• Journal of Korean Society for Atmospheric Environment
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• v.6 no.1
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• pp.73-84
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• 1990

The study was carried out to investigate the extent of indoor air pollution in living rooms of apartment houses(residential area) and offices(traffic area A : no smoking space, B : smoking space) in Seoul and to determine the health significance of indoor air pollution. Indoor and outdoor concentrations of major air pollutants were observed simultaneously from February 13 to 17, and July 24 to 28, 1988. The concentrations of carbon monoxide(CO), nitrogen oxides(NOx), sulfur dioxide($SO_2$), carbon dioxide($CO_2$) and total suspended particulate(TSP) in living room and offices were measured and the results were summarized as follows: 1. Both in summer and in winter, the indoor concentrations of CO, $CO_2$, and TSP in offices were higher than the outdoor concentrations, on the other hand, $SO_2$ was higher in the outdoors and NOx was lower than the outdoor concentration only in office A where smoking is not permitted. 2. The indoor and outdoor pollution of offices in winter was significantly higher than that in summer, and the concentrations of CO, NOx and $SO_2$ in indoor and outdoor air in living room in winter were also higher than those in summer. These results suggest that indoor levels of air pollutants are affected by smoking and winter heating systems.

• KIEAE Journal
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• v.10 no.4
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• pp.137-145
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• 2010

Active sunlighting systems have been applied to deliver sunlight into the indoor space where natural light is insufficient, mainly because of the congested high-rise buildings in urban areas. Among various active sunlighting systems, a mirror sunlighting system which is simple structure and economically reasonable has been widely used in different types of spaces such as underground, north facing place and atrium. This study was to evaluate the mirror sunlighting systems, which were consisted of the first mirror of $3.5m{\times}2.5m$, the eight sets of the second mirrors of $1.0m{\times}1.25m$ and a sun tracker. Ten sets of the systems were installed for 40 apartment living rooms, the configuration of $3.5m(W){\times}4.0m(D){\times}2.5m(H)$ where sunlighting were not possible due to high retaining walls located in the front of the living rooms. The 45 HOBO data logger sensors for the indoor illuminance were equipped and 2 Li-cor photometers for outdoor illuminance. Both indoor and outdoor horizontal illuminances were monitored every second from 9am to 3pm on 17 January 2010 under clear sky condition. The results showed that the indoor illuminance of installed mirror sunlighting system was significant relationship with outdoor illuminance and increased the indoor illuminance level by 4.2 times on the whole floor space, by 8 times on the sun patch space of 6m2 and even by 2 times on the no sun patch space. In addition, the luminous conditions of the living room under real sky conditions met the KS recommendation for difficult task (600-1000-1500 lux) such as sewing and reading on whole floor space and sun patch space. It was proved that the benefits of mirror sunlighting systems included an effective technology for penetrating daylight into indoors where sunlighting was not possible and improving occupants' satisfaction and health, and contributing to energy saving in apartments during daytime.

• Journal of the Korean housing association
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• v.15 no.2
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• pp.87-96
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• 2004

In this study, we analyzed the state of outdoor-space use and green-environment development for apartment residents, and investigated their ways of thinking on nature orientation and green environment. The results are as follows. 1) The ways of thinking and actual use of outdoor space by apartment residents appear different. 2) Due to the difference of apartment locations and complex environments, the state and reason of green environment construction are different between the residents of high-rise and low-storied apartments. 3) The residents of the low-storied apartments are more satisfied with the green environments of the complex than those of the high-rise apartments. In addition, constructing the green environment in a balcony and outdoor space enhances the satisfaction level of the apartment residents. 4) The residents of the low-storied apartments are passive in nature orientation, while those of the high-rise apartments are active. 5) Depending on the types of nature orientation, the apartment residents are grouped as 'people of nature experience', 'nature appreciators', or 'people of living-thing contact'. These groups show different patterns on the ways of thinking for outdoor space and green environment.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Safety
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• v.24 no.2
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• pp.100-104
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• 2009

In this study, the space gamma dose rates in the apartments structured with concrete were measured in accordance with construction year. In addition, the environmental radiation rates coming from the subway platforms and the road tunnels were analyzed in the equivalent dose by multiplying the absorbed dose with the radiation weighting factors. The space gamma dose rates measured in apartments were higher than those of outdoor which was $0.08{\sim}0.11uSv/h$ in the natural conditions. Especially, the older construction year is, the higher becomes space gamma dose rate. The average gamma dose rates in the subway platforms were measured. In the case of Busan and Daegu subway, the earlier the opening year is, the higher becomes dose rate. However, the dose rates of Seoul subway Lines were high overall, regardless of opening year. Seoul subway Line 6 showed the highest value of 0.21uSv/h. The gamma dose rate in road tunnels was higher than one of the outdoor and increased with opening year like as apartment. In dose rate comparison of the concrete structures with the outdoor, therefore, the space gamma dose rate of indoor is higher than one of the outdoor and the older structures have a higher dose rate.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.17 no.3
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• pp.668-676
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• 2016

This study reviewed the planning characteristics of contemporary Japanese middle school architecture on which related studies are insufficient, aiming to obtain new ideas for planning Korean middle school facilities. Fourteen case schools built after 1990s were selected and analyzed. They were divided into learning-living space and other major spaces. The planning characteristics of the case schools are summarized as follows 1) The case schools were classified into two categories, departmentalized classroom type (D type) and usual with variation type (UV type) by school system. These categories can also be the classification standard for basic architectural characteristics in learning and living space of case schools. 2) D type case schools have departmentalized classrooms, home base, media space and teacher's space for learning-living space. D type case schools are divided into 'attached-to-classroom type' and 'separate type' depending on the adjacency of the home base and departmentalized classroom. 3) UV type case schools have multipurpose space around the classroom for learning-living space and can be divided into two types, i.e., 'directly adjacent' and 'separate', depending on the connectivity to classroom of multipurpose room. 4) Specialized classrooms are designed to have the openness to the public and the own characteristics of school subjects strengthened and show the spatial differentiation with connected ancillary spaces. 5) Libraries are designed as complex zones grouped with computer labs, audio visual rooms and multipurpose halls not as a single room and as open plan not with a closed wall. 6) The gymnasium is the basic sports facility with a martial arts room and outdoor pool, which are for after-school activities as well as physical education class. 7) The terrace, balcony and outdoor stairs are frequently used architectural vocabularies as diverse outdoor spaces with a variety of functions.

• Journal of the Korean housing association
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• v.13 no.5
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• pp.31-42
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• 2002

This comparative study between Korean and German housings aims at understanding different structural systems in the indoor and outdoor spaces, depending upon the user′s perception of the socio-cultural attributes. The analysis starts with four alternative contrary assumptions, that appear in morphological forms of dwelling; 1) linear distribution vs. areal distribution of residential districts, 2) mirror system vs. comb system in the layout of plot plans 3) organization of front vs. back outdoor spaces and 4) opening vs. closing in the indoor spaces. A clear difference is found between Korean and German samples in view of public and private relationships between indoor and outdoor spaces as well as the intermediate space. In the korean housing there always exists a symbolic and psychological territory of a certain sphere. On the other hand, outdoor space passes through various phases only to form a certain hierarchy even in a private space and, thereby, sets a boundary between private and public areas. In the case of Germany, the building itself draws a clear line between private and public outdoor spaces, and therefore the outdoor space has a "front" and "back". Thus, Germany′s private space may face a genuine public space and street, which is rare in the Korean housing. Although the layout of indoor space in the korean housing tends to be open, such an openness may be outstanding in living and dining spaces, kitchen and various accesses to rooms. In the case of Germany, such indoor spaces are usually closed to each other. Thus corridors act to separate these spaces. Such differences are analysed to be due to the different perceptions of interpersonal and socio-cultural attributes as intra-family and inter-neighbor relationships or communications.

• Journal of the Korean housing association
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• v.9 no.3
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• pp.119-131
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• 1998

This paper is a part of "The Study of the Traditional Korean Ethnic Farmhousing in Yanbian, China". The purpose of this study focuses on Korean farm house and is twofold: 1) to survey the working space and storage space for tools: 2) to investigate the daily use of space according to the different work activities. It is based on a survey of 124 households in the farm villages of Lunching, China. Survey research methods included a field study in Dallajae. A questionnaire was used to conduct this study. the study found that the working space for the koran farm family is divided into an indoor area and outdoor area. The indoor space includes working areas where the families live their daily life, cook, launder, clean, mange the house keeping, usually stare the grain. The outdoor space includes areas to store the grain, farm tools, rice box, shelves and other things such as sewing machine, iron, and tools used for cleaning the house and for farming. The center of life and work for the farm family was the chung-ji-kan (the combined kitchen and major ondol living room) located in the indoor space.oor space.

• Journal of the Korean housing association
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• v.20 no.5
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• pp.41-50
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• 2009

This case study is an effort to provide new knowledge on the U.S. elderly public housing focusing on the residents' perceptions of the environmental conditions. For this study, we conducted a survey using written questionnaires and interviews with 20 residents who rent in Columbia, MO. The recorded interview data was used for final analysis; primary findings are as follows: The residents reported relatively high satisfaction on their overall environmental conditions in the two target public housing, built in 1950s. As the most significant problem, residents perceive the lack of storage space for individual units, Partially attributed to space limitations. In addition, bathroom needs varied dramatically among residents based on their health and whether wheelchairs are used. Therefore, it was found that instead of standardized bathrooms, a customizable configuration for the resident's unique physical condition and accessibility must be considered. The residents also addressed their concerns about security for entrance and foyer areas. Due to the small living areas, they wanted to have available outdoor public space for various social activities. Furthermore, they reported the need for small social gathering areas while friends and family members are visiting them, in addition to their small living units, which average 49.8 sq. ft. each.

• KIEAE Journal
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• v.13 no.1
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• pp.141-150
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• 2013

As longevity of human-beings is extended and the population of aged people increases, diverse issues related with the aged people are presented. The neighborhood space for the aged people is required to be designed based upon the understanding of such difficulties of the elderly and the public outdoor environment is an important environmental resource that can enhance the quality of life and promote the health of the elderly in underprivileged area without burdening them economically. This study aims to research the daily life of the elderly in underprivileged urban area and their utilization styles of outdoor environments in order to find out the push factors and pull factors that induce the aged people to use the outdoor environments. For this purpose, this study carried out an interview survey upon 69 elderly residents and surveyed on 363 elderly residents of low income class who are aged 60 and over and living in decaying area in Jeonju. For the analysis of the collected data, a qualitative and a quantitative analysis were accomplished. As results of study, the elderly in underprivileged area use such outdoor environments as resting facilities, exercise equipment, parks, farming gardens and waterfronts, and the push factors for them to use the outdoor environments were sordid indoor spaces, sense of isolation or loneliness, and the desire for maintaining good health. And the pull factors for them to use the outdoor environments were natural factors, opportunities for social interactions, space for exercise. The obstacles that hinder the elderly in using outdoor environments were the bad health of the elderly, lack of facilities, accessibility and weather conditions. Thus, the results of this study are expected to provide basic data for designing the outdoor environments to promote the health of the elderly in urban underprivileged area and to relieve the burdensome problems related with ageing societies.

• Journal of Families and Better Life
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• v.21 no.3
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• pp.1-13
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• 2003

The purpose of this study is to understand the importance of exterior environments and to identify the design guidelines for the therapeutic garden for cognitively impaired seniors with Alzheimer's disease and related dementias. The data was collected from 4 Adult Day Care Centers, 2 Nursing Homes, & 1 Assisted living in the U.S.A. from 2001 to 2002 by interview and the floor plan about the outdoor space. Although some may believe that patients with Alzheimer's disease and related disorders are unresponsive to environment, evidence shows that environments especially designed for cognitively impaired seniors can maintain or increase their level of functioning. The use of specially designed exterior environments nay have in reducing incidents of aggressive behavior, and contributing significantly to a wanderer management program. The checklist includes 6 dimensions： safety environment, various sensual stimulations, social interactions, wandering, privacy, and support orientation and reality. The results indicated that the exterior environment have to support wandering behavior, orientation and reality.