• Applied Chemistry for Engineering
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• v.29 no.2
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• pp.138-146
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• 2018

Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is a great potential approach for the localized tumor removal with fewer metastatic potentials and side effects in treating the disease. In the treatment process, a photosensitizer (PS) that absorbs a light energy to generate reactive oxygen is essential. In general, a visible light is used as a light source of PDT, so that side effects from the light source are inevitable. For this reason, upconversion nanoparticles (UCNPs) using near-infrared (NIR) as an excitation source are attracting attention in the field of disease diagnosis and treatment. UCNPs have the low cytotoxicity and phototoxicity, and also advantages such as deep tissue penetration and low background autofluorescence. For PDT, UCNPs should be combined with a PS which absorbs the light energy from UCNPs and transfers it to the surrounding oxygen to produce reactive oxygen. In addition, the therapeutic efficacy can be improved by modifying nanoparticle surfaces, adding anti-cancer drugs, or combining with photothermal therapy (PTT). In this review, we summarize the recent research to improve the efficiency of PDT using UCNPs.

• Journal of Periodontal and Implant Science
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• v.49 no.1
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• pp.2-13
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• 2019

Purpose: The aim of this study was to conduct a histologic evaluation of irradiated calvarial defects in rats 4 weeks after applying fibroblast growth factor-2 (FGF-2) with hyaluronan or biphasic calcium phosphate (BCP) block in the presence or absence of adjunctive hyperbaric oxygen (HBO) therapy. Methods: Twenty rats were divided into HBO and non-HBO (NHBO) groups, each of which was divided into FGF-2 and BCP-block subgroups according to the grafted material. Localized radiation with a single 12-Gy dose was applied to the calvaria of rats to simulate radiotherapy. Four weeks after applying this radiation, 2 symmetrical circular defects with a diameter of 6 mm were created in the parietal bones of each animal. The right-side defect was filled with the materials mentioned above and the left-side defect was not filled (as a control). All defects were covered with a resorbable barrier membrane. During 4 weeks of healing, 1 hour of HBO therapy was applied to the rats in the HBO groups 5 times a week. The rats were then killed, and the calvarial specimens were harvested for radiographic and histologic analyses. Results: New bone formation was greatest in the FGF-2 subgroup, and improvement was not found in the BCP subgroup. HBO seemed to have a minimal effect on new bone formation. There was tendency for more angiogenesis in the HBO groups than the NHBO groups, but the group with HBO and FGF-2 did not show significantly better outcomes than the HBO-only group or the NHBO group with FGF-2. Conclusions: HBO exerted beneficial effects on angiogenesis in calvarial defects of irradiated rats over a 4-week healing period, but it appeared to have minimal effects on bone regeneration. FGF-2 seemed to enhance new bone formation and angiogenesis, but its efficacy appeared to be reduced when HBO was applied.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Clinical Toxicology
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• v.21 no.2
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• pp.117-127
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• 2023

Purpose: No consensus currently exists regarding the maximal pressure of hyperbaric oxygen (HBO₂) therapy performed within 24 hours of acute carbon monoxide (CO) poisoning. This study aimed to evaluate the difference in therapeutic effects according to the first HBO₂ pressure (3.0 atmospheres absolute [ATA] vs. 2.8 ATA). Methods: We used prospectively collected registry data on CO poisoning at a tertiary academic hospital in the Republic of Korea. Adult patients with acute CO poisoning treated with HBO₂ within 24 hours after arrival at the emergency department and without the use of additional HBO₂ after 24 hours between January 2007 and February 2022 were included. Data from 595 patients were analyzed using propensity score matching (PSM). Patients with mild (non-intubated) and severe (intubated) poisoning were also compared. Neurocognitive outcomes at 1 month after CO poisoning were evaluated using the Global Deterioration Scale combined with neurological impairment. Results: After PSM, the neurocognitive outcomes at 1-month post-CO exposure were not significantly different between the 2.8 ATA (110 patients) and 3.0 ATA (55 patients) groups (p=1.000). Similarly, there was also no significant difference in outcomes in a subgroup analysis according to poisoning severity in matched patients (165 patients) (mild [non-intubated]: p=0.053; severe [intubated]: p=1.000). Conclusion: Neurocognitive sequelae at 1 month were not significantly different between HBO₂ therapy pressures of 2.8 ATA and 3.0 ATA in patients with acute CO poisoning. In addition, the 1-month neurocognitive sequelae did not differ significantly between intubated and non-intubated patients.

• The Journal of Korean Obstetrics and Gynecology
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• v.29 no.2
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• pp.83-98
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• 2016

Objectives: This Study was designed to investigate the effect of Oxygen chamber to recover muscle fatigue. Methods: Twenty Subjects were divided into Oxygen Chamber Group (n=10) and Rest group (n=10). Subjects visited hospital two times, blood tests were performed 3 times for each visit. 1st blood test was performed in 4 hours hunger state. 2nd blood test was performed within 5 minutes after the 6 minutes bike exercise. 3rd blood test was performed after the 40 minutes Oxygen treatment or 40 minutes rest in bed. Blood test items were Lactate, Glucose, Lactate Dehydrogenase, Creatine Kinase, Free Fatty Acid. 2nd visit was applied 1st visit process, But Oxygen Chamber group was crossed over to Rest Group, Rest Group was crossed over to Oxygen Chamber group. The Blood test result was analyzed with paired T-test using SPSS for Windows version 21. Results: The reduction of Lactate in Oxygen Chamber Group (6.86±2.07 mmol/ℓ) was higher than Rest group (6.57±2.33 mmol/ℓ), but it was not statically significant (p=0.68). The reduction of Glucose in Oxygen Chamber Group (6.85±12.14 mg/dl) was lower than Rest group (7.60±9.83 mg/dl), but it was not statically significant (p=0.83). The reduction of Lactate Dehydrogenase in Oxygen Chamber Group (16.10±14.91 mmol/ℓ) was lower than Rest group (19.75±12.46 mg/dl), but it was not statically significant (p=0.41). The reduction of Creatine Kinase in Oxygen Chamber Group (13.40±5.69 U/ℓ) was lower than Rest group (15.25±8.01 U/ℓ), but it was not statically significant (p=0.41). The reduction of Free Fatty Acid in Oxygen Chamber Group (285.50±174.13 uEq/ℓ) was higher than Rest group (196.15±131.58 uEq/ℓ), but it was not statically significant (p=0.07). Conclusions: This study showed Oxygen chamber therapy could be effective to recover muscle fatigue.

• Journal of the korean academy of Pediatric Dentistry
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• v.24 no.1
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• pp.41-57
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• 1997

The present study investigated the effects of hyperbaric oxygen therapy on periodontal wound healing of replanted rat tooth. 80 rats (Sprague-Dawley strain) weighting $130{\pm}5gm$ were selected and divided into experimental and control group, each group consisting of 40 rats. Rats were administered 0.4% ${\beta}$-aminoproprionitrile for 5 days to achieve gentle tooth extraction. The maxillary first molars were extracted under anesthesia with pentobarbital, washed in sterile distilled water, treated with bacterial collagenase to remove collagen fibers on the root surfaces. After washing in water overnight, the mesial root surface were demineralized by application of citric acid, washed, dried and stored at $4^{\circ}C$. Immediately after tooth extraction and bleeding control, the treated molars extracted previously from other rats were replanted. The experimental group was exposed to hyperbaric oxygen at 2.5 atm. for 2 hrs. a day during experimental period. Eight animals of each group were sacrificed 1, 3, 6, 8, 10 days after reimplantation of teeth by intracardiac perfusion with 4% paraformaldehyde. The replanted molars and surrounding tissues were cut, demineralized, dehydrated and embedded in paraffin. Sections were stained with azan, toluidine blue and hematoxylin. Some other sections were stained by means of immunostaining achieved by the avidinbiotin complex method. The results as follows; 1. Experimental group showed fast healing of gingival epithelium. 2. Macrophage and newly formed blood vessels appeared early in the gingival connective tissue of experimental group. 3. Experimental group showed fast, abundant fibroblast proliferation and regularity of collagen fiber. 4. In both group, collagen was distributed along the collagen fiber. The distribution was strong and regular in the experimental group. 5. In the regenerated periodontal ligament of experimental group, fibers showed regular arrangement and invaded root surface fast.

• Rapid Communication in Photoscience
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• v.4 no.2
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• pp.37-40
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• 2015

To examine the photosensitized biomolecules damaging activity, dimethoxyP(V)tetrakis(2-naphthyl)porphyrin (NP) and dimethoxyP(V)tetraphenylporphyrin (PP) were synthesized. The naphthyl moiety of NP hardly deactivated the photoexcited P(V)porphyrin ring in ethanol. In aqueous solution, the naphthyl moiety showed the quenching effect on the photoexcited porphyrin ring, possibly through electron transfer and self-quenching by a molecular association. Binding interaction between human serum albumin (HSA), a water soluble protein, and these porphyrins could be confirmed by the absorption spectral change. The apparent association constant of NP was larger than that of PP. It is explained by that more hydrophobic NP can easily bind into the hydrophobic pockets of HSA. The photoexcited PP effectively induced damage of the tryptophan residue of HSA, through electron transfer-mediated oxidation and singlet oxygen generation. NP also induced HSA damage during photo-irradiation and the contributions of the electron transfer and singlet oxygen mechanisms were speculated. The electron transfer-mediated mechanism to the photosensitized protein damage should be advantageous for photodynamic therapy in hypoxic condition. The quantum yield of the HSA photodamage by PP was significantly larger than that of NP. The quenching effect of the naphthyl moiety is considered to suppress the photosensitized protein damage. In conclusion, the naphthalene substitution to the P(V)porphyrins can enhance the binding interaction with hydrophobic biomacromolecules such as protein, however, this substitution may reduce the photodynamic effect of P(V)porphyrin ring in aqueous media.

• The Journal of Korean Medicine Ophthalmology and Otolaryngology and Dermatology
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• v.17 no.1
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• pp.16-33
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• 2004

In Oriental medicine, aging is just a natural process like change of seasons. Ancient Oriental people accepted it as a natural thing to be growing older and to die at last. The science of aging has advanced dramatically. In the last 2 decades, advances in genetics and molecular biology have led to extraordinary new understandings in how cells age, how apoptosis programs cells to die, and how neuroendocrinology plays a role in the lifespan of organisms. Today, the matter of primary concern about aging is a cellular and mitochondrial damage of human body induced by reactive oxygen species(ROS). The skin aging can be divided into two areas, intrinsic(chronologic)-aging and photo-aging. There are lots of photo damage about skin aging. The skin is increasingly exposed to ultraviolet(UV) irradiation in life. Therefore, the risk of photo-oxidative damage of the skin induced by reactive oxygen species(ROS) has increased substantially. Nowadays, many people believe that they can stop or at least delay the process of aging. There are lots of treatments that promise to slow the process of aging and the associated ailments. Many of these treatments, for example, exercise, Vit E, Vit C therapy, hormone therapy, restrict diet, are gradually being subjected to clinical trials. But in spite of all efforts, researches and investigations, there is no single method or treatment which is revealed to be truly effective for delaying progress of aging. Every methods insisted on effect for delaying aging process, has its dark side. All we can do is just keeping ourself healthy until the time of death.

• Journal of Trauma and Injury
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• v.35 no.3
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• pp.209-214
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• 2022

We describe a case of hyperbaric oxygen therapy (HBOt) as an adjunct to treatment of a crush injury to the hand. A 34-year-old male paramedic was involved in a motor vehicle accident and admitted for diagnosis and surgical treatment. He sustained a crush injury to his right hand and presented with significant muscle damage, including multiple fractures and dislocations, an avulsion injury of the flexor tendons, and amputation of the distal phalanx of the little finger. He underwent reconstructive surgery and received HBOt over the following days. In the following 2 months, he lost the distal and middle phalanges of the little finger and recovered hand function. Posttraumatic compartment syndrome responds well to HBOt, which reduces edema and contributes to angiogenesis, as well as promoting the cascade of healing events. High-energy trauma causes massive cell destruction, and the blood supply is usually not sufficient to meet the oxygen demands of viable tissues. Hyperbaric oxygenation by diffusion through interstitial and cellular fluids increases tissue oxygenation to levels sufficient for the host's responses to injury to work and helps control the delayed inflammatory reaction. HBOt used as an adjunct to surgical treatment resulted in early healing and rehabilitation, accelerating functional recovery. The results suggest that adjunctive HBOt can be beneficial for the treatment of crush injuries of the hand, resulting in better functional outcomes and helping to avoid unnecessary amputations.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Physical Medicine
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• v.17 no.4
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• pp.37-43
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• 2022

PURPOSE: To find out how wearing a mask due to COVID-19 affects cardiovascular function as the pace of walking changes. METHODS: Forty-nine college students (27 men, 22 women) were subjected to treadmill exercises without masks (Group I) and wearing masks (Group II). The body temperature, heart rate, oxygen saturation, and blood pressure were measured to determine the changes in cardiovascular function. These parameters were measured at rest (Control I), low-intensity (Control II), medium-intensity (Control III), and high-intensity (Control IV) before and after exercise. RESULTS: Significant differences in heart rate were observed between Control III and Control IV, and a significant difference in oxygen saturation was noted in Control IV. Significant differences in the exercise intensity change in Group II were as follows: Body temperature was Control IV compared to Control I and Control II, heart rate was Control III and Control IV compared to Control I and Control II, and Control IV compared to Control III. The heart rate was Control III and Control IV compared to Control I and Control II, Control IV for Control III, oxygen saturation was Control IV compared to Control I, blood pressure was Control II and Control III and Control IV compared to Control I, and Control IV compared to Control II. CONCLUSION: Exercising when wearing a mask affects the cardiovascular system. Therapists should consider the patient's condition when setting the exercise intensity. In particular, therapists should be more careful when setting the exercise intensity of patients with cardiovascular disease.

• Physical Therapy Korea
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• v.18 no.1
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• pp.74-82
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• 2011

The purpose of this study was to compare the anaerobic threshold (AT) between subjects with and without non-specific chronic low back pain (NCLBP). The patient group included 15 women with NCLBP. The normal group included 15 women without NCLBP who were age-, height-, weight-, and activity level-matched. The subjects performed a Balke treadmill protocol which was symptom-limited progressive loading test. Their heart rate (HR), ventilatory gas and metabolic equivalents (METs) were measured using the automatic breath gas analyzing system. After the test, each subjects' ratings of perceived exertion (RPE) were evaluated. The visual analog scale (VAS) was assessed pre- and post-test. The independent t-test and Wilcoxon's signed-rank test were used for analysis of the data. Time, HR, the volume of oxygen consumption ($VO_2$), relative $VO_2$, and METs at the AT level of the patient group were significantly lower than those of the healthy group (p<.05). However, there were no significant differences in RPE, VAS, and breathing frequency at the AT level (p>.05). The findings of this study indicate that patients with NCLBP had a lower aerobic fitness than healthy subjects. Thus, implementation of rehabilitation program to increase aerobic fitness may be considered in patietns with NCLBP, and further studies are required to determine the etiological factors of decreased aerobic fitness.