• Korean Journal of Pharmacognosy
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• v.48 no.4
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• pp.329-338
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• 2017

This study was investigated the changes of quality stability and physicochemical characteristics of the Korean red ginsengs stored for a long times over 20 years. The Korean red ginsengs were stored for 4 to 22 years in canned packaging with polypropylene film and wooden box at room temperatures. The unusal phenomena such as discoloration and pin hole in packaging were not observed. General bacteria showed the vlaues of below 100 CFU/g, coliform groups and molds were not found in any samples stored for 22 year. Any samples also were not detected in mycotoxins. The contents of moisture, ash and crude saponin were the levels of 10.6~11.1%, 3.8~4.2% and 4.1~4.7% during the whole storage periods, respectively. The contents of maltol, which has been known as characteristic flavour and antioxidant of Korean red ginseng, showed remarkably increasing tendency from 0.10 mg/g for 4 years to 2.53 mg/g for 22 years during the storage. The contents of AFG (arginyl-fructosyl-glucose), arginine and free sugar were slightly decreased. Acidic polysaccharide and ginsenoside were not changed significantly during the storage periods. The contents of acidic polysaccharide and total ginsenosides were the 75.1~76.3 mg/g and 15.1~16.6 mg/g, respectively. The sums of ginsenoside-Rg1,-Rb1 and -Rg3s were the ranges of 9.3~9.9 mg/g and PD (ginsenoside-Rb1, -Rb2,-Rc,-Rd,-Rg3s,-Rg3r)/PT (ginsenoside-Rg1,-Rg2,-Re,-Rf,-Rh1) saponin ratios were the levels of 1.4~1.5. These results suggest that Korean red ginsengs stored for long periods show relatively stable quaility stabilities and not significantly changed the contents of ginsenoside and polysaccharide during the storage up to 22 years.

• The Korean Journal of Ecology
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• v.27 no.2
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• pp.67-71
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• 2004

This study was carried out to evaluate soil carbon and nutrient storage of three adjacent coniferous plantations (Larix leptolepis, Pinus densiflora and Pinus rigitaeda) growing on a similar site with a same planting age (42-year old) in the Sambong Exhibition Forests, Hamyang-gun, Gyungsangnam-do. The soil carbon concentration among three plantations was not significantly different in 0∼10cm soil depth, but other two depths (10∼20cm and 20∼30cm) showed higher carbon concentration in P. densiflora plantation than the other two plantations. The exchangeable cation concentrations (Ca and Mg) in 0∼10cm depth were significantly lower in L. leptolepis plantation than in the other two plantations, while nitrogen and phosphorus concentrations were not significantly different among three plantations except for nitrogen at 10∼20cm depth in P. rigitaeda plantation. Soil carbon storage in 0∼20cm depth of three plantations was unaffected by the stand types. Soil nutrient storage was not significantly different at each depth except for nitrogen storage at 10∼20cm depth in P. rigitaeda plantation because of the variation of bulk density and coarse fragment. This result demonstrates that soil carbon and nutrient concentrations among the plantations on a similar soil condition can be altered significantly by tree species effects over 40 years after plantation establishment.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.49 no.2
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• pp.82-88
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• 2004

The objective of this study was to determine the role of storing years with the variation of total phenol and individual phenolic compounds in soybean (Glycine max L.) seeds. The total phenol content varied from 0.36 to 0.42% over four years, with the highest value (0.42%) found at storage for two and three years. Among the nine soybean varieties examined, Daweonkong had the highest total average phenol content (0.58%). The total content of 11 phenolics varied from 730.0 to 1812.8 $\mu\textrm{g}\;\textrm{g}^{-1}$ over storage for four years, and the highest concentration (1812.8 $\mu\textrm{g}\;\textrm{g}^{-1}$) was found at storage for two years. Myeongjunamulkong (1465.4 $\mu\textrm{g}\;\textrm{g}^{-1}$) had the highest mean content among the nine soybean varieties. The total content of 11 phenolic compounds measured in this study occupied from 20.96 to 47.73% of the total phenol contents. The highest total phenol contents were in seeds with black coats (5279.4 $\mu\textrm{g}\;\textrm{g}^{-1}$), while the highest concentration of individual phenolic compounds were in seeds with green coats (1419.5 $\mu\textrm{g}\;\textrm{g}^{-1}$). Our study suggests that it may be feasible to improve soybean varieties with high functional substances such as phenolic compounds.

• Journal of the Korea Institute of Military Science and Technology
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• v.19 no.3
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• pp.311-318
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• 2016

This paper shows storage life estimation of next IR(infrared) flare material through accelerated degradation tests. Three temperature conditions for the accelerated degradation tests are 55, 65 and $75^{\circ}C$. Six performances of IR flare material are burning time, IR peak/continuous Intensity, total energy of near/mid-IR and color ratio, and they were measured after the tests. Storage life of the IR flare material was estimated through both analyzing the degradation data of those performances and applying distribution-based degradation models to the data. Over 30 years of storage life at $20^{\circ}C$ is estimated in terms of IR peak intensity with reliability 0.99 and confidence level 99 %. Additionally, 10 years of storage period at $21^{\circ}C$ would be equivalent to 68 days of accelerated test at $65^{\circ}C$ from the activation energy in Arrhenius model.

• The Korean Journal of Food And Nutrition
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• v.12 no.4
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• pp.409-414
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• 1999

In order to investigate the changes of rice qualities during 4 years storage of paddy stored in ware-house of normal temperature condition. Temperature in warehouse was changed more than 3$0^{\circ}C$ under the influence of average temperature outside of a warehouse. Water content of paddy was not increased over 15% But as average temperature in warehouse was gone up 18$^{\circ}C$ from June to September every years it was supposed that these periods were to be deterioration of rice quality. On investigation of change in paddy it was supposed that these periods were to be deterioration of rice quality. On investigation of change in paddy components during the long term storage, reducing, sugar, amylose, crude protein were increased 0.24%, 19.23%, 7.02% at enterance time to 0.5%, 20.31% 7.46% 4 years later respectively. Max viscosity final visocity and set back value by amylograph were increased 449B,U 610B.U, 161B.U to 493B.U, 715B,U 222B.U but breakdown was decreased 125B.U to 76B.U with the increase of storage period. Gel consistency of rice stored was decreased 44.7mm at enterance time to 39,9mm 4years later. Fatty acid was increased remarkably 4.5KOHmg/100g to 24.4KOHmg/100g. Germination ratio and germ activity of paddy during long-term storage were decreased 97%, 100% to 0%, 0.4% respectively, With the increase of storage period contaminated paddy by molds increased and its by bacteria decreas-ed.

• Journal of the Korean Home Economics Association
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• v.25 no.2
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• pp.1-11
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• 1987

The purpose of the study is to researdch clothing consumer behavior of men and women over age of 20 years and to find out the reasonable maximum utility on clothing behavior. The factors are eight distinguished parts such as sex, age, monthly income, occupation, floor space, number of room, number of family and place of residence. A common questionaire is introduced to survey the clothing consumption activity and the home background. Sources to measure them are gathered in the whole country including major cities. The questionaire of 915 correspondents of 368 males and 547 females is investigated for this research. Some of the data are analyzed by correlation, frequency, percentage, mean, and S.D. Others are investigated by ANOVA Test, x2-Test, and Multiple Range Test. The results from the survey are as followings: 1. Only four factors such as sex, monthly income, occupation, and floor space have a significance in the clothing consumption activity. 2. This survey reveals that many cloths have been kept in dead storage and concerns of utility have risen high. 3. This survey has shown that the correspondents have deep concerns about using colthing exchange store, clothing lending store, and trunk room to utilize dead storage clothing efficiently.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.99 no.5
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• pp.673-681
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• 2010

This study examined the biomass data estimated from different allometric models and calculated the mean aboveground biomass, mean belowground biomass and root/shoot ratio values according to the forest types and age classes. These mean values and the forest inventories in 2009 were used to estimate the aboveground and total biomass carbon storage in different forest types (coniferous, deciduous and mixed forests). The aboveground and total biomass carbon storage for all forest types in Korea were 350.201 Tg C and 436.724 Tg C. Over the past 36 years, plantations by reforestation programs have accounted for more than 70% of the observed carbon storage. The carbon storage in Korean forest biomass was 436.724 Tg C, of which 175.154 Tg C for coniferous forests, 126.772 Tg C for deciduous forests and 134.518 Tg C for mixed forests, comprising approximately 1/20 of the total carbon storage of the East Asian countries. The total carbon storage for the whole forest sector in Korea was 1213.122 Tg C, of which 436.724 Tg C is stored in forest biomass if using the ratio of carbon storage in different pools examined from the United States. Such large carbon storage in Korean forests is due mainly to active plantations growth and management practices.

• Advances in environmental research
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• v.2 no.1
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• pp.9-17
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• 2013

Urine is a widely used matrix in biomonitoring studies on the assessment of human exposure to environmental chemicals such as phthalate esters and bisphenol A (BPA). In addition to the need to apply valid analytical techniques, assurance of specimen integrity during collection and storage is an important prerequisite for the presentation of accurate and precise analytical data. One of the common issues encountered in the analysis of non-persistent contaminants is whether shipping and storage temperature and time since collection have an effect on sample integrity. In this study, we investigated the stability of phthalate metabolites and BPA in spiked and unspiked urine samples stored at room temperature ($20^{\circ}C$) or at $-80^{\circ}C$ for up to 8 weeks. Concentrations of phthalate metabolites declined, on average, by 3% to 15%, depending on the compounds, and BPA declined by ~30% after 4 weeks of storage of spiked urine samples at $20^{\circ}C$. In a test of 30 unspiked urine samples stored at $20^{\circ}C$ and at $-80^{\circ}C$ for 8 weeks, the concentrations of phthalate metabolites and BPA decreased by up to 15% to 44%, depending on the compound and on the samples. It was found that the small reduction in phthalate concentrations observed in urine, varied depending on the samples. In a few urine samples, concentrations of phthalate metabolites and BPA did not decline even after storage at $20^{\circ}C$ for 8 weeks. We found a significant relationship between concentrations of target analytes in urine stored at $20^{\circ}C$ and at $-80^{\circ}C$ for 8 weeks. We estimated the half-lives of phthalate metabolites and BPA in urine stored at $20^{\circ}C$. The estimated half-life of monoethyl phthalate (mEP) and mono (2-ethyl-5-carboxyphentyl) phthalate (mECPP) in urine stored at $20^{\circ}C$ was over two years, of mono (2-ethyl-5-oxohexyl) phthalate (mEOHP) and monobenzyl phthalate (mBzP) was approximately one year, and of other phthalate metabolites was approximately 6 months. The estimated half-life of BPA in urine stored at $20^{\circ}C$ was approximately 3 months, which is much longer than that reported for aquatic ecosystems.

• Journal of Korean Society on Water Environment
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• v.39 no.1
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• pp.20-29
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• 2023

This study analyzed the relationship between harmful cyanobacterial abundance and environmental factors in order to figure out the causes of the recent increase of cyanobacteria in Lake Dukdong from 2019 to 2021. Lake Dukdong, which is used as a drinking water source for Gyeongju City, has an algae alert system in place. Lake Dukdong has maintained good water quality, but algae alert level 1 (over 1,000 cells/mL) has been issued in recent years. As a result of Pearson correlation analysis (from May to Oct.), the cell density of Microcystis and Aphanizomenon, which form part of the most harmful cyanobacteria genus, were significantly positively correlated with the water temperature and water storage volume. T-test was performed to compare the data from 2016-2018 and 2019-2021 (from May to Oct.). The average density of harmful cyanobacteria cells increased about six-fold from 54 to 344 cells/mL. There were significant differences in water temperature, pH, total nitrogen (TN), total phosphorus (TP), TN/TP ratio, water storage volume, and cyanobacterial cell density. Water temperature increased from 19.2 to 22.8 ℃. TP concentration increased from 0.017 to 0.028 mg/L. The main cause of the recent increase of harmful cyanobacteria in Lake Dukdong is thought to be the increase in water temperature, TP concentration, and water storage volume from 2019 and 2021, resulting in more favorable conditions for cyanobacterial growth.

• Advances in concrete construction
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• v.15 no.1
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• pp.63-74
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• 2023

All production and consumption activities produce wastes, which often cause damage to our environment and multiple risks to the human health. The valorization of these wastes in concrete technology is a future solution that will allow finding other construction materials sources, optimizing energy consumption and protecting the environment. Among these wastes, there is the marble waste. Every year, huge amount of marble waste is discarded as dust or aggregates form, in open-air storage areas causing serious problems for the environment and public health. In this context, the incorporation of marble waste as a replacement of ordinary aggregates or cement in concrete composition is actively investigated by researchers. This paper presents a comprehensive review of published studies over the last 20 years, dealing the effect of marble waste on fresh and hardened properties of concrete. Most of the studies carried out have used marble waste as dust with substitution rates between 5 and 20%. Besides the economic and ecological benefits, this review showed that marble waste can improve the physical, mechanical and durability properties of concrete. This improvement depends on the form (dust, fine aggregate or coarse aggregate), substitution method (as cement or aggregates replacement) and substitution rate of marble waste. Additionally, the review results showed that the use of 10-15% of marble waste dust as cement substitution can lead to increase the compressive strength.