• Journal of the korean academy of Pediatric Dentistry
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• v.45 no.4
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• pp.521-527
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• 2018

In dental trauma, reattachment of the original tooth fragment improves the reproduction of original tooth shape, texture, color, and radiolucency; thus, it provides good aesthetics. A 9-year-old boy was referred due to complicated crown-root fracture of the maxillary right central incisor. Although it had poor prognosis due to severe coronal damage and subcrestal fracture, reattachment of the tooth fragment was chosen due to the patient's age. One-visit apexification with mineral trioxide aggregate (MTA) was performed, followed by osteotomy and reattachment of the tooth fragment with post placement. Regular observation revealed no clinical signs or symptoms and no radiologic complications.

• Geomechanics and Engineering
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• v.14 no.2
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• pp.107-113
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• 2018

Coal samples with different joints morphology were subjected to uniaxial compression experiments, cracks evolution was recorded by Nikon D5300 and acoustic emission (AE) energy signals were collected by AEwin Test for Express-8.0. During loading process, coal samples deformed elastically with no obvious cracks changes, then they expanded gradually along the trace of the original cracks, accompanied by the formation of secondary cracks, and eventually produced a large-scale fracture. It was more interesting that the failure mode of samples were all shear shape, whatever the original cracks morphology was. With cracks and damage evolution, AE energy radiated regularly. At the early loading stage, micro damage and small scale fracture events only induced a few AE events with less energy, while large scale fracture leaded to a number of AE events with more energy at the later stage. Based on the multifractal theory, the multifractal spectrum could explain AE energy signals frequency responses and the causes of AE events with load. Multifractal spectrum width (${\Delta}{\alpha}$), could reflect the differences between the large and small AE energy signals. And another parameter (${\Delta}f$) could reflect the relationship between the frequency of the least and greatest signals in the AE energy time series. This research is helpful for us to understand cracks evolution and AE energy signals causes.

• Journal of Conservation Science
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• v.35 no.1
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• pp.19-31
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• 2019

To study the cleaning effects and post-treatment stability assessment of various methods of cleaning textiles with metal thread, six naturally-soiled historical textiles with metal thread were investigated at the Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York. Prior to the cleaning of fabricated gold, silver, and copper thread that had been glued onto a paper substrate, the artificial deterioration was carried out in a controlled environment with light(UV and daylight), and temperature and humidity factors which would weaken and damage the samples. A synthetic soil mixture was applied to the samples to imitate soil found on the historic and archaeological textiles with metal thread; the cleaning effect and post-treatment assessment were investigated by use of three textile cleaning methods: mechanical cleaning, wet cleaning, and solvent cleaning. While investigating the naturally-soiled textiles with metal thread, it was determined that the soil colors and sizes of contaminating particles of each textile were different due to the diversity of original environmental factors and conditions. After cleaning with kneaded rubber, Stoddard solvent, n-decane or n-hexane, a bright, clean effect was apparent. Kneaded rubber was successful in picking up both large and small particles, but its stickiness caused some of the metal leaf to peel off. Stoddard solvent produced a good cleaning effect, but after use of n-hexane and n-decane in the cleaning process, a white layer of residue remained on the textile's surface. Wet cleaning was not effective and the rapid humidity changes between wet and dry conditions caused the edges of the paper substrate to lose their original shape.

• The Korea Journal of Herbology
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• v.34 no.5
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• pp.1-12
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• 2019

Objectives : The consumption of licorice is large in Korea, but domestic production is insufficient due to the lack of adaptability. This study aimed to provide a morphological basis for adding interspecific hybrid licorice with improved adaptability to pharmacopoeia. Methods : This study was to establish identification criteria for the original plants, external and internal morphology of the authentic herbal medicines (Glycyrrhiza uralensis, G. glabra and G. inflata), market products and artificially interspecific hybrid forms of licorice. For this purpose, previous studies were investigated and visual and histological observations were carried out. We focused on the internal morphology by microscopic observation for securing objectivity. Finally, we proposed the identification keys for precise classification of each part. Results : 1) Original plant : Licorice species in the compendium were distinguished by the number of leaflets, presence of hair on the fruit, curvature and swelling of the fruit. 2) External morphology : Licorice species were distinguished by degree of powderiness, tearing gap, radial structure in the cross section and existence of protrusion of outer epidermis. 3) Internal morphology : Licorice species were distinguished by the degree of development of phloem fiber bundle, development of obliterated sieve, whether the secondary medullary ray are branched. In the case of interspecific hybrids, the characteristics of both species used for hybridization were mixed in all observation methods. Conclusions : These results suggest that the interspecific crossbred licorice is suitable for the pharmacopoeial standard. Therefore, it can be applied as a herbal medicine through additional supplementary study.

• The Korea Journal of Herbology
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• v.35 no.1
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• pp.9-18
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• 2020

Objectives : We tried to establish standards for genuine by discriminating 3 kinds of pollen and spore herbs that are highly to be mixed with each other. Using an scanning electron microscope, we prepare a standard for discriminating external morphological characters of minute herbs, thereby contributing to the stable supply of genuine herbal medicines. Methods : Standard samples were confirmed by literature review on external morphological characteristics of original plants and herbal medicines, and collection and identification of original plants. The herbal medicines on the market were purchased and classified with using naked eye observation and magnifier. Finally, micromorphological identifications were conducted using an scanning electron microscope. Results : 1. Pini Pollen was clearly distinguished by its relatively medium size and a pollen grain with two swollen reticulate sacci at both ends. The verrucate ornamentation on the exine surface of the corpus and a sunken leptoma germ pore may be used as a discrimination criteria. 2. Typhae Pollen was distinguished by its relatively small size and a saccus on the end of a pollen grain. Reticulate ornamentation of exine surface of the corpus, and a slightly clear ulcerate germ pore can be used as a discrimination criteria. 3. Lygodii Spora was distinguished by its relatively large triangular-ovate shape and trichotomous fissure. Verrucate-tuberculate ornamentation of exine surface and trilete aperture could be used as a discrimination criteria. Conclusion : These results indicate that the use of electron microscopy is very effective for discriminating the external morphology of minute herbal medicines.

• Conservation Science in Museum
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• v.1
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• pp.37-42
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• 1999

Conservation treatment was done for the pottery-stand of Kaya period which was to be exhibited in celebration of the opening of Kimhae National Museum and for the jar of Chinese celadon which was to be exhibited in Korea National Museum's special exhibition "Formation of Ancient States". Through the examinations by naked eyes and under the microscope, condition before treatment, patterns and manufacturing techniques of the objects were observed. According to these examinations, conservation treatments, suitable for each object was finished. As the pottery-stand was damaged severely, the epoxy resin was pasted directly on the broken surface of the pottery to restore the original shape and pattern, color and feeling similar to original state were given to the restored area. Although same restoration material was applied on the celadon, it was not pasted directly on the broken surface of the celadon so that the restored area could be dismantled, and color and feeling were also treated somewhat differently.

• Conservation Science in Museum
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• v.1
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• pp.15-26
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• 1999

More than 200 objects selected for the newly-opened Kimhae National Museum were treated for conservation. The objects which represent ancient Kaya culture, were mainly composed of metallic such as gilt bronze, silver, copper alloy and iron. The corrosion products on gilt bronze and copper alloy objects were preserved or removed according to their stability. Minimum treatment was done for preserving the original state of the objects. For silver objects and iron objects with silver-plate decorations, silver surfaces were revealed after treatment of corrosion products and treatments to prevent corrosion of silver and iron were done emphatically. For iron objects, which were stabilized, the original shape of objects was restored and acrylic coating was applied to prevent further corrosion. For the objects which were being corroded, 2-step de-chloride treatments were undertaken. The first step was immersing the objects in a solution of 0.3M sodium hydroxide and the second was the pressure de-chloride treatment using borax-distilled water. The main purpose of those treatments was to get rid of the causes of corrosion. Besides, conservation treatments for potteries, making of special mounting board for exhibition and amendment of various modeling were done too.

• The Journal of the Korea Contents Association
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• v.11 no.4
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• pp.186-195
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• 2011

Historically, Korea has made and weaved beautiful jewelry based on delicate metal craft technique. Especially jewelries in Chosun dynasty among these jewelry shows practicality, fanciness and social symbolism at the same time, which is one of representative cultural origins to express characteristics of Korean culture. Since jewelry of imperial princess YEONG, an object of a study herein, was made for a court ceremony although it is an artifact of the end of Chosun dynasty after the time of enlightenment, it is expected be made based on traditional shape and standard in accordance with strictly respected court dress code in Chosun dynasty. It is also an important data of research for a court style and system as well as its artistry in its diversity of type, preservation condition similar to original form and its producers who are master craftsman parted in Sang-Uiwon (an institute in charge of dress and accessaries of court) at the end of dynasty. Thus, a study herein aims to research formatively valuable 11 selected jewelries among jewelries of imperial princess YEONG used at the end of Chosun dynasty, and search for industrial application method with digitalization of the shape and design and preservation of original form of traditional culture. Moreover, in accordance with proposing design data through review of traditional women jewelry, it aims to suggest possibility of application into modern jewelry design and cultural industry.

• Restorative Dentistry and Endodontics
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• v.22 no.1
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• pp.244-253
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• 1997

During preparation of narrow curved canals, procedural accidents such as, ledge, zipping, and transportation are frequently encountered and may lead to failure of endodontic therapy. To reduce these procedural errors and efficiently manage curved canals, various modifications in instrumentation technique and the design and flexibility of instruments have been advocated. This study compared the maintenance of the original canal curvature, cross sectional canal shape, and preparation time during instrumentation with stainless steel hand (K-Flexo) file, and nickel-titanium rotary files (Profile and Lightspeed). Thirty resin blocks with simulated curved canals of 20~25 degrees were used and divided into three groups of 10 each. In group 1, canals were instrumented using a quarter turn/pull technique with K-Flexofiles. Group 2 canals were prepared with rotary NiTi Profiles. Group 3 was prepared with rotary NiTi Lightspeed instrument. Before and after instrumentation, all canals were scanned using stereo microcope, FlexCam camera, and Photoshop 3.0 computer program. The results were as follows : 1. All groups showed some loss of canal curvature after instrumentation. Average loss of canal curvature was 8.6 degrees for K-Flexofile, 7.7 degrees for Profile, and 5.8 degrees for Lightspeed. Lightspeed exhibited significantly less curvature loss than K-Flexofile (p<0.05). 2. At the apical 1-mm level, Profile produced significantly rounder canals than Lightspeed (p<0.05). At the 3-mm level, Profile and Lightspeed exhibited significantly rounder canals than K-Flexofile (p<0.05). 3. Preparation with Lightspeed was significantly faster than Profile and K-Flexofile, and Profile was faster than K-Flexofile (p<0.05). 4. There was no significant difference in incidence of zipping between the hand K-Flexofile and rotary NiTi (Profile and Lightspeed) instruments. Most of apical canals were slightly widened near the apical foramen. As a results of this study, rotary NiTi instruments are superior to the K-Flexofile in regard to the maintenance of original canal curvature, cross-sectional shape and preparation time. But more investigations and studies should be needed to evaluate the ideal canal instrumentation.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• v.20 no.4
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• pp.501-519
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• 1996

There are two kinds of commercially available ginseng root, red ginseng and white ginseng processed from fresh ginseng root Those ginsengs are primary product from fresh ginseng root and have the characteristic of keeping their original root shape Processed ginseng products are made from either red ginseng or white ginseng by way of complicated process of pulverization. Extraction. Condensation, fettering, sterilization, etc. Among them there are extracts. extract powder, powder, capsules tablets, Candy, drinks, nectar, jelly, gums. chicken soup. tonic. etc. to meet the demand for consumer's pretheronce . The 200 kinds of processed secondary products are approximately produced in the form of 20 kinds of ginseng products by about 60 domestic companies. In spite of about 213.000 million won of domestic market in 1993. it seems like that the ginseng market of the future has not a good prospects The total market sale of white ginseng in Korea has been continuously decreased since 1991 And 963 tons of white ginseng was consumed in domestic market in 1993 The domestic market sales of white ginseng in origina1 root shave. was 90, 000 million won in 1993 and market price of the fine root used as a source of processed products has not been changed in these ten years. The total market sale of red ginseng and its processed products was 58, 000 million won in 1993 9.800 mi11ion won of red ginseng in original root shape and 48.000mi11ion of processed red ginseng product. Ginseng products such as extracts, drinks, teas and tonics etc atre mostly exported to south-east Asia. And the total exports of ginseng pi.oducts (extracts, drinks teas) decreased to 54 million dollars in 1994, compared with 85 million dollars in 1992. Despite of extensive knowledge about ginseng little is still known about the development of new processed ginseng pl.oducts because of "Know-How". Some papars have presented the effects of extracting method(amounts of solvent. time. temperature, equipment. etc.) on the quality and yields of ginseng extr acts. Also. some researchers have carried out a few studies on the poriflcation of the extracts and the amounts of precipitation in the drink at variotas pH during the storage for preventinly drink from precipitation. A fell studies on the preservation of Korean ginseng powder. tea. Extract powder by irradiation and ozone treatment have been reported by some researcher for the improvement hygienic quality of ginseng products There are also some reports about the effects of ginseng components on the acid production by lactic acid bacteria or acetic acid bacteria. and alcohol production by yeast for the development of new ginseng products processed by fermentation. To make ginseng more able to contribute to the health of mankind in the future. consistent and considerable efforts should be focussed on improving the taste of ginseng and developing various new product as a health food or a function food.tion food.