• Journal of Advanced Marine Engineering and Technology
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• 제32권1호
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• pp.57-65
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• 2008

The characteristics of soot deposition on the cold wall in laminar diffusion flames have been numerically analyzed with a two-dimension with the FDS (Fire Dynamics Simulator). In particular, the effects of surrounding air temperature and wall temperature have been discussed. The fuel for the flame is an ethylene ($C_2H_4$). The surrounding oxygen concentration is 35%. Surrounding air temperatures are 300K, 600K, 900K and 1200K. Wall temperatures are 300K, 600K and 1200K. The soot deposition length defined as the relative approach distance to the wall per a given axial distance is newly introduced as a parameter to evaluate the soot deposition tendency on the wall. The result shows that soot deposition length is increased with increasing the surrounding air temperatures and with decreasing the wall temperature. And the numerical results led to the conclusion that it is essential to consider the thermophoretic effect for understanding the soot deposition on the cold wall properly.

• 한국화재소방학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국화재소방학회 1997년도 International Symposium on Fire Science and Technology
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• pp.104-111
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• 1997

Cluster systems are microcrystals of vanadiumoxided compounds such as Barium, Calcium or Sodium Metavanadates or Sodium Vanadium Bronze which are distributed into dimethyl- or diethylphosphites or microcrystals of vanadium oxides, for instance, vanadium oxide (+3), distributed into the methylphosphonic acid melted. During the interaction of vanadium compounds with the correspondent phosphororganic substances biue viscous liquids are formed. These liquids have paramagnetic properties. According to the UV and IR spectroscopic investigations as well as the results of EPR spectra the substances obtained consist of the nucleus containing 6 to 12 of vanadium atoms and the shell including ligands which are molecules of phosphites or methylphosphonic acid. Here every atom of vanadium interacts with four of phosphorus containing molecules. Sizes of the particles in these systems donot exceed 200 nm. Introduction of cluster systems (0,1 -0,3 % vanadium) into epoxy compositions before the introduction of curing agent - polyethylenepolyamine 6 -8 % leads to the acceleration of composition crosslinking and to the combustion decreasing: 1) Oxygen Index grows to 35: 2)mass losses during combustion decrease to 1-2%, 3) combustion time does not exceed 1 s; 4) the intumescence of material sample is being observed during the burner action as well as the foam coke formation.

• 에너지공학
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• 제24권2호
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• pp.120-128
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• 2015

본 연구에서는 목재펠릿보일러의 연료공급 장치에 따른 연소특성의 분석을 위해, 낙엽송을 주요 구성성분으로 하는 1급 목재펠릿 연료 및 연소시스템인 목재펠릿보일러를 이용하여, 연료공급 장치(feeder)의 유형 및 형태에 따른 버너의 온도 및 배기가스($O_2$, $CO_x$, $NO_x$)의 농도 등이 측정, 비교, 분석되었다. 스프링 연료공급 장치가 실험 조건으로 적용된 경우의 버너의 평균 온도는 약 $821.76^{\circ}C$, 배기가스 산소 농도는 약 8.88%, 일산화탄소 농도는 약 93.35ppm, 이산화탄소 농도는 약 12.15%, 질소산화물의 농도는 약 139.83 ppm으로 측정되었으며, 이는 스크류 형태의 연료공급 장치가 설치된 실험조건에 비해 완전연소 조건에 도달하였으며, 배기가스의 평균농도가 허용 기준을 만족하는 것으로 나타났다. 또한, 스크류 피치의 증가에 따른 연소효율이 증가하는 것으로 나타났다. 목재 펠릿의 완전연소를 위한 조건에 근접, 조성하기 위해서는 연료의 투입량 조절과 더불어 투입되는 공기의 양을 제어하는 연구가 요구된다.

• 대한기계학회논문집
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• 제15권1호
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• pp.355-365
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• 1991

본 연구에서는 화염간 상호 작용을 해석함으로써 정의 적용에 있어서의 적절 성과 유용성을 검토 하고 화염간 상호 작용 특성을 밝히기 위하여, 해석의 대상은 화 염간의 상호작용을 명확히 관찰할 수 있는 두 개의 평행한 사각 덕트형 노즐로부터 분 출되는 기체연료에 의해 형성 되는 두 개의 동등한 3차원 제트 난류 확산화염을 택한 다. 2-화염계는 상호작용 화염군의 기본 단위이며, 현재까지 원형제트 화염에 비하 여 3차원제트 화염에 대한 연구는 많지 않은 실정이다. 연구의 방법으로는 이론적 모델링과 수치해석을 통한 모의 실험에 중점을 두고 부분적인 실험으로 타당성을 점검 한다.이는 기존의 연구들이 대부분 실험적인 것들이거나 간단한 해석적 모델을 사 용한 것들이어서 상호 작용하의 화염 특성을 예측할 수 있는 수치 해석적 모델의 개발 이 필요하며, 또한 기존의 연구들이 온도나 성분만을 측정함으로서 유동장에서의 운동 량 전달의 상호작용 특성이 자세히 연구되지 못했으므로, 이를 위해서는 난점이 있는 속도 측정의 실험적 방법보다 수치해석적 접근법이 필요하기 때문이다. 이상과 같이 본연구는 상술한 정의를 적용해 보고 이에따라 화염간 상호작용의 특성을 파악하며 이 를 예측할 수 있는 이론적 모델을 개발하는 것을 목적으로 한다.

• 한국자동차공학회논문집
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• 제5권4호
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• pp.130-141
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• 1997

Work on the reduction of particulate matter(PM) from a diesel vehicl has led to a new trp system and a control method to control the combustion rate of the PM filtrated in the trap, which was named as 'Active Exhaust Feeding Regeneration(AEFR) System' by its operation mechanism. Ceramic cordierite filter is a major component of the trap and susceptible to thermal shock. Therefore the system should be designed to reduce the peak temperature and temperature gradients in the trap ; these have been considered to be the main factors causing thermal shock of the filter during the regeneration. It uses the engine's exhaust gas partially for the regeneration of the ceramic filter. It controlled bypass flow rate of the engine's exhaust gas precisely to control the temperature of the gas entrained into the filter. Gas temperatures were measured inside filter, and the oxygen concentration at the outlet of the filter was also monitored during the regeneration to analyze the combustion process of the PM. The temperature distributions and temperature gradients in the filter during the regeneration varied widely according to the regeneration control schemes. Finally, this system shows relatively low peak temperature and temperature gradients in the filter during its regeneration. It is considered that this system uses a mew method to control the combustion rate of the PM, which is different from the methods used in the previous studies.

• 한국응용과학기술학회지
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• 제23권4호
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• pp.328-339
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• 2006

The PU flame-retardant coatings (TTBAH, ATBAH-10C, -20C, and -30C) were prepared using the synthesized ATBAs and HDI-trimer as curing agent at room temperature. The physical properties of PU flame-retardant coatings with chlorine and phosphorus were inferior to those with phosphorus only and the properties were getting worse with increasing chlorine content. Flame retardancy was tested with three methods. With the vertical method, complete combustion time of ATBAHs were $259^{\sim}347$ seconds, which means that the prepared coatings are good flame-retardant. With the $45^{\circ}$ Meckel burner method, char lengths of the three prepared coatings were less than 2.9 cm, which indicates that the prepared coatings are first grade. With the limiting oxygen index (LOI) method, the LOI values of the three prepared coatings were in the range of $30^{\sim}35%$, which proves good flame retardancy of the prepared coatings. from the result of flame retardancy tests of the specimens that contain the same amounts of flame retarding compounds. it was found that the coatings containing both phosphorus and chlorine show higher flame retardancy than the coatings containing only phosphorus. This indicates that there exists, some synergy effect between coexisting phosphorus and chlorine.

• Journal of Biosystems Engineering
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• 제25권6호
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• pp.481-488
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• 2000

This study was initiated in order to find alternative fuel substituting for light oil the most common fuel for heating greenhouse. The tire oil used in this research was produced by pyrolysis process, one of the final products besides steel string and carbon black in which waste tires as a form of chopped pieces broken by shredding machine are heated up to 200~30$0^{\circ}C$ with maximum restraining of oxygen supply. In order to justify light oil equivalent qualities in tire oil combustion characteristics were defined in the way of comparing kinetic viscosities in the wide range of temperature flame sizes and exhaust gas components in the various combustion conditions. We found that kinetic viscosity of tire oil was lower than light oil by 1 to 2 cSt in the temperature range showing better flowing mobility in the fuel line of the burner and no significant difference in flame size between the two oils in the all combustion treatments. However much more NO and SO$_2$ were detected from the exhaust gases of tire oil than light oil combustions. In fact tire oil contains more nitrogen and total sulfur, by 25 times and 40 times respectively than light oil according to the composition analysis. Tolerable limit for SO$_2$discharge amount defined by the national air pollution standards is under 540ppm so tire oil combustion satisfies the requirement though. It is desirable if sulfur and nitrogen filtering process shall be added in the tire oil production line. Except the exhaust gas components all greenhouse heating qualities of tire oil including hot air temperature are very identical to those of light oil.

• 한국수소및신에너지학회논문집
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• 제21권5호
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• pp.452-459
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• 2010

This study is aimed to investigate changes of combustion characteristics and heat efficiency when syngas from gasification process using low-rank fuel such as waste and/or biomass is applied partially to an industrial boiler. An experimental study on syngas co-combustion was performed in a 0.7 MW (1 ton steam/hr) water tube boiler using heavy oil as a main fuel. Three kinds of syngas were used as an alternative fuel: mixture gas of pure carbon monoxide and hydrogen, syngas of low calorific value generated from an air-blown gasification process, and syngas of high calorific value produced from an oxygen-blown gasification process. Effects of co-combustion ratio (0~20%) for each syngas on flue gas composition were investigated through syngas injection through the nozzles installed in the side wall of the boiler and measuring $O_2$, $CO_2$, CO and NOx concentrations in the flue gas. When syngas co-combustion was applied, injected syngas was observed to be burned completely and NOx concentration was decreased because nitrogen-containing-heavy oil was partially replaced by the syngas. However, heat efficiency of the boiler was observed to be decreased due to inert compounds in the syngas and the more significant decrease was found when syngas of lower calorific value was used. However, the decrease of the efficiency was under 10% of the heat replacement by syngas.

• 에너지공학
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• 제6권1호
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• pp.96-103
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• 1997

0.5~1.0톤/일 용량의 BSU급 분류층 가스화기에서 중국산 Datong탄에 대한 석탄가스화 특성실험을 하였다. 가스화기의 반응온도는 1300~155$0^{\circ}C$를 유지하였으며, 실험에 사용된 슬러리농도는 62.5wt% ($H_2O$/Coal=0.6)였다. 산소 및 슬러리는 버너에 주입되기전 예일을 실시하였으며 $O_2$/Coal의 공급비는 0.8~l.2를 유지하였다. 또한 슬러리의 점도를 낮추고 유동성을 향상시키기 위하여 첨가제로서 CWM 1002와 NaOH를 각각 0.3%와 0.05% 추가하였다. 석탄가스화 실험에서 측정된 생성기체는 주로 수소, 일산화탄소 및 이산화탄소로 구성되어 있으며 미량의 메탄도 생성되었다. 생성된 가스는 반응온도가 증가함에 따라 H$_2$와 CO의 생성량은 증가하는 반면 $CO_2$의 양은 감소하였다. 산소의 공급량이 증가함에 따라 $CO_2$의 생성량은 지속적으로 증가하고 CO 및 H$_2$의 생성량은 $O_2$/Coal의 비가 약 0.9에서 최대치를 나타낸 후 감소하였으며, 생성가스 발열량은 1700~2400 kcal/N㎥을 나타내었다.

• 대한환경공학회지
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• 제29권6호
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• pp.647-653
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• 2007

본 연구의 목적은 기존의 산업용 보일러에서 이산화탄소 배출저감을 위하여 연소가스 재순환에 의한 고온 순산소 연소기술을 개발하는데 있다. 이를 위해 실험실 규모의 LNG 연소기에서 연소 화염특성을 평가하기 위한 조직적인 수치해석 연구가 일차적으로 수행되었다. 특히 본 연구에서 고려한 중요한 변수는 산소부화환경에서 계산된 연소가스의 재순환 정도이다. 배기가스 재순환이 없는 100% 순산소 연소환경에서 화염은 고온의 길고 가는 층류형상의 화염을 보였다. 이는 산화제 중에서 질소성분이 감소함으로써 약화된 난류혼합효과와 $N_2$ 가스에 의한 현열손실의 감소에 기인하는 것으로 판단하였으며 문헌에 발표된 실험과 일치된 결과를 보였다. $O_2/CO_2$ 혼합가스에서 $CO_2$ 가스의 재순환율이 증가될수록 산화제의 유량 증가에 따른 강화된 난류혼합으로 인해 최고 화염온도가 버너 근처로 이동한 반면 전반적인 연소가스 온도는 $N_2$에 비해 $CO_2$의 높은 비열로 인해 낮아지는 현상을 보였다. 결국 80% 이상 $CO_2$ 가스를 재순환한 경우 연소가스의 온도가 급격하게 떨어지는 화염소멸 현상을 보여주었다. 그러나 30% $O_2/70%$ $CO_2$의 혼합 연소조건에서는 기존의 공기연소와 유사한 가스온도를 나타내었다. 이외에도 공기연소와 동일한 유량조건에서 난류강도와 열수지 측면에서 화염특성 변화를 평가하기 위한 면밀한 연구가 수행되었다.