• The Journal of Korean Institute of Communications and Information Sciences
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• v.33 no.1C
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• pp.131-139
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• 2008

This paper presents a scalable dual-field Montgomery multiplier based on a new multi-precision carry save adder(MP-CSA), which operates in both types of finite fields GF(p) and GF($2^m$). The new MP-CSA consists of two carry save adders(CSA). Each CSA is composed of n = [w/b] carry propagation adders(CPA) for a modular multiplication with w-bit words, where b is the number of dual field adders(DFA) in a CPA. The proposed Montgomery multiplier has roughly the same timing complexity compared with the previous result, however, it has the advantage of reduced chip area requirements. In addition, the proposed circuit produces the exact modular multiplication result at the end of operation unlike the previous architecture. Furthermore, the proposed Montgomery multiplier has a high scalability in terms of w and m. Therefore, it can be used to multiplier over GF(p) and GF($2^m$) for cryptographic applications.

• Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society
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• v.34 no.9
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• pp.2774-2780
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• 2013

Two new isostructural dinuclear complexes, $Ln_2(4-cpa)_6(bpy)_2$ (Ln = Eu (1); Tb (2), 4-cpa = 4-chlorophenylacetate, bpy = 2,2'-bipyridine), have been hydrothermally synthesized and characterized by IR spectroscopy, elemental analysis, thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), powder X-ray diffraction and single-crystal X-ray diffraction. The lanthanide ions are bridged by two bidentate and two terdentate carboxylate groups to give centrosymmetric dimers with $Ln{\cdots}Ln$ separations of 3.967(2) and 3.956(3) ${\AA}$, respectively. Each metal atom is nine-coordinate and exhibits a distorted tricapped trigonal prismatic geometry. Three-dimensional fluorescence spectra show that both 1 and 2 emit bright red and green luminescence at room temperature, with long lifetimes of up to 0.369 ms (at 614 nm) and 0.432 ms (at 543 nm), respectively. Moreover, poor luminescence efficiency has been noted for complex 2. The 4-Hcpa ligand and complexes 1-2 have been screened for their phytogrowth-inhibitory activities against Brassica napus L. and Echinochloa crusgalli L., and the results are compared with the activity of quizalofop-P-ethyl.

• Proceedings of the Korean Institute of Information and Commucation Sciences Conference
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• 2014.05a
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• pp.221-223
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• 2014

Power analysis attack on cryptographic hardware device aims to study the power consumption while performing operations using secrets keys. Power analysis is a form of side channel attack which allow an attacker to compute the key encryption from algorithm using Simple Power Analysis (SPA), Differential Power Analysis (DPA) or Correlation Power Analysis (CPA). The theoretical weaknesses in algorithms or leaked informations from physical implementation of a cryptosystem are usually used to break the system. This paper describes how power analysis work and we provide an overview of countermeasures against power analysis attacks.

• Journal of Korean Society of Occupational and Environmental Hygiene
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• v.5 no.2
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• pp.160-171
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• 1995

The size characteristics of lead particle which is one of the important factors associated with absorption of lead were ignored in establishing lead standard. This study was conducted to investigate distribution of lead particles by operation of industry. Aerodynamic Mass Median Diameters (MMD) of airborne lead particles in the battery and litharge manufacturing industry were $14.1{\mu}m$ and $15.1{\mu}m$, respectively. There was no significant difference between those two values(p>0.05). However, the diameters in radiator manufacturing and secondary smelting industry were $1.3{\mu}m$, $4.9{\mu}m$, respectively. Those were significantly smaller than the particle sizes in other industries(p<0.05). Total lead concentrations in the secondary smelting industry were higher than those in the battery and litharge manufacturing industry. Total lead concentrations in other industries except radiator manufacturing industry exceeded the standard of $50{\mu}g/m^3$. Only radiator manufacturing industry indicated lead concentrations significantly lower than those in other industries(p<0.05). Concentrations of lead particles smaller than $1{\mu}m$ defined as respirable fraction by OSHA's CPA model assumption were $72.4{\mu}g/m^3$ in the secondary smelting industry, exceeding $50{\mu}g/m^3$. The relationship of concentrations between total lead and lead of particles smaller than $1{\mu}m$ was log Y = 0.46 logX + 0.06(n=119, $r^2=0.44$, p=0.0001). Relationship of respirable lead concentrations between OSHA and ACGIH was significantly detected in the litharge and battery manufacturing industry(p=0.0001), but was not significant in the radiator(p=0.2720) and secondary smelting manufacturing industry(p=0.2394). As MMDs of lead particles generated in industry were small, difference of respirable lead concentration between OSHA and ACGIH became smaller. There was a significant difference between concentrations respirable lead defined by two organizations such as OSHA and ACGIH in the battery and litharge manufacturing industry. Average concentration of respirable lead by ACGIH definition was 43.3 % of total lead in secondary smelting and 48.9 % in radiator manufacturing industry, and lower fractions were indicated in battery and litharge manufacturing industry. Relationships of total lead with IPM, TPM, and RPM were significant respectively(p=0.0001) and lead concentrations by particle size could be estimated using this relationship. Linear regression equation between total lead concentration(X) and ACGIH-RPM concentration(Y) was log Y = 0.76 log X - 0.40($r^2=0.89$, p=0.0001).

• Journal of Plant Biotechnology
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• v.42 no.3
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• pp.223-227
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• 2015

Embryogenic callus (EC) was created from mature embryos of Larix kaempferi. With the mature embryos, keeping the culture in dark conditions throughout the experiment (38.2%) seemed to give better results than exposing them to 16 h light ($25{\mu}Em^{-2}s^{-1}$) for the first week (21.9%). EC was obtained most frequently from Quoirin and Lepoivre (LP) mediums with 1.0 mg/L 4-amino-3,5,6-trichloropicolinic acid (Picloram), plus 1.0 mg/L benzyladenine (BA) (62.8%) or Litvay's medium (LM) containing 1.0 mg/L p-chlorophenoxyacetic acid (pCPA) plus 1.0 mg/L BA (62.8%) treatment. In both cases, best results were obtained when zygotic embryos were cultured in darkness. As for the effective sucrose concentration on initiation of EC, 29.2 mM sucrose (38.6%) gave the best results.

• The Korean Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology
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• v.2 no.1
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• pp.31-39
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• 1998

As it has been reported that the depolarization induced acetylcholine (ACh) release is modulated by activation of presynaptic $A_1$ adenosine heteroreceptor and various lines of evidence suggest the $A_2$ adenosine receptor is present in the hippocampus. The present study was undertaken to delineate the role of adenosine receptors on the hippocampal ACh release. Slices from the rat hippocampus were equilibrated with $[^3H]choline$ and then the release amount of the labelled product, $[^3H]ACh$, which was evoked by electrical stimulation (rectangular pulses, 3 Hz, 2 ms, 24 mA, $5\;V/cm^{-1}$, 2 min), was measured, and the influence of various adenosine receptor-related agents on the evoked tritium outflow was investigated. And also, the drug-receptor binding assay was performed in order to confirm the presence of $A_1$ and $A_2$ adenosine receptors in the rat hippocampus. N-ethylcarboxamidoadenosine (NECA), a potent adenosine receptor agonist with nearly equal affinity at $A_1$ and $A_2$ adenosine receptors, in concentrations ranging from $1{\sim}30\;{\mu}M$, decreased the electrically-evoked $[^3H]ACh$ release in a concentration-dependent manner without affecting the basal rate of release. And the effect of NECA was significantly inhibited by 8-cyclopentyl-1,3-dipropylxanthine (DPCPX, 2 ${\mu}M$), a selective $A_1$ adenosine receptor antagonist, but was not influenced by 3,7-dimethyl-1-propargylxanthine (DMPX, 5 ${\mu}M$), a specific $A_2$ adenosine receptor antagonist. $N^6-cyclopentyladenosine$ (CPA), a selective $A_1$ adenosine receptor agonist, in doses ranging from 0.1 to 10 ${\mu}M$, reduced evoked $[^3H]ACh$ release in a dose-dependent manner without the change of the basal release. And the effect of CPA was significantly inhibited by 2 ${\mu}M$ DPCPX treatment. 2-P-(2-carboxyethyl)-phenethylamino-5'-N-ethylcarboxamidoadenosine hydrochloride (CGS-21680C), a potent $A_2$ adenosine receptor agonist, in concentrations ranging from 0.1 to 10 ${\mu}M$, did not alter the evoked ACh release. In the drug-receptor binding assay, the binding of $[^3H]2-chloro-N^6-cyclopentyladenosine$ ($[^3H]$CCPA) to the $A_1$ adenosine receptor of rat hippocampal membranes was inhibited by CPA ($K_i$ = 1.22 nM), NECA ($K_i=10.17 nM$) and DPCPX ($K_i=161.86 nM$), but not by CGS-21680C ($K_i=2,380 nM$) and DMPX ($K_i=22,367 nM$). However, the specific binding of $[^3H]CGS-21680C$ to the $A_2$ adenosine receptor was not observed. These results suggest that the $A_1$ adenosine heteroreceptor play an important role in evoked ACh release, but the presence of $A_2$ adenosine receptor is not confirmed in this study.

• The Korean Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology
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• v.11 no.5
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• pp.207-213
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• 2007

This study was designed to characterize ureteral smooth muscle motility and also to study the effect of forskolin(FSK) and isoproterenol(ISO) on smooth muscle contractility in murine ureter. High $K^+$(50 mM) produced tonic contraction by $0.17{\pm}0.06mN$(n=19). Neuropeptide and neurotransmitters such as serotonin($5{\mu}M$), histamine($20{\mu}M$), and carbarchol(CCh, $10{\sim}50{\mu}M$) did not produce significant contraction. However, CCh($50{\mu}M$) produced slow phasic contraction in the presence of 25 mM $K^+$. Cyclopiazonic acid(CPA, $10{\mu}M$), SR $Ca^{2+}$-ATPase blocker, produced tonic contraction(0.07 mN). Meanwhile, inhibition of mitochondria by protonophore carbnylcyanide m-chlorophenylhydrazone(CCCP) also produced weak tonic contraction(0.01 mN). The possible involvement of $K^+$ channels was also pursued. Tetraethyl ammonium chloride(TEA, 10 mM), glibenclamide($10{\mu}M$) and quinidine($20{\mu}M$) which are known to block $Ca^{2+}$-activated $K^+$ channels($K_{Ca}$ channel), ATP-sensitive $K^+$ channels($K_{ATP}$) and nonselective $K^+$ channel, respectively, did not elicit any significant effect. However, $Ba^{2+}$($1{\sim}2mM$), blocker of inward rectifier $K^+$ channels($K_{IR}$ channel), produced phasic contraction in a reversible manner, which was blocked by $1{\mu}M$ nicardipine, a blocker of dehydropyridine-sensitive voltage-dependent L-type $Ca^{2+}$ channels($VDCC_L$) in smooth muscle membrane. This $Ba^{2+}$-induced phasic contraction was significantly enhanced by $10{\mu}M$ cyclopiazonic acid(CPA) in the frequency and amplitude. Finally, regulation of $Ba^{2+}$-induced contraction was studied by FSK and ISO which are known as adenylyl cyclase activator and $\beta$-adrenergic receptor agonist, respectively. These drugs significantly suppressed the frequency and amplitude of $Ba^{2+}$-induced contraction(p<0.05). These results suggest that $Ba^{2+}$ produces phasic contraction in murine ureteral smooth muscle which can be regulated by FSK and $\beta$-adrenergic stimulation.

• Korean Journal of Oriental Medicine
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• v.18 no.2
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• pp.151-157
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• 2012

In this research, the genotoxic effect of Bupleuri Radix (BR), the dried roots of Bupleurum falcatum Linne has been traditionally used as anti-inflammatory agent, was evaluated using the mouse micronucleus test. BR aqueous extract (yield = 16.52%) was administered once a day for 2 continuous days by oral gavage to male ICR mice at doses of 2,000, 1,000 and 500 mg/kg. Cyclophosphamide (CPA) 70 mg/kg was used as a known genotoxic agent in a positive control. The appearance of a micronucleus (MN) in polychromatic erythrocyte (PCE) is used as an index for genotoxic potential, and PCE ratio is used as an index of cytotoxicity. Although significant (p<0.01) increase of the number of PCE with one or more nuclei (MNPCE) was detected in CPA treated groups, no significant increases of MNPCE numbers were observed in all three different dosages of BR extracts treated mice with over 0.30 of the individual polychromatic erythrocyte ratio in all mice used in this study. The results obtained indicated that BR extract shows no genotoxicity effects up to 2,000 mg/kg dosing levels the limit dosage in rodents.

• Journal of Society of Preventive Korean Medicine
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• v.16 no.1
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• pp.81-89
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• 2012

Objectives : In this research, the genotoxic effect of $Scutellariae$ $Radix$(SR), the dried roots of $Scutellaria$ $baicalensis$ Georgi has been traditionally used as antipyretic agent, was evaluated using the mouse micronucleus test. Methods : SR aqueous extract(yield = 27.2%) was administered once a day for 2 continuous days by oral gavage to male ICR mice at doses of 2,000, 1,000 and 500 mg/kg. Cyclophosphamide(CPA) 70 mg/kg was used as a known genotoxic agent in a positive control. The appearance of a micronucleus(MN) in polychromatic erythrocyte(PCE) is used as an index for genotoxic potential, and PCE ratio is used as an index of cytotoxicity. Results and Conclusions : Although significant(p<0.01) increase of the number of PCE with one or more nuclei(MNPCE) was detected in CPA treated groups, no significant increases of MNPCE numbers were observed in all three different dosages of SR extracts treated mice with over 0.33 of the individual polychromatic erythrocyte ratio in all mice used in this study. The results obtained indicated that SR extract shows no genotoxicity effects up to 2,000 mg/kg dosing levels - the limit dosage in rodents.

• Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.24 no.2
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• pp.63-77
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• 2021

The aim of this research was to investigate different factors, including cryoprotective agents (CPAs), diluents, dilution ratios, equilibrium times, freezing rates, and thawing methods to optimize cryopreservation protocols for large yellow croaker (Larimichthys crocea). The parameters evaluated were sperm motility, sperm activity index (SAI), survival rate, and DNA damage. Different types of CPAs, such as dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), propylene glycol (PG), ethylene glycol (EG), methanol, and glycerol, were tested for sperm preservation. The highest motility, SAI, and survival rate were observed when EG was used. Different diluents such as Stein's solution, Hank's balanced salt solution, marine fish Ringer's solution, artificial seminal plasma (ASP) of small yellow croaker, and Cortland solution were investigated. The highest post-thaw motility was observed upon using ASP as the diluent. Different concentrations of EG were then mixed with ASP to identify the optimal EG concentration. Experimental results showed that the motility (70.33 ± 1.20%), SAI (5), and survival rate (78.30 ± 0.42%) of post-thaw sperm were optimum when 10% EG and ASP were used as the CPA and diluent of cryopreservation, respectively. Post-thaw sperm motility was high at equilibration times below 150 s and at an optimum dilution ratio of 1:1 (sperm: CPA + diluent) and was not significantly different compared with fresh sperm motility. The freezing rate was found to be slow below -10℃/min. The thawing temperature of 45℃ was identified as ideal. The percentage of tail DNA in post-thaw sperm at 10% EG and ASP was also investigated and was found to have more significant DNA damage than that in fresh sperm but significantly lower damage than that in post-thaw sperm at EG concentrations of 5%, 15%, and 20% (p < 0.05). The cryopreservation protocols obtained in this study will be useful in large yellow croaker hatcheries.