• Korean Journal of Organic Agriculture
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• v.14 no.2
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• pp.205-217
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• 2006

This research was carried out to investigate the effects of some organic materials such as rice straw, compost, hairy vetch, phosphate rock, magnesium lime powder and ash in the organic paddy fields, and also to develope the new technique for better soil management using described materials. The results are as follows; Height and tiller of rice plants were higher in chemical fertilizer than rice straw or compost, however, those of rice plants in hairy vetch-rice cropping system reached to chemical fertilizer. The Eh value of soil has decreased consecutively since on 30th, May because of the rising of soil temperature by an increase in the activity of microbes. As a result of measuring yield and yield components, there is not significant difference between treatment. The application of organic materials enriched the contents of available phosphorus, exchangible potassium and calcium in soil, and, also improved the physical properties such as pore space rates and bulk density. From the viewpoint of soil management technology in organic paddy fields, the application of rice straw or organic compost might cause the decrease of yield compared with conventional cultivation system, chemical fertilizer, however, the application of hairy vetch residues of soil compensated for growth and yield as well as improved the physicochemical property. Therefore, it is assumed that the cultivation of hairy vetch for winter season can be one of the useful methods for organic farming system.

• Korean Institute of Interior Design Journal
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• v.23 no.5
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• pp.51-57
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• 2014

In the early 20st century, created distrust on the mechanistic and dualistic view based on the world of Descartes and Newton. As the features of this new science cannot be explained by the existing Western philosophy but can be explained by the thinking system immanent in the Oriental traditional thought, many scientists and philosophers are concentrating their interests on the Oriental philosophy. In addition, some have been making efforts to find solutions needed for a new paradigm from the thinking system of the Orient. A variety of discussions have also been raised in connection with architecture due to this philosophical change. It has now become possible to conduct free creative acts, staying away from physical limitations, including gravity by diversified simulations through a computer. This physical liberation in turn has caused new changes to the spatial concept of architecture, thereby granting the freedom of the expression that could not be even imagined before and opening a possibility of new architecture and space. At the same time, the digital space architecture actively accommodating this technology is generating a phenomenon that the existing physical and realistic things are rapidly being changed gradually to immaterial and unrealistic ones. This study has analyzed the properties of digital architectural space as the immateriality of our traditional architectural space. The results are as follows: It can be seen that the immaterial features exhibited in the digital architectural space and the traditional architectural one are not just interconnected with specific features, but they are correlated to all immaterial features. Thus, immateriality that are common in the traditional and digital architectural spaces is complementary organic, which is contained in the ambiguity of boundary between other spaces. It is regarded to the architecture as a living things in space diversity based on ideological similarities.

• Journal of architectural history
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• v.12 no.2 s.34
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• pp.7-20
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• 2003

The main buildings of the important Buddhist temples - the pagoda, the Buddhist sanctum, the lecture hall - was surrounded by the cloister until Koryo Dynasty. And the Buddhist sanctum was located the center. It meant that the Buddhist sanctum was important building. It is very important thing that we understand the usage of the interior space because the architectural space consists of the unified space by the organic function of the interior space and the exterior space. But there is not so much the study on the interior space of the Buddhist sanctum. So, the purpose of this study is to understand of the interior space of the Buddhist sanctum in Ancient and Medieval Times. Till now, it was impossible that the Buddhist monk or the General public entered the Buddhist sanctum in Ancient and Medieval Times because they regarded the Buddhist sanctum as the place of sacrosanctity and the floor was finished by bricks. But, we saw that they could enter the Buddhist sanctum. Of course the floor of the Buddhist sanctum was finished by bricks, but they spread mats on the floor, took off his shoes in the interior space and used the furniture for sitting on. The plan of the Buddhist sanctum was designed by the process of the ceremony and the way of the enshrinement of the Buddhist statues because it is the place to enshrine the Buddhist statues. They performed the ceremony like as pray, worship, offer food to Buddha, HaengDo - an act to turn round an object of worship - and so on in the interior space of the Buddhist sanctum.

• Journal of architectural history
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• v.13 no.3
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• pp.7-19
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• 2004

This study is to comprehend the interior space of the Royal Palace in the 15th Century, the early years of Joseon Dynasty. The subject of this study is limited to the center of the Royal Palace, that is Jeongjeon(正殿, the royal audience chamber) and Haengrang(行廊, which encloses Jeongjeon on four sides and has many rooms). It is very important to understand the usage of the interior space because the architectural space consists of the space unified by the organic function of the interior and the exterior space. But there are few studies on the interior space of Jeongjeon and Haengrang at the Royal Palace. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to understand the interior space of those buildings. The result of this study is following. Haengrang has several uses such as a night duty room, a storehouse, a government office or a banquet hall etc. So the interior spaces were finished with various methods that were suitable for the use of each room, and the material of the floor were the ground, Maru(the wooden floor) or Ondol(the Korean traditional heating system) There were held many kinds of ceremonies in Jeongjeon, and the government officials could not enter the inside of that building and took part in the ceremony on the front court of Jeongjeon, except the men performing the ceremony. But the high ranking officials could enter the inside when King gave a banquet and there, they prostrated themselves before King. They sat down with their legs crossed on the ground floor instead of sitting on a chair. When King held tea ceremony with Chinese envoys in Jeongjeon, they sat on Gyoui(交倚, a kind of armchair). Then, the government officials performing the ceremony in Jeongjeon prostrated himself around the King and the Chinese envoys and others stood around them.

• Korean Institute of Interior Design Journal
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• v.15 no.6 s.59
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• pp.77-88
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• 2006

According to critics and architects, non-linear structure is not only an organic form of space, but also a form of space detached from modem style. Accordingly, non-linear structure can be accepted as an alternative to what has remained unsolved by deconstructionist. However, they are criticized for not clarifying the interdependent relationship between non-linearity of space and cognitive structure of human being. They ended up remaining the hypothesis just an intuitive and abstract one. This research began on the basis that their hypothesis is hard to be objectified, and it needs further inquiry. The purpose of this thesis is to explore how the redundant factors constitute non-linear structures of digital media centered space design. Geometric compositions of space structure were analyzed to define what types of redundant factors are contrived in the process of visual information. This study about the visual form, researching the Information Theory, and then offer a quantitative analysis that makes those more objective. Space structure and geometric composition were analyzed to define what types of redundancy are contrived in the process of visual information. In particular, I put higher theoretical emphasis on what characteristics are ensued in the process of structuring spaces than any other subjects. Followings are the conclusion of analysis. First, as a result of examining, we can assume that NOX' space structure is not a chaotic form, but has an operating the form of its own. Second, in case of curvilinear, the structure was found redundancy on mid deviation ratio and discontinuous circular fabric. Although most of their structures appeared complex with a higher coherent constant, they were found to be stable factors because of the low deviation ratio between systems. The amount of surplus information was stable structure as well.

• Korean Institute of Interior Design Journal
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• v.19 no.6
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• pp.47-58
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• 2010

Frank Lloyd Wright(1867-1959) was regarded as the pioneer of the modern architecture in the beginning and transition period of 20th century. His works have the pure shape form which have the deep relationship with the organic architecture. Wright told himself that the Froebel System had an influence on his works a lot. This study have researched about the three dimensional application of the Froebel System in his works with assembling and disassembling. Also the two dimensional application in the diagonal and circular plans are the one of the subjects here. The following conclusions are reached. First, The similar of the Wright's works and the Froebel System was the application of the similar principles rather than the copy of the method, which are the accent of the center, the composition of the part and whole, the understanding of the composition principle through the unit system and the unfolding of the crystal by rotation. Even thought the Wright's works have the triangle, square, hexagonal shape, the way of the expansion from the centered space was same. Also the space formed by the division of the center space, unfolds making the part and whole by overlap and continuation. The 2nd Froebel make space decided by the Net and Crystal Lattices which have the crystal characteristics by the rotation. The new geometric architecture, pinwheel, was created by this method. The application of the Froebel in the Wright's works have the several sets which are the 3th, 4th, 5th, 6th Froebels, 2nd, 7th Froebels and the 3th, 5th, 9th Froebels. The geometrical analysis of the square shape and the diagonal shape of the Wright's works was possible. The unfolding of the centered space can be found in the Guggenheim Museum using the analysis of the circular geometric of the 9th Froebel. The above study proves that the Froebel was not a mere tool for the basic shape training but also the main body of Wright's works which consists of the organic idea and philosophy of the space.

• Journal of Navigation and Port Research
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• v.28 no.1
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• pp.105-111
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• 2004

This study is aiming at examining the possibilities to develop eco-friendly waterfront, and discusses characteristics of the organic worldview which has been emerged as new development or eco-friendly paradigm in recent science against the mechanical worldview of modem times. The orientation of waterfront development is characterized as unity, diversity, dynamics and mutuality. In addition, I examined the factors for waterfront design according to the locational, decorativeand visual properties of urban$.$architecture to find out concrete factors of its design. This study suggests the factors for waterfront design making use of organic properties, by examining the orientation for organic development of eco-friendly waterside environment and showing correlation between the factors of specific design, and their examples.

• Korean Journal of Medicinal Crop Science
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• v.23 no.1
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• pp.27-36
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• 2015

Shading and soil environment are the main factors of growth and yield in ginseng (Panax ginseng C. A. Meyer). Ginseng yield is directly related to survival rate because of increased missing plant for their growing period. Under field conditions, diseases and pests significantly affect plant survival rate. We evaluated the seedling establishment, growth and ginsenoside of the ginseng plants, under controlled management conditions in a plastic greenhouse, when their treated with different types of organic matter. Ginseng seeds were sown at a rate of three seeds per hole, and the seeding space measured $10cm{\times}15cm$. Compared to the control, treatment of cattle manure vermicompost (CMV) was shown to increase seedling establishment and decrease ginsenoside content. Root weights of plants treated with CMV were higher than those of plants treated with other types of organic matter. In addition, seedling establishment of 2-year-old ginseng plants was decreased when it was compared to that of 1-year-old ginseng plants. Our results indicated that organic matter type and rate were associated with seedling establishment, growth characteristic and ginsenoside content in greenhouse of ginseng direct-sowing culture.

• KIEAE Journal
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• v.8 no.1
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• pp.25-30
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• 2008

This study aims at examining the reduction of indoor air contaminants by plants placed in an indoor space. The effect of reducing the concentration of air contaminants by three species of plants was studied in a full-scale mock-up model. Field measurements were performed using Aglaonema brevispathum, Pachira aquatica and Ficus benjamiana which were verified as air-purifying plants by NASA. Their positions and amount were controlled. Two conditions for the amount of plants(10%, 5%) and positions(sun-shine, scatter) were used in two separate rooms whose dimensions are identical. The concentration of Volatile Organic Compounds(VOCs) was monitored three hours after the plants were placed and three days after the plants were placed. The variations of concentration of Benzene, Toluene, Etylbenzene, Xylene, Stylene and Formaldehyde, which are all known as the major elements of Volatile Organic Compounds were monitored. The more plants were used, the more a reduction of indoor air contaminants occurred. The effect of reducing the concentration of air contaminants increased when the amount of plants increased.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Electrical and Electronic Material Engineers
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• v.29 no.3
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• pp.135-140
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• 2016

In this study, we developed the solution-processed PMMA-$HfO_x$ hybrid ReRAM devices to overcome the respective drawbacks of organic and inorganic materials. The performances of PMMA-$HfO_x$ hybrid ReRAM were compared to those of PMMA- and $HfO_x$-based ReRAMs. Bipolar resistive switching behavior was observed from these ReRAMs. The PMMA-$HfO_x$ hybrid ReRAMs showed a larger operation voltage margin and memory window than PMMA-based and $HfO_x$-based ReRAMs. The reliability and electrical instability of ReRAMs were remarkably improved by blending the $HfO_x$ into PMMA. An Ohmic conduction path was commonly generated in the LRS (low resistance state). In HRS (high resistance state), the PMMA-based ReRAM showed SCLC (space charge limited conduction). the PMMA-$HfO_x$ hybrid ReRAM and $HfO_x$-based ReRAM revealed the Pool-Frenkel conduction. As a result of flexibility test, serious defects were generated in $HfO_x$ film deposited on PI (polyimide) substrate. On the other hand, the PMMA and PMMA-$HfO_x$ films showed an excellent flexibility without defect generation.