose PQ 4.5 shows the highest significant increase among the three doses. Except for PG 2.25 in HR, other doses show significant decreases both in the first half and latter half. SBP of PQ 9.0 shows only a significant decrease in the first half; on the other hand, in the latter half, PG 4.5, PG 9.0 and PQ 9.0 significantly increase SBP. In addition, DBP of PG 2.25 and PG 4.5 show significant increase in the both periods. In the BT, PQ groups show gradual decrease from PQ 2.25 to PQ 9.0; however, PG groups show differently. PG 4.5 shows significant decrease, but PG 9.0 shows a increase without statistical meanings. In summary, PG is more effective in respect to keeping homeostasis of hemodynamics.

• Parasites, Hosts and Diseases
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• v.54 no.6
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• pp.769-775
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• 2016

This retrospective case-control study explored the factors associated with anaphylactic shock during surgery for cystic echinococcosis (CE) at the First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University between October 2008 and September 2013. Patients who suffered from anaphylactic shock (n=16) were age-matched 3:1 to patients who did not (n=43). Multivariate analysis suggested that IL-4 levels (odds ratio=1.096; 95% confidence interval=1.015-1.185; P=0.02) and cyst size (odds ratio=3.028, 95% confidence interval=1.259-7.283, P=0.013) were independently associated with CE-induced perioperative anaphylactic shock. Using the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves and a cut-off value of 415.7 ng/ml, IL-4 showed an area under the ROC (AUC) of 0.926, sensitivity of 75.0%, and specificity of 97.7%. Using a cut-off value of 7.8 cm, cyst size showed an AUC of 0.828, sensitivity of 81.3%, and specificity of 76.7%. In conclusion, results suggest that levels of IL-4 and cyst size were independently associated with echinococcosis-induced perioperative anaphylactic shock. These results could help identifying patients with echinococcosis at risk of anaphylactic shock in whom appropriate prophylaxis could be undertaken.