• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.19 no.12
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• pp.1790-1798
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• 2006

Two experiments were conducted to investigate the effect of feeding cyanidin 3-glucoside (C3G) high black rice bran on nutrient digestibility, blood measurements, growth performance and pork quality of pigs. In Exp. I, a total of fifteen pigs (19.91${\pm}$1.80 kg, average initial body weight) were used in assay of nutrient digestibility and blood measurements. All pigs were allotted to 5 treatments with 3 replicates according to a completely randomized design (CRD) in an individual metabolic crate. Treatments included 1) CON: basal diet, 2) BRB-2: basal+brown rice bran 2%, 3) BRB-4: basal+brown rice bran 4%, 4) CRB-2: basal+C3G high black rice bran 2% and 5) CRB-4: basal+C3G high black rice bran 4%. The digestibility of dry matter (DM), crude protein (CP), crude fat (CF), crude ash (CA) and crude fiber (CF) was not affected by dietary treatments. Serum triglyceride (TG) and high density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol concentrations were not affected by addition of C3G high black rice bran. However, at the end of experiment, pigs fed rice bran showed decreased tendency in total cholesterol concentration. Especially pigs fed C3G high black rice bran showed significantly lower total cholesterol concentration compared to pigs fed brown rice bran (p<0.03). There was numerically lower total cholesterol concentration with increasing levels of black rice bran in the diet. In terms of serum glutamate oxaloacetate transaminase (GOT) and glutamate pyruvate transaminase (GPT), there were no significant differences among treatments, even though pigs fed CRB-4 showed the lowest GOT concentration compared to other pigs. In Exp. II, sixteen finishing pigs (average initial body weight 89.96${\pm}$0.35 kg) were divided into 4 treatments to investigate the effect of feeding C3G high black rice bran on growth performance and pork quality. There were no significant differences in average daily gain (ADG), average daily feed intake (ADFI) and feed conversion ratio (FCR) among the treatments. Pigs fed C3G high black rice bran showed numerical decrease in ADG and increase in FCR while not effecting feed intake. There was no significant difference in live weight, carcass weight, carcass rate, backfat thickness and carcass grade. However, pigs fed C3G high black rice bran tended to show lower backfat thickness than pigs fed basal diet. Pigs fed C3G high black rice bran showed a tendency of decreased TBA value than pigs fed basal diet, although there was no overall significant difference among treatments. In conclusion, nutrient digestibility, blood measurements, growth performance and pork quality were not significantly affected by feeding C3G high black rice bran to pigs. However, C3G high black rice bran might have an effect on lowering serum total cholesterol and decrease the TBA value in pork compared to control group and these effects might be due to high concentration of antioxidative compounds in C3G high black rice bran.

• Proceedings of the Korea Society of Poultry Science Conference
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• 2001.11a
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• pp.24-39
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• 2001

These experiments were conducted to evaluate the nutritional and feeding value of red pepper seed oil meal (RPSOM) as local vegetable protein ingredients for poultry feeding. In the first experiment, nutritional values of RPSOM were evaluated by analyzing chemical compositions and determining true metabolizable energy (TME), nitrogen corrected TME (TMEn) and true available amino acid (TAAA) contents. According to the chemical analysis, RPSOM contained 22.50％ of crude protein, 4.75％ of ether extract, 27.70％ of crude fiber, 0.34 mg／g of capsaicin and 49.97 ppm of xanthophylls. The values of TME and TMEn determined by force-feeding 16 roosters (ISA-Brown) were 1.73 kcal／g and 1.63 kcal／g on dry matter basis, respectively. The average TAAA value of 16 amino acids measured by the force－feeding technique was 81.70％. These values were used for formulating experimental diets containing various levels of RPSOM for broiler chicks and laying hens. Two feeding trials were made to investigate the effects of dietary incorporation of RPSOM into chicken feed performances of broiler chicks and laying hens. In the broiler feeding (Exp. 2), a total of two hundred twenty-five, 4 wk old male broiler chicks (Ross) were randomly divided into 9 groups of 25 birds each and assigned to three experimental diets containing 0, 5 and 10% RPSOM. The birds were fed ad libitum the diets for 3 wk and feed intake, weight gain and feed conversion rate were determined. At the end of the feeding, the blood levels of glutamate oxaloacetate transaminase (GOT), gamma glutamyl transpeptidase (GGT), blood urea nitrogen (BUN) and cholesterol, and the body and fatty acid compositions of leg muscle were measured. No significant differences were observed in weight gain, feed intake, feed conversion rate, body composition, serum levels of GOT, GGT and BUN among the treatments. However, blood cholesterol level was lower (P＜0.05) in 10% RPSOM diet group than those in the other. The dietary RPSOM at 5 and 10% levels increased the content of linoleic acid (P＜0.05) in leg muscle compared to that of control group. The results indicate that RPSOM can be used for broiler feed up to 10% without any significant negative effects on broiler performance. In the layer feeding (Exp. 3), the effects of dietary RPSOM on the performances of laying hen were investigated by feeding ninety 45 wk old laying hens (ISA-Brown) with experimental diets containing 0, 5 and 10% RPSOM for 4 wk (30 birds per treatment). Measurements were made on egg production rate, egg weight, feed intake, Haugh unit, egg shell strength which was higher (P＜0.05) in layers fed 10% RPSOM diet compared to those fed 0 and 5% RPSOM diets. Thus, it can be concluded that RPSOM can be included into laying hen feed up to 10% without any harmful effects.

• Korean Journal of Animal Reproduction
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• v.3 no.2
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• pp.32-41
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• 1979

A series of experiment was conducted to determine the concentrations of progesterone and estradiol and metabolite contents in the serum of 26 Korean native cows raised at Alpine Experiment Station during the period of late pregnancy. Blood samples were collected by jugular puncture from individual cow at 5 day intervals from 30 days prepartum to 5 days prepartum and daily collected from 5 days prepartum to the day of parturition. Progesterone and estradiol concentrations in the serum were analyzed by Radioimmunoassay (R.I.A) method and serum metabolite contents were analyzed by autoanalzer MT II system. The following are summary of the results obtained: 1. Progresterone concentrations during the late preganacy were maintained at high level (5.12-11.70ng/$m\ell$) from 30 days prepartum to 8 days prepartum and fell rapidly from 5.12$\pm$1.07ng/$m\ell$ at 2 dyas prepartum to 1.48$\pm$0.32ng/$m\ell$ at 24 hrs prepartum. 2. Estradiol levles during the late pregancy increased gradually from 33.76$\pm$13.64pg/$m\ell$ at 30 days prepartum to 92.15$\pm$11.91pg/$m\ell$ at 11-15 days prepartum and increased thereafter sharply to a ranges of 161.76-238.4pg/$m\ell$ and were maintained at this increased levle until 24 hrs prepartum and decreased to 91.40pg/$m\ell$ at the parturition. 3. The correlation coefficients were found to be 0.2440 for cholesterol-progesterone relationship and -0.2552 for cholesterol-estradiol relationship, but there were statistically insignificant. 4. The changes in total protein contents during the late pregnancy were similar patterns to those of globulin and were maintained at high level only from 15 days to 5 days prepartum. 5. Glutamic oxaloacetate transaminase (GOT) levels were increased from 59.80$\pm$3.56u/$\ell$ at 90 days prepartum to 93.32$\pm$7.27u/$\ell$ at the day of parturition, but alkaline phosphatase levels were remained steady. 6. The levels of blood urea nitrogen, glucose and calcium remained almost constant during the late pregnancy. However, glucose concentration increased around the time of parturition.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.14 no.2
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• pp.215-220
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• 2004

We investigated the anti-inflammatory effects of aqueous extract of Artemisia capillaris Thunb. (AEAC), a traditional Korean herb for remedying liver disease, for suppression in the process of lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced inflammation in the liver of rat. Level of glutamate oxaloacetate transaminase (GOT), glutamate pyruvate transaminase (GPT) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) was increased in the serum of LPS-treated rats compared to normal, however, in the rats pretreated with AEAC, the increase of GOT, GPT and LDH value was arrested. More severe histological changes of liver such as cloudy swelling, hydropic degeneration, Kupffer cell reaction and inflammatory cells infiltration were demonstrated in the rats challenged with LPS compared with normal. Fewer scores of these changes were observed in rats pretreated with AEAC. Immunohistochemical analysis showed that while the expression of the nuclear factor (NF)-kBp65, inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-$\alpha$ and COX (cyclooxygenase)-2 tended to increase, that of inhibitory (I)-kBa was decreased in the hepatocytes of rats challenged with LPS. A slight decline of NF-kBp65, TNF-$\alpha$ and COX-2, but increase of I-kB$\alpha$ were observed in the hepatocytes of the rats pretreated with AEAC. These results suggest that AEAC may act as a therapeutic agent for liver disease through a regulation of inflammation-related proteins.

• Korean Journal of Acupuncture
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• v.18 no.1
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• pp.65-80
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• 2001

Effects of $LR_3$(太衝), $GB_{39}$(懸鍾) and $SP_4$(公孫) acupuncture on lipid composition were investigated in rat fed high fat diet. The results obtained from this study are as follows : 1. In the all treatment groups, the body weight values after feeding the basal diet for 4 weeks were significantly decreased compared to the initial body weight. However the decrement of body weight showed a high in acupuncture groups compared to those of control group. In the acupuncture groups, the decrement of body weight showed a high in the $LR_3$ acupuncture groups. 2. The contents of plasma ${\beta}$-lipoprotein and free fatty acids showed a tendency to decrease in the acupuncture groups compared to those of control group and the values of $LR_3$ acupuncture groups showed a low in the acupuncture groups. 3. The contents of plasma triglyceride showed a low values in the complex treatment group of $LR_3,\;GB_{39}$ and $SP_4$. However among the other treatment groups, this values showed no significantly different. The contents of liver triglyceride showed a tendency to decrease in all acupuncture groups except to the complex treatment group of $GB_{39}$ and $SP_4$ acupuncture and in the acupuncture groups, $LR_3$ acupuncture groups were lower than $GB_{39}$ and $SP_4$ acupuncture groups. 4. The contents of plasma glucose showed a tendency to decrease by the acupuncture treatment and $LR_3$ acupuncture groups showed a lower values than other acupuncture groups. 5. In the values of plasma glutamic oxaloacetate transferase activity, $LR_3$ acupuncture group and the complex treatment group of $LR_3,\;GB_{39}$ and $SP_4$ acupuncture were a lower values than other treatment groups and among the other treatment groups showed no significantly different. The values of plasma glutamic pyruvate transferase activity showed no significantly different among all the treatment groups. 6. Contents of plasma and liver total cholesterol showed a tendency to decrease in $LR_3$ acupuncture groups. However those of the other groups showed no significantly different. 7. In the contents of plasma LDL-cholesterol, $LR_3$ acupuncture groups were a lower values than other groups, however among the other groups showed no significantly different. The contents of plasma HDL-cholesterol showed a tendency to increase in the acupuncture groups, however these values showed no significantly different.

• Korean Journal of Medicinal Crop Science
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• v.10 no.1
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• pp.29-36
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• 2002

Epimedium koreanum Nakai(EKN) has traditionally been well-known as a herbal medicine for the promotion of stamina and the improving sexual activity of human in oriental countries including Korea and China. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of dietary supplementation of EKN water-extract(0.025%,w/v) on age-related change of xenobiotic metabolizing system in rat liver. Long-term supply of the EKN extract to rats did not induce any discernible signs. However, the mass of liver and kidney were slightly increased by the dietary supplementation. Level of cytochrome P450, NADPH cytochrome P450 reductase, P450 dependent ethoxycoumarin O-deethylase benzphetamine N-demethylase and glutathione-S-transferase in liver were decreased with age, but, these activities in 24 months of age were declined more in rats supplied with EKN extract. Level of cytochrome b5 and NADH-cytochrome b5 reductase were also decreased with age, however, there was no significant difference between with and without EKN extract. These results indicate that long-term supplementation of EKN extract to rats from weaning to 24 months may be a burden on the liver function in old age, and may aggregate the decline of xenobiotic metabolizing enzymes activities in old age.

• Journal of the East Asian Society of Dietary Life
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• v.24 no.3
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• pp.325-334
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• 2014

The effects of aloe on liver function and lipid metabolic disorders induced by alcohol consumption were studied in rats using aloe power (0.25%, 0.5%, 1%) and 10% ethanol. 35 Sprague-Dawley (male, 4 weeks old) rats were divided into five groups and fed experimental diets for six weeks. Body weights of rats tended to be lower in all alcohol supplemented groups than in the control. Food intakes and dry feces per day were significantly lower in all alcohol supplemented groups than in the control. Atherogenic indices (AI) were highest in the alcohol group and decreased in proportion with aloe amount. Serum triglyceride level was significantly higher in the alcohol group than in the control, but tended to be lower in the aloe supplemented groups. In relation to liver function, glutamate oxaloacetate transaminase (GOT), glutamate pyruvate transaminase (GPT), and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activities tended to be higher in the alcohol groups than in the control, but lower in the aloe groups, especially in the alcohol+0.5% AO group. The levels of liver cholesterol were significantly lower in the alcohol group than in the control and aloe supplemented groups. In the histochemical evaluation, fat droplets appeared extensively on the liver-lobule in the alcohol group, whereas they decreased slightly in the alcohol+0.25% AO group and apparently disappeared in the alcohol +0.5% AO. On the other hand, fat droplets appeared again on the liver-lobule in the alcohol+1% AO group, but were reduced compared with the alcohol group. Regarding the fatty acid composition of adipose tissue triglycerides, the level of linoleic acid (18:2) was significantly higher in the aloe supplemented group. Regarding the fatty acid composition of liver phosphatidylcholine (PC), the level of linoleic acid was higher in the alcohol group and alcohol+1% AO group than the other groups. In contrast, the level of arachidonic acid was significantly lower in the alcohol group. As a result, arachidonic / linoleic acid ratios were significantly lower in the alcohol group compared to the control group, whereas the ratios of the aloe supplemented groups were similar to that of the control group. Therefore, aloe had some beneficial effects on lipid metabolic disorders induced by alcohol and affected desaturation of fatty acids.

• Journal of Aquaculture
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• v.16 no.4
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• pp.267-272
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• 2003

This study investigated sex determination through serum steroid hormone level and compared hematological characteristics of one-year old cultured eels, Anguilla japonica. Four different groups were divided with total length at 40∼45, 45∼50, 50∼55, and 55∼60 cm. Males dominated eels of 40∼50 cm in total length group, while females dominated eels of more than 50 cm. All females and males were immature. Hematocrit levels of males (total length: 40∼50 cm) were higher than those of females (total length: 50∼60 cm). Hemoglobin content also differed between males and females. Glutamate oxaloacetate transaminase (GOT) levels of 40∼45 cm males tended to be higher (157$\pm$3.46 IU/L) than that of other sized males, but there were no significant differences between groups (P<0.05). The highest GOT levels were found in of 55∼60 cm females (148$\pm$3.46 IU/L) compared with that of other female groups (P<0.05). Glutamate pyruvate transaminase (GPT) levels of males and females in the 55∼60 cm size range was significantly higher thanothers (P<0.05). The result of this study indicated steroid hormone content of males and females were very low, but testosterone (T) and estradiol-17$\beta$, (E2) contents of females were higher than those of males. For further research of sex determination in cultured eels, it needs to investigate in more defined body length.

• KSBB Journal
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• v.22 no.2
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• pp.73-77
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• 2007

The effects of Fucoidan extracted from Ulva lactuca on carbon tetrachloride ($CCI_4$)-induced dysfunction in $CCI_4$-posttreated rats were investigated. Ulva lactuca fucoidan (ULF) of 100 mg/kg concentration was intraperitoneally administered into rats at dose of 1 ml/kg for 14 days. On the day 15, 3.3 ml/kg of $CCI_4$ dissolved in olive oil (1 : 1) was injected 12 hours before anesthetization. We examined the levels of glutamate oxaloacetate transaminase (GOT), glutamate pyruvate transaminase (GPT) in serum of rats, superoxide dismutase (SOD) in mitochondrial fraction and catalase (CAT), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), malondialdehyde (MDA) in liver of rats. SOD, CAT, GPx decreased, and GOT, GPT, MDA increased in the $CCI_4$-treated group. But SOD, CAT, GPx increased, and GOP, GPT, MDA decreased in the ULF and $CCI_4$-treated group. These results showed that ULF had the protective effects on the liver dysfunction of $CCI_4$-treated rats.

• Journal of Radiation Protection and Research
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• v.18 no.2
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• pp.37-45
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• 1993

Enzyme activity changes in rat blood as biochemical indicator useful for evaluating exposure dose were experimentally studied. The experimental results obtained are as follows: 1) Alkaline phosphatase activities increased in the blood serum until 24 hours after 0.1, 0.25, 0.5, 2 and 4Gy irradiation and its activities returned normal condition after 72 hours of post-irradiation. Creatine kinase activities increased in the blood serum until 72 hours after 2 and 4Gy irradiation but any significant activity changes were not detected after 0.1, 0.25Gy irradiation. 2) Malate dehydrogenase activities did not reveal available changes after 0.1, 0.25, 0.5 Gy irradiation and lactate dehynrogenase activities decreased in the blood serum after 0.1, 0.25, 0.5 Gy irradiation.3) Glutamate oxaloacetate transaminase activity changes were detected in the blood serum after 0.1, 0.25, 0.5, 2, 4Gy(0.1Gy/min.) and GOT activities increased after 0.5, 1, 1.5, 2, 3, 5, 7Gy(0.5Gy/sec.). Any acid phosphatase activities were detected in the blood serum after 0.1, 0.25, 0.5, 2, 4Gy(0.1Gy/min.) and 0.5, 1, 1.5, 2, 3, 5, 7Gy(0.5 Gy/sec.) irradiation. Potentially some of these enzymes can be used as indicator protein for radiation injury. Futher investigation is needed to find better biochemical indicators utilizing recent know-ledge and techniques of biochemistry.