• Journal of Acupuncture Research
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• 제22권6호
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• pp.17-26
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• 2005

Objectives : The purpose of this study is to investigate the correlation between assessment measurements of knee osteoarthritis and obesity. Methods : Data on assessment measurements of knee osteoarthritis and obesity were obtained from 63 patients suffering from knee osteoarthritis from February to April, 2005. The assessment measurements consisted of BMI (body mass index), WHR (waist-hip ratio), two disease-specific questionnaires (Western Ontario and McMaster Universities (WOMAC) index and Lequesne's Functional Severity Index (LFI)), one generic instrument (Korean Health Assessment Questionnaire (KHAQ)), and VAS (Visual Analogue Scale). Statistical correlations among assessment measurements were evaluated by examining the Pearson's correlation coefficients. Results : 1. The sexual ratio in this study was 1: 5.3 (male: female= 10: 53). The average age of all patients was $59.1{\pm}6.6$ (male: $58.3{\pm}7.1$, female: $59.2{\pm}6.5$), and the group of 60-69 (34 patients, 54%) was biggest in the age distribution. 2. The average BMI of all patients was $25.4{\pm}3.1\;kg/m^2$ (male: female= $23.6{\pm}2.6\;kg/m^2:\;25.8{\pm}3.0\;kg/m^2$), and the group of $20-25\;kg/m^2$ was biggest in the BMI distribution. According to clinical definition of obesity by WHO (1997), 52.4% of all patients was within normal weight, 42.9% was overweight, and 4.8% was obese. 3. The average WHR of all patients was $0.91{\pm}0.06$ (male: female= $0.90{\pm}0.05:\;0.92{\pm}0.06$). According to definition of abdominal obesity, 73.0% of all patients (46 patients were all female) was in the state of abdominal obesity. 4. There were no significant correlations in statistics among assessment measurements except between BMI and WHR. Conclusion : Though there is significant correlation between knee osteoarthritis and obesity according to many clinical and experimental researches, there is no assessment measurement reflecting knee osteoarthritis and obesity simultaneously. For this, further studies on correlation between knee osteoarthritis and obesity and development of assessment measurement or questionnaire on this are needed.

• 대한한의학방제학회지
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• 제29권3호
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• pp.127-145
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• 2021

Objectives : The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of Daeganghwal-tang on knee cartilage in monosodium iodoacetate(MIA)-induced osteoarthritis rats. Methods : Forty SD rats were randomly divided into five groups(n=8/group): normal group was SD rats group injected with normal saline at left knee joint and administrated orally distilled water, control group was MIA-induced osteoarthritis SD rats group administrated orally distilled water, Indomethacin group was MIA-induced osteoarthritis SD rats group administrated orally indomethacin 2 mg/kg, DGHT(L) group was MIA-induced osteoarthritis SD rats group administrated orally 1280 mg/kg of Daeganghwal-tang, and DGHT(H) group was MIA-induced osteoarthritis SD rats group administrated orally 2560 mg/kg of Daeganghwal-tang. After orally administration of drugs for 4 weeks, gross appearance and histological analysis were used to evaluate the degree of knee cartilage damage. In addition, pro-inflammatory cytokines, bone degrade factor and bone defence factors were analyzed to investigate the anti-inflammatory and cartilage protection effects of Daeganghwal-tang. Also, hematological test, biochemical test, and liver and kidney tissue were analyzed to determine the safety of Daeganghwal-tang. Results : Daeganghwal-tang inhibited the damage of the knee cartilage, and significantly prevented the reduction in cartilage thickness. In addition, the pro-inflammatory cytokines and the bone degrade factor significantly decreased, and the bone defence factors significantly increased. In the safety assessment of Daeganghwal-tang, there were no significant differences among the experimental groups and no abnormal findings were observed. Conclusions : Daeganghwal-tang has anti-inflammatory effect, inhibits cartilage damage, and protects cartilage in MIA-induced osteoarthritis rats.

• 대한물리의학회지
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• 제2권2호
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• pp.151-159
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• 2007

Purpose : The purpose of the study was to investigate the effect of cold application on knee joint in rats induced by osteoarthritis. Methods : Osteoarthritis was induced in female Sprague-Dowley rats by injecting into articular cavity of knee joint with 4% Kaolin, 2% carrageenan. Rats were divided randomly into the control and MES applicated group. The Experimental group was applicated MES in rat knee joint for 30 minutes. Results : Recovery of articular cartilage surface and thickness of articular cartilage increased after MES application. And chondrocytes were distributed widely throughout the cartilage matrix. The physical effects of Microcurrent Electrical Stimulation. Decrease in blood flow. Delay of neurotransmitter velocity Decrease in metabolism activity and inhibit the progress of the infection. Decrease in pain and muscle rigidity, inhibition of circulation Conclusion : This study shows that MES application affects articular cartilage recovery in osteoarthritis.

• 대한약침학회지
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• 제11권1호
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• pp.31-40
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• 2008

Objectives : To verify pain relief effects and allergy inhibitory action for the osteoarthritis of the knee joint in Sweet Bee Venom in which allergy causing enzyme is removed. Methods : We randomly allocated 30 participants to treatment group Sweet Bee Venom and Bee Venom. Outcomes on pain reduction were measured by 100mm VAS(Visual Analog Scale). And we recorded into details allergic responses during Pharmacopuncture treatment. Results : Whole body condition and pain rate through VAS measurement were improved significantly in 2 weeks. We could get difference in pain score of two Pharmacopuncture groups significantly in 2 weeks. Sweet BV group($0.1{\beta}mg/m{\ell}$) showed superior reduction in pain compared to the BV group($0.1{\beta}mg/m{\ell}$) significantly. And other allergic responses such as edema, itchiness, pain were significantly lower in the Sweet BV group.

• 대한물리의학회지
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• 제1권1호
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• pp.67-75
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• 2006

Purpose : The main purpose of this study was to investigate the effect on Balance Ability of Knee Osteoarthritis(OA) by modality. Methods : The subjects were consisted of 30 women patients with knee OA. All subjects were randomly assigned to modality group. Each group had a treatment for 45 minutes per day and three times a week during 8 weeks period. Was used to measure recovery or worse of patient's condition, muscle assessment questionnaire(MAQ) was used to measure patient's muscular strength, Endurance, coordination/balance, KWOMAC was used to pain, stiffness, and physical function, and BPM was used to measure velocity, anterior-posterior. Results : This study results in following conclusions. 1. MAQ score was significantly decreased in modality group(p<.05). 2. KWOMAC score was significantly decreased in modality group(p<.05). 3. BPM were score was significantly decreased in modality group(p<.05). Conclusions : From this result the modality treatment retrogression characteristic will be effective in treatment of patient.

• PNF and Movement
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• 제4권1호
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• pp.27-36
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• 2006

Purpose : The main purpose of this study was to investigate the effect on Balance Ability of Knee Osteoarthritis(OA) by Lower Extremity Patterns with dynamic reverse in Proprioceptive Neuromuscular Facilitation(PNF). Methods : The subjects were consisted of 30 women patients with knee OA. All subjects were randomly assigned to PNF group. Each group had a treatment for 30 minutes per day and three times a week during 8 weeks period. Was used to measure recovery or worse of patient's condition, muscle assessment questionnaire(MAQ) was used to measure patient' s muscular strength, Endurance, coordination/balance, KWOMAC was used to pain, stiffness, and physical function, and BPM was used to measure path, anterior-posterior. Results : This study results in following conclusons. 1. MAQ score was significantly decreased in PNF group(p<.05). 2. KWOMAC score was significantly decreased in PNF group(p<.05). 3. BPM were score was significantly decreased in PNF group(p>.05). Conclusion : From this result the PNF treatment retrogression characteristic will be effective in treatment of patient, with the arthritis and widely may be applied at a therapist.

• PNF and Movement
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• 제4권1호
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• pp.19-25
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• 2006

Purpose : The main purpose of this study was to investigate the influence of walking exercise on balance ability of knee osteoarthritis. The subject were consisted of 30 women patients with knee osteoarthritis. Method : The walking exercise group with modality treatment. The walking exercise for 40 minutes per day and three times a week during 6 weeks period. Short Form McGill Pain Questionnaire(SFMPQ) was used to measure patient's pain level. Patient Specific Functional Scale(PSFS) was used to measure patient's functional disability level. BPM was used to measure sway area. Global Perceived Effect Scale(GPES) was used to measure recovery or worse of patient's condition. Results : 1. SFMPQ was walking exercise showed significantly decreased more than before treatment (p<.05). 2. PSFS was walking exercise showed significantly increased more than before treatment (p<.05). 3. Sway area was walking exercise showed significantly limited area more than before treatment (p<.05). 4. GPES was walking exercise showed significantly increased more than before treatment(p<.05) Conclusion : This study will be used as exercise method of patient with osteoarhtritis.

• 한방재활의학과학회지
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• 제24권1호
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• pp.31-45
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• 2014

Objectives This study intends to clarify how Leejung-tang (here in after reffered to LJT) affect Wistar Rat whose osteoarthritis was induced by MIA. Methods Osteoarthritis was induced into rat by injecting MIA in its knee joint. Rats are divided into a total of 4 groups (n=6). Normal group are not treated at all without inducing osteoarthritis whereas control group were induced for osteoarthritis by MIA and oral medicated with 2 ml of physiological saline per day. Positive comparison group (Indomethacin) was injected with MIA and after 7 days, 2 mg/kg of Indomethacin was medicated. Experimental group (LJT) was injected with MIA and after 7 days that was medicated with 23 mg/kg of LJT. Indomethacin and LJT were oral medicated for each substance a total of 4 weeks with one time per day. After experiments (from 1 week after injection of MIA to 4 weeks elapsed), Hind paw weight bearing ability, Functions of liver and kidney, Serum prostaglandin $E_2$, TNF-${\alpha}$, IL-1${\beta}$, IL-6, Osteocalcin, TIMP-1, MMP-9, LTB4 and amount of cartilage were measured and histopathological variations for knee joint structures were observed. Results 1) Hind paw weight bearing ability of LJT administration group was increased but there was no statistical significance. 2) Functions of liver and kidney were not affected. 3) Serum prostaglandin $E_2$, IL-1${\beta}$, Osteocalcin, MMP-9 were significantly decreased and TNF-$\alpha$, IL-6, TIMP-1, LTB4 were also decreased but there were no statistical significance. 4) In H&E staining and Safranin-O staining, there were small histopathological changes in LJT administration group than control group. 5) In micro CT (computed tomography)-arthrography, cartilage destruction was more suppressed in LJT administration group than control group. Conclusions Based on all results mentioned above, Leejung-tang (LJT) is believed to be meaningful for suppressing the progress of osteoarthritis and its treatments because of its anti-inflammatory effects and alleviation of pain with histopathological effective efficacy.

• 한방재활의학과학회지
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• 제24권2호
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• pp.51-64
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• 2014

Objectives This study was carried out to know the effects of Keonbodan (hereinafter referred to KBD) in osteoarthritis induced by Monosodium iodoacetate(hereinafter referred to MIA) on Wistar rat. Methods Osteoarthritis was induced by injection of MIA into left knee joint cavities of rat. Osteoarthritis rats were divided into 4 groups (normal (n=6), control (n=6), indomethacin (n=6), KBD (n=6) group). The control group was administered normal saline and indomethacin group was administered indomethacin (2 mg/kg). And the KBD group was administered KBD (142 mg/kg). Each groups were administered by orally for 4 weeks. This experiment were carried out in vivo. In vivo, at the end of the experiment (5 weeks after MIA injection), effects on hepatotoxicity and nephrotoxicity, cytokines in serum, arachidonic acid, osteocalcin, MMP-9, TIMP-1 and cartilage volume were evaluated. And histopathological examinations on the articular structures of knee joints were performed. Results 1. In weight-bearing measurement, level of weight was increased. 2. In order to hepatotoxicity and nephrotoxicity, ALT, AST, BUN and creatinine were tested. And there were no significant changes. 3. In serum, levels of TNF-$\alpha$, IL-$1{\beta}$ were significantly decreased. IL-6 was insignificantly decreased. 4. In serum, level of MMP-9 and TIMP-1 was decreased. 5. In serum, level of $LTB_4$, $PGE_2$ and osteocalcin was decreased. 6. In ${\mu}$CT-arthrography, the cartilage volume was greater than that of the control group. 7. The joint damage induced by osteoarthritis was lesser than the control group in histopathologic observation (H&E, Safranin-O staining). Conclusions These results demonstrated that KBD suppressed the osteoarthritis- inducing effects of MIA in rat. And further studies are required to find out more effective substance and anti-osteoarthritic mechanism in the future.

• 한방재활의학과학회지
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• 제23권4호
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• pp.23-37
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• 2013

Objectives This study was performed to investigate the effects of Saengkanggamchotang (SKT) on the monosodium iodoacetate (MIA) induced osteoarthritis in rats. Methods Osteoarthritis was induced by injection of MIA (50 ul, 60 mg/ml) into knee joints of rats. Rats are divided into a total of 4 groups (normal, control, positive comparison group, SKT treated group, each n=6). Normal group are not treated at all without inducing osteoarthritis whereas control group were induced for osteoarthritis by MIA and oral medicated with 20 ml of distilled water per day. Positive comparison group was injected with MIA and after 7 days, that was taken indomethacin (30 mg/kg/mouse). SKT treated group was injected with MIA and after 7 days that was taken SKT (30 mg/kg/mouse). Positive comparison group and SKT treated group were oral medicated for each substance a total of 4 weeks with one time per day. After experiments (from 1 week after injection of papain to 4 weeks elapsed), the functions of liver and kidney, Prostaglandin E2, inflammatory cytokine (IL-$1{\beta}$, IL-6, TNF-${\alpha}$), osteocalcin, TIMP-1, MMP-9 within serum. Knee joint structures were observed by H&E, safranin-O staining method, and amount of cartilage were measured by ${\mu}CT$-arthrography. Results 1) Hind paw weight bearing ability was significantly improved. 2) Functions of liver and kidney were not affected. 3) Prostaglandin E2, osteocalcin, TIMP-1, MMP-9 in serum were significantly decreased. 4) Inflammatory cytokine IL-$1{\beta}$ was significantly decreased, and IL-6, TNF-${\alpha}$ were decreased but had not significant. 5) In terms of histopathology, significantly reduced subsidence of cartilage and bone in H&E staining. And in Safranin O staining, proteoglycan content in synovial membrane was significantly increased compared with control group. 6) Destruction of cartilage on ${\mu}CT$-arthrography was significantly reduced. Conclusions Based on all results mentioned above, Saengkanggamchotang (SKT) is believed to be meaningful for suppressing the progress of osteoarthritis and its treatments.