• Nuclear Engineering and Technology
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• v.55 no.3
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• pp.895-901
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• 2023

Oxide-dispersion- strengthened nickel alloys with Hf additions are expected to present high temperature mechanical properties and durable helium resistance based on first-principles density functional theory (DFT) calculations. Energetic and charge density evaluations of the helium behaviors were performed in Ni matrix, Y₂Hf₂O₇ oxide and the oxide/matrix interface. With the presence of coherent Y₂Hf₂O₇ in Ni matrix, chances of helium bubbles in Ni can be greatly diminished. The helium atoms shall occupy the interfacial site initially, then diffuse into in the octahedral sites of Y₂Hf₂O₇, and these oxide-captured He atoms prefer to separate individually. Much higher diffusion barrier of He in Y₂Hf₂O₇ than in nickel is related to the strong hybridization between interstitial He-1s and nearest-neighboring O-2p orbitals.

• Transactions of Materials Processing
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• v.8 no.3
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• pp.265-265
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• 1999

The development of mechanical alloying (MA)-oxide dispersion strengthened (ODS) heat-resistant ferritic alloys of Fe-12%Cr with W, Ti and Y₂O₃additions were carried out. Fe-12%Cr alloys with 3%W, 0.4%Ti and 0.25% Y₂O₃additions showed a much finer and more uniform dispersion of oxide particles among the alloy system studied. Nano-sized oxides dispersed in the alloys suppress the grain growth during annealing at a high temperature and resulted in the remarkable improvement of creep strength. The oxide phase was identified as a complex oxide type of Y-Ti-O.

• Journal of Powder Materials
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• v.25 no.4
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• pp.327-330
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• 2018

This study is conducted as a preliminary research to verify the feasibility of Ti-based Oxide dispersion strengthened (ODS) alloy. Pure-Ti powder is mixed with $Y_2O_3$ powder and subsequently, mechanically alloyed at $-150^{\circ}C$. The Ti-based ODS powder is hot-isostatically pressed and subsequently hot-rolled for recrystallization. The microstructure consists of elongated grains and Y excess fine particles. The oxide particle size is larger than that of the typical Fe-based ODS steel. Tensile test shows that the tensile ductility is approximately 25%, while the strength is significantly higher than that of pure Ti. The high-temperature hardness of the Ti-ODS alloy is also significantly higher than that of pure Ti at all temperatures, while being lower than that of Ti-6Al-4V. The dimple structure is well developed, and no evidence of cleavage fracture surface is observed in the fracture surface of the tensile specimen.

• Korean Journal of Materials Research
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• v.27 no.9
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• pp.507-511
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• 2017

An optimum route to fabricate oxide dispersion strengthened ferritic superalloy with desired microstructure was investigated. Two methods of high energy ball milling or polymeric additive solution route for developing a uniform dispersion of $Y_2O_3$ particles in Fe-Cr-Al-Ti alloy powders were compared on the basis of the resulting microstructures. Microstructural observation revealed that the crystalline size of Fe decreased with increases in milling time, to values of about 15-20 nm, and that an FeCr alloy phase was formed. SEM and TEM analyses of the alloy powders fabricated by solution route using yttrium nitrate and polyvinyl alcohol showed that the nano-sized Y-oxide particles were well distributed in the Fe based alloy powders. The prepared powders were sintered at 1000 and $1100^{\circ}C$ for 30 min in vacuum. The sintered specimen with heat treatment before spark plasma sintering at $1100^{\circ}C$ showed a more homogeneous microstructure. In the case of sintering at $1100^{\circ}C$, the alloys exhibited densified microstructure and the formation of large reaction phases due to oxidation of Al.

• Nuclear Engineering and Technology
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• v.51 no.4
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• pp.1069-1074
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• 2019

A novel fabrication method of oxide dispersion strengthened (ODS) steel cladding tubes for advanced fast reactors has been investigated using the cold spray powder-based materials deposition process. Cold spraying has the potential advantage for rapidly fabricating ODS cladding tubes in comparison with the conventional multi-step extrusion process. A gas atomized spherical 14YWT (Fe-14%Cr, 3%W, 0.4%Ti, 0.2% Y, 0.01%O) powder was sprayed on a rotating cylindrical 6061-T6 aluminum mandrel using nitrogen as the propellant gas. The powder lacked the oxygen content needed to precipitate the nanoclusters in ODS steel, therefore this work was intended to serve as a proof-of-concept study to demonstrate that free-standing steel cladding tubes with prototypical ODS composition could be manufactured using the cold spray process. The spray process produced an approximately 1-mm thick, dense 14YWT deposit on the aluminum-alloy tube. After surface polishing of the 14YWT deposit to obtain desired cladding thickness and surface roughness, the aluminum-alloy mandrel was dissolved in an alkaline medium to leave behind a free-standing ODS tube. The as-fabricated cladding tube was annealed at $1000^{\circ}C$ for 1 h in an argon atmosphere to improve the overall mechanical properties of the cladding.

• Archives of Metallurgy and Materials
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• v.65 no.4
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• pp.1265-1268
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• 2020

In this study, the effects of adding niobium and vanadium to Fe-based oxide dispersion strengthened alloys are confirmed. The composition of alloys are Fe-20Cr-1Al-0.5Ti-0.5Y₂O₃ and Fe-20Cr-1Al-0.5Ti-0.3V-0.2Nb-0.5Y₂O₃. The alloy powders are manufactured by using a planetary mill, and these powders are molded by using a magnetic pulsed compaction. Thereafter, the powders are sintered in a tube furnace to obtain sintered specimens. The added elements exist in the form of a solid solution in the Fe matrix and suppress the grain growth. These results are confirmed via X-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscopy analyses of the phase and microstructure of alloys. In addition, it was confirmed that the addition of elements, improved the hardness property of Fe-based oxide dispersion strengthened alloys.

• Journal of Powder Materials
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• v.28 no.5
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• pp.389-395
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• 2021

Oxide dispersion-strengthened (ODS) steel has excellent high-temperature properties, corrosion resistance, and oxidation resistance, and is expected to be applicable in various fields. Recently, various studies on mechanical alloying (MA) have been conducted for the dispersion of oxide particles in ODS steel with a high number density. In this study, ODS steel is manufactured by introducing a complex milling process in which planetary ball milling, cryogenic ball milling, and drum ball milling are sequentially performed, and the microstructure and high-temperature mechanical properties of the ODS steel are investigated. The microstructure observation revealed that the structure is stretched in the extrusion direction, even after the heat treatment. In addition, transmission electron microscopy (TEM) analysis confirmed the presence of oxide particles in the range of 5 to 10 nm. As a result of the room-temperature and high-temperature compression tests, the yield strengths were measured as 1430, 1388, 418, and 163 MPa at 25, 500, 700, and 900℃, respectively. Based on these results, the correlation between the microstructure and mechanical properties of ODS steel manufactured using the composite milling process is also discussed.

• Journal of Powder Materials
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• v.26 no.2
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• pp.101-106
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• 2019

Ni-based oxide dispersion strengthened (ODS) alloys have a higher usable temperature and better high-temperature mechanical properties than conventional superalloys. They are therefore being explored for applications in various fields such as those of aerospace and gas turbines. In general, ODS alloys are manufactured from alloy powders by mechanical alloying of element powders. However, our research team produces alloy powders in which the $Ni_5Y$ intermetallic phase is formed by an atomizing process. In this study, mechanical alloying was performed using a planetary mill to analyze the milling behavior of Ni-based oxide dispersions strengthened alloy powder in which the $Ni_5Y$ is the intermetallic phase. As the milling time increased, the $Ni_5Y$ intermetallic phase was refined. These results are confirmed by SEM and EPMA analysis on microstructure. In addition, it is confirmed that as the milling increased, the mechanical properties of Ni-based ODS alloy powder improve due to grain refinement by plastic deformation.

• Journal of Powder Materials
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• v.25 no.1
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• pp.36-42
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• 2018

In order to expand the application of oxide dispersion-strengthened (ODS) steel, a composite material is manufactured by adding mechanically alloyed ODS steel powder to conventional steel and investigated in terms of microstructure and wear properties. For comparison, a commercial automobile part material is also tested. Initial microstructural observations confirm that the composite material with added ODS steel contains i) a pearlitic Fe matrix area and ii) an area with Cr-based carbides and ODS steel particles in the form of a $Fe-Fe_3C$ structure. In the commercial material, various hard Co-, Fe-Mo-, and Cr-based particles are present in a pearlitic Fe matrix. Wear testing using the VSR engine simulation wear test confirms that the seatface widths of the composite material with added ODS steel and the commercial material are increased by 24% and 47%, respectively, with wear depths of 0.05 mm and 0.1 mm, respectively. The ODS steel-added composite material shows better wear resistance. Post-wear-testing surface and cross-sectional observations show that particles in the commercial material easily fall off, while the ODS steel-added material has an even, smooth wear surface.

• Journal of Powder Materials
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• v.27 no.4
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• pp.311-317
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• 2020

In this study, the effects of Co content on the microstructure and Charpy impact properties of Fe-Cr-W ferritic/martensitic oxide dispersion strengthened (F/M ODS) steels are investigated. F/M ODS steels with 0-5 wt% Co are fabricated by mechanical alloying, followed by hot isostatic pressing, hot-rolling, and normalizing/tempering heat treatment. All the steels commonly exhibit two-phase microstructures consisting of ferrite and tempered martensite. The volume fraction of ferrite increases with the increase in the Co content, since the Co element considerably lowers the hardenability of the F/M ODS steel. Despite the lowest volume fraction of tempered martensite, the F/M ODS steel with 5 wt% Co shows the highest micro-Vickers hardness, owing to the solid solution-hardening effect of the alloyed Co. The high hardness of the steel improves the resistance to fracture initiation, thereby resulting in the enhanced fracture initiation energy in a Charpy impact test at - 40℃. Furthermore, the addition of Co suppresses the formation of coarse oxide inclusions in the F/M ODS steel, while simultaneously providing a high resistance to fracture propagation. Owing to these combined effects of Co, the Charpy impact energy of the F/M ODS steel increases gradually with the increase in the Co content.