• 대한치과교정학회지
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• 제43권1호
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• pp.29-34
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• 2013

Objective: To examine the prophylactic potential of 3 orthodontic bonding adhesives: Fuji Ortho SC, Illuminate, and Resilience. Methods: Thirty-six Wistar Wag rats were randomly divided into 4 groups consisting of 9 rats each. One of the groups received no treatment and was used as a control. In the other groups, individual bands coated with one of the 3 adhesives were cemented to the lower incisors. Enamel samples were obtained after 6 and 12 weeks and analyzed using scanning electron microscopy in combination with energy dispersive spectrometry. Results: Six weeks after band cementation, no fluoride was found in the enamel of the lower incisors. After 12 weeks, there was no fluoride in the enamel of teeth coated with the Resilience composite. However, in the case of the Illuminate composite and the resin-modified glass ionomer Fuji Ortho SC cement, the depth of fluoride penetration reached $2{\mu}m$ and $4.8-5.7{\mu}m$, respectively. Conclusions: Fluoride ions from orthodontic adhesives can be incorporated into the surface layer of the enamel. Orthodontists may apply orthodontic adhesives, such as the Fuji Ortho SC, to reduce the occurrence of caries during orthodontic treatment with fixed appliances.

• Journal of Korean Dental Science
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• 제5권1호
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• pp.7-12
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• 2012

Purpose: To examine the antibacterial effectiveness of silver nanoparticles (SNP) mixed with commercial orthodontic adhesives. Materials and Methods: SNP was prepared by dissolving silver perchlorate in an organic solvent and reducing it with ultraviolet radiation. SNP was then mixed with four commercial orthodontic adhesives (Light Bond, Blugloo, Transbond XT, and Fuji Ortho LC) (0.05 wt %), which were then formed into disc-shape specimens ($8.0mm{\times}3.0mm$). Commercial orthodontic adhesives containing no SNP were used as the control groups. Specimens of the four experimental and four control groups were incubated with streptococcus mutans and the medium turbidity was assessed at 3, 6, 9, 12, and 24 hours after incubation. The agar diffusion test was also performed to examine the growth inhibition zone of these groups. The data were statistically analyzed using a Wilcoxon rank sum test and t-test with a Bonferroni's correction (P<0.05). Result: The SNP containing groups had a superior antibacterial effect compared to the control groups. In the agar diffusion test, the control groups without SNP did not produce an inhibition zone, whereas the SNP containing groups showed inhibition zone of 10~13 mm. Conclusion: The incorporation of SNP into orthodontic adhesives can inhibit cariogenic bacterial growth.

• 대한치과교정학회지
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• 제22권1호
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• pp.43-65
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• 1992

Bonding orthodontic adhesive resins to glazed porcelain surface is not attainable. The aim of this investigation was to examine, in vitro, the effect of three methods of porcelain surface pretreatment on the shear bond strength of orthodontic adhesives, and to compare the shear strength of orthodontic bracket bonding to porcelain surface by the best results that to human enamel. Porcelain disks ($Ceramco^{(TM)}$ and $Vita^{(TM)}$) baked in the laboratory were roughened by sandpapers, #320, #600, #800, #1000 and #1200, and were pretreated with silane and dried at the various temperatures, room temperature, $50^{\circ}C$, $70^{\circ}C$ and $90^{\circ}C$, and were etched by 3% hydrofluoric acid solution for 1, 3, 5, 7, and 9 minutes, orthodontic adhesives (System $1+^{(TM)}$ and $Unite^{(TM)}$) were applied on them, and shear bond strengths were measured by Instron. The best results of pretreatment of each method were determined by the shear bond strengths. Again, porcelain disks were pretreated by the determined best results and human enamel were etched by 37% hydrofluoric acid solution, orthodontic brackets were bonded on them by the orthodontic adhesives, and the shear bond strengths were measured and compared between them. 1. Roughening porcelain surfaces with coarse sandpaper (#300) showed higher shear bond strength than that with finer sandpapers, but it $(22.44Kgf/cm^2)$ was distinguishably low compared to that from etched human enamel $(144.11Kgf/cm^2)$. 2. There were disparities in shear bond strengths upon the orthodontic resins, which was presumably related to the contents of fillers in orthodontic adhesive resins. Also there were disparities in shear bond strength upon the porcelains which had different composition. 3. Silane enhanced the shear bond strength of orthodontic resins to porcelain surfaces ($25.20Kgf/cm^2$ at $50^{\circ}C$), which was markedly low compared to that from etched human enamel. 4. Etched porcelain surface with 3% hydrofluoric acid solution for 1 to 9 minutes showed no difference in shear bonding strength of orthodontic adhesive resins. Shear bond strength from etched porcelain $(97.43-120.72Kgf/cm^2)$ were as high as clinically available, but low compared to that from etched human enamel. 5. Roughening with #300 sandpaper and etching by 3% hydrofluoric acid followed silane application on porcelain surface showed lower shear bond strength than etched human enamel, but were as high as clinically useful. 6. The results suggest that etching porcelain surface by 3% hydrofluoric acid solution might provide comparatively high shear bond strength as much as clinically favorable.

• 대한치과교정학회지
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• 제20권3호
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• pp.583-591
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• 1990

If the bond strength is sufficient to resist orthodontic force, orthodontic brackets can be bonded to restorations. Orthodontic brackets were bonded to composite resin and glass ionomer cement restorations with no-mix adhesive or glass ionomer cement. The shear bond strength of adhesives bonded to restorations was studied in vitro. Orthodontic brackets were bonded to 10 extracted natural teeth, 40 composite resin restorations and 40 glass ionomer restorations. The surfaces of composite resin restorations were roughened or applied with bonding agent (Scothbond) after surface roughening. The surfaces of glass ionomer cement restorations were conditioned with acid etching or applied with Scotchbond to etched surface. The adhesive was no-mix resin or glass ionomer cement. The shear bond strength was measured. The results were as follows: 1. Orthodontic brackets could be bonded to composite resin restorations effectively as they could be bonded to acid etched enamel with no-mix adhesive. The shear bond strength was sufficient to resist orthodontic force and was not affected by bonding agent greatly. 2. The shear bond strength of no-mix adhesive bonded to acid etched glass ionomer cement restorations was sufficient to resist orthodontic force. However. the fracture risk of glass ionomer cement restorations was increased during debonding. The bonding agent couldn't increase the shear bond strength greatly. 3. The shear bond strength of glass ionomer cement bonded to glass ionomer cement restorations was lower than that of no-mix adhesive. The shear bond strength was sufficient to resist orthodontic force and was greatly decreased by bonding agent. 4. The shear bond strength of glass ionomer cement bonded to composite resin restorations was too low to resist orthodontic force.

• 대한치과교정학회지
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• 제24권2호
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• pp.433-445
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• 1994

Bonding of brackets is one of the essential factors for successful orthodontic treatment' so bond strength of orthodontic adhesives are very important. The purposes of this research were to compare shear bond strength of various orthodontic adhesives and to evaluate failure sites. One-hundred twenty extracted human first premolars were prepared for bonding and premolar brackets were bonded to prepared enamel surfaces with Super C Ortho, Mono-$Lok^2$, Transbond, and Super C Ortho after applying Fluorobond. After bonding of brackets, teeth specimens were divided into 3 groups. In group 1 specimens were stored at humidor $37^{\circ}C$ in 1 hour, in group 2 specimens were stored at humidor $37^{\circ}C$ in 24 hours, thermocycled 10 times and in group 3 specimens were stored at humidor $37^{\circ}C$ in 24 hours, thermocycled 1800 times. Then the universal testing machine Instron 6022, Instron Co., U.S.A. was used to test the shear bond strength of brackets to enamel. After debonding, brackets and enamel surfaces were examined under stereoscopic microscope to determine the failure sites The results were as follows : 1. Shear bond strength was significantly highest of using Super C Ortho after applying Fluorobond and Super C Ortho In group 1, was highest of using Super C Ortho in group 2, and was highest of using Mono-$Lok^2$ in group 3. 2. According to time and temperature change, in using Super C Ortho the group 2 had significantly highest strength and group 3 had lowest strength, in using Mono-$Lok^2$ the group 2 and had higher strength than group 1 and in using Super C Ortho after applying Fluorobond shear bond strength decreased constantly, 3. The failure sites were tooth-resin interface in Super C Ortho after applying Fluorobond, Mono $Lok^2$ and Transbond and were at almost same ratio bracket base-resin interface and tooth-resin interface in Super C Orth.

• 치위생과학회지
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• 제18권4호
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• pp.218-226
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• 2018

불소 적용 후 교정용 브라켓 접착제 종류에 따른 불소의 재흡수성과 표면의 변화를 비교 평가하고자 하였다. 불소가 방출되지 않은 복합레진 Transbond $XT^{(R)}$, 불소 방출성 복합레진 $Blugloo^{(R)}$와 $LightBond^{(R)}$, 레진강화형 글라스 아이오노머 Rely $X^{TM}$ Luting $2^{(R)}$, 재래형 글라스 아이오노머 Fuji $I^{(R)}$를 사용하였다. 시편에서 방출되는 불소 방출량을 측정하였고, 불소 재흡수 능력을 비교하기 위해서 시편에 3가지의 불소 제품(APF gel, Tooth Mousse $Plus^{(R)}$, Fluor Protector)을 도포하였으며, 불소함유 치약으로 잇솔질을 하여 불소방출량 변화를 측정하였고, 표면조도 측정기와 FE-SEM을 이용하여 시편의 표면 조도 및 변화를 비교 평가하였다. Rely $X^{TM}$ Luting $2^{(R)}$와 Fuji $I^{(R)}$에서는 다른 불소 제품인 Tooth Mousse $Plus^{(R)}$, Fluor Protector뿐만 아니라 불소함유 치약으로 잇솔질한 후에도 불소의 재흡수량을 관찰할 수 있었다. Tooth Mousse $Plus^{(R)}$를 도포한 후에는 Transbond $XT^{(R)}$를 제외하고 표면 조도 값이 유의하게 증가하였으며, 모든 교정용 접착제에서 부분적인 미세 필러 입자의 탈락을 보였다. Fluor Protector를 도포한 후에는 Transbond $XT^{(R)}$, Rely $X^{TM}$ Luting $2^{(R)}$를 제외하고 표면 조도 값이 유의하게 증가하였으며, 모든 교정용 접착제의 표면에 막을 형성하여 기포가 생긴 부분을 제외하고 매끄러운 양상을 나타내었다. 모든 교정용 접착제에 APF gel을 도포했을 때는 표면 조도 값이 유의하게 크게 증가하였다. 이상의 결과를 종합해 볼 때, 교정용 브라켓을 접착할 때 치아우식 예방 효과를 도모하기 위한 불소 방출량을 고려한다면 Rely $X^{TM}$ Luting $2^{(R)}$와 Fuji $I^{(R)}$가적극 추천되며, 불소 제품으로는 Tooth Mousse $Plus^{(R)}$, Fluor Protector가 APF gel보다 우수한 것으로 나타났고, 불소가 함유된 치약으로 잇솔질을 하였을 때도 치아우식을 예방할 수 있을 것으로 생각된다.

• 대한치과교정학회지
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• 제36권5호
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• pp.360-368
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• 2006

치과용 재료의 표면특성은 세균 부착에 중요한 역할을 한다. 본 연구의 목적은 다섯 종류의 광중합 교정용 접착제(불소를 방출하지 않는 세 종류의 콤포지트 레진, 불소를 방출하는 콤포지트 레진 한 종류, 레진 변형 글래스아이오노머 시멘트 한 종류)의 표면특성을 평가하는 것이다. 표면거칠기는 공초점 레이저주사전자현미경을 이용하여 측정하였고, 접촉각과 표면에너지 요소는 sessile drop method를 이용하여 분석하였다. 본 연구의 결과 교정용 접착제간 표면거칠기는 각 재료간 표면거칠기 차이가 $0.05\;{\mu}m$ 이하로 상대적으로 적지만 각 재료 사이에 유의성 있는 차이를 보였다. Transbond XT와 Enlight는 Monolok2와 Lightbond 보다 유의하게 덜 거칠었다. 접촉각과 표면에너지 구성성분은 접착제 사이에 유의성 있는 큰 차이를 보였는데 특히 레진 변형 글래스아이오노머와 콤포지트 레진 접착제간에 접촉각과 표면에너지에서 커다란 차이를 보였다. 레진 변형 글래스아이오노머의 경우 콤포지트 레진 접착제에 비해 유의하게 작은 접촉각과 높은 표면에너지를 보였으며 콤포지트 레진 접착제보다 강한 극성, 특히 강한 염기성 경향을 보였다 본 연구는 레진 변형 글래스아이오노머가 콤포지트 레진 접착제에 비해 세균 부착에 유리한 환경을 제공한다는 것을 보여주었다.

• 대한치과교정학회지
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• 제12권1호
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• pp.15-20
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• 1982

저자는 비교적 최근내 개발되어 시판되고있는 3가지 교정용 접착제를 교정을 위해 발치한 25개씩의 소구치에 접착하여 24시간후에 인장강도를 측정한 결과, 다음과 같은 결론을 얻었다. 각 제품의 평균인장강도는 교정력과 구강내에서 발생할 수 있는 외력의 합인 $29kg/cm^2$ 보다 높았으며, 제품C는 제품B, A보다 통계학적으로 높은 인장강도를 보이나, 제품B와 제품A는 통계학적으로 유의한 차가 없었다. 접착제가 떨어진 양상은 접착제가 치아와 bracket에 부분적으로 붙어서 떨어진 것이 가장 많았고 $(68\%)$, 접착제가 bracket에만 붙어서 떨어진 것 $(22.7\%)$, 접착제가 치아에만 붙어서 떨어진 것$(9.3\%)$순으로 나타났다.

• 대한소아치과학회지
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• 제32권2호
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• pp.191-199
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• 2005

본 연구는 매복된 치아를 교정력을 이용하여 견인할 때 견인의 대상이 되는 치아를 개창술로 노출시켜 브라켓을 부착하는 과정에서 혈액 오염이 일어날 수 있는 상황을 실험실 환경에서 재현한 다음, 이와 같은 오염의 유무와 접착제의 종류가 브라켓의 전단강도에 미치는 영향을 평가하기 위해 시행하였다. 본 연구의 결과 글래스 아이오노머의 전단 강도는 레진에 비해 모든 조건에서 낮은 수치를 보였으나 혈액 오염이 없거나 광조사 직전 오염된 경우 임상적으로 교정적 정출술에 적절한 전단 강도를 나타내었다. 두 재료 모두 접착제 적용 전에 치면이 혈액에 오염되었을 경우 다른 조건에 비해 현저하게 낮은 전단 강도를 보였으나 광조사 직전에 혈액에 오염되었을 경우에는 오염되지 않은 대조군과 유의한 차이가 없었다. 이상의 연구 결과, 개창술을 통해 브라켓을 부착할 경우 접착제 적용 직전 혈액 오염을 주의한다면 산부식 과정 이 생략되어 술식이 비교적 간단하고 접착 파절 후 치면에 접착제가 남아 있지 않은 장점을 지닌 글래스 아이오노머 접착제의 사용을 추천할 수 있을 것으로 사료된다.

• 대한치과교정학회지
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• 제48권3호
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• pp.163-171
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• 2018

Objective: The aim of this study was to evaluate the mechanical and biological properties of orthodontic bonding agents containing silver- or zinc-doped bioactive glass (BAG) and determine the antibacterial and remineralization effects of these agents. Methods: BAG was synthesized using the alkali-mediated solgel method. Orthodontic bonding agents containing BAG were prepared by mixing BAG with flowable resin. $Transbond^{TM}$ XT (TXT) and $Charmfil^{TM}$ Flow (CF) were used as controls. Ion release, cytotoxicity, antibacterial properties, the shear bond strength, and the adhesive remnant index were evaluated. To assess the remineralization properties of BAG, micro-computed tomography was performed after pH cycling. Results: The BAG-containing bonding agents showed no noticeable cytotoxicity and suppressed bacterial growth. When these bonding agents were used, demineralization after pH cycling began approximately 200 to $300{\mu}m$ away from the bracket. On the other hand, when CF and TXT were used, all surfaces that were not covered by the adhesive were demineralized after pH cycling. Conclusions: Our findings suggest that orthodontic bonding agents containing silver- or zinc-doped BAG have stronger antibacterial and remineralization effects compared with conventional orthodontic adhesives; thus, they are suitable for use in orthodontic practice.