• Journal of Pharmaceutical Investigation
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• v.36 no.1
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• pp.23-29
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• 2006

A rapid, selective and sensitive reversed-phase HPLC method for the determination of promethazine in human serum was developed, validated, and applied to the pharmacokinetic study of promethazine. Promethazine and internal standard, chlorpromazine, were extracted from human serum by liquid-liquid extraction with n-hexane containing 0.8% isopropanol and analyzed on a Capcell Pak CN column with the mobile phase of acetonitrile-0.2 M potassium dihydrogen phosphate (42:58, v/v, adjusted to pH 6.0 with 1 M NaOH). Detection wavelength of 251 nm and flow rate of 0.9 mL/min were fixed for the study. The assay robustness for the changes of mobile phase pH, organic solvent content, and flow rate was confirmed by $3^{3}$ factorial design using a fixed promethazine concentration (10 ng/mL) with respect to its peak area and retention time. In addition, the ruggedness of this method was investigated at three different laboratories using same quality control (QC) samples. This method showed linear response over the concentration range of 1-40 ng/mL with correlation coefficients greater than 0.999. The lower limit of quantification using 1 mL of serum was 1 ng/mL, which was sensitive enough for pharmacokinetic studies. The overall accuracy of the quality control samples ranged from 96.15 to 105.40% for promethazine with overall precision (% C.V.) being 6.70-11.22%. The relative mean recovery of promethazine for human serum was 63.54%. Stability (freeze-thaw and short-term) studies showed that promethazine was stable during storage, or during the assay procedure in human serum. However, the storage at $-80^{\circ}C$ for 4 weeks showed that promethazine was not stable. Extracted serum sample and stock solution were not allowed to stand at ambient temperature for 12 hr prior to injection. The peak area and retention time of promethazine were not significantly affected by the changes of mobile phase pH, organic solvent content, and flow rate under the conditions studied. This method showed good ruggedness (within 15% C.V.) and was successfully used for the analysis of promethazine in human serum samples for the pharmacokinetic studies of orally administered Himazin tablet (25 mg as promethazine hydrochloride) at three different laboratories, demonstrating the suitability of the method.

• Journal of Conservation Science
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• v.31 no.2
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• pp.95-104
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• 2015

Excavated archaeological cast iron objects in improper storage are quickly corroded and disintegrated into block and powder finally. Hence desalination treatment which is a way of removing internal corrosive factors, especially chloride ion, is an important process. But desalination is often omitted or objects are dehydrated by alcohol because the destruction of objects could occur during desalting. Although current desalting methods mostly use an aqueous alkali solution, $OH^-$ ions of water could accelerate corrosion and broaden internal cracks cause of high surface tension. Therefore this study experimented desalting using ethyl alcohol, which is low surface tension, to investigate an effect of desalination. As a result, desalting using ethyl alcohol showed the similar or more effective results of desalting using water. In addition, as aspects of desalting safety, ethyl alcohol desalting method was smaller destruction of objects and extraction of Fe from the objects than the aqueous alkali solution. However, this study explored the possibility of desalting methods using organic solvent in fieldwork, so the results would provide basic date for making the safe and effective desalting method for archaeological cast iron objects through further experiments.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.44 no.12
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• pp.1793-1798
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• 2015

Antioxidant activities of various solvent extracts from Coriolus versicolor were investigated for their total polyphenol content, total flavonoid content, 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging activity, and 2,2'-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS) cation radical scavenging activity. C. versicolor extracts were produced by organic solvents such as ethanol, ethyl acetate, and methanol. Total polyphenol and flavonoid contents in the ethanol and ethyl acetate extracts were higher than those in the methanol extract. DPPH radical scavenging activity of methanol extract showed the highest value of 80.3%, which was similar to that of ascorbic acid (85.5%). All extracts showed good (>90.0%) ABTS cation radical scavenging activity. The antimicrobial activities of these extracts from C. versicolor were evaluated against six strains of bacteria using the disc diffusion method. All extracts showed antimicrobial activities against all tested bacteria except Staphylococcus aureus. These results indicate that various extracts from C. versicolor could be useful as natural antioxidant and antimicrobial agents.

• Journal of Food Hygiene and Safety
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• v.22 no.4
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• pp.359-364
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• 2007

This study was conducted to determine the optimum condition of extraction and antioxidant activity of ethanol extracts of Epimedium koreanum Nakai based on the icariin quantity. Also, further organic solvent fractions of hexane, chloroform, ethyl acetate and butanol were obtained from the ethanol extract of Epimedium koreanum Nakai at different temperatures. Total ethanol extraction yield of wild grape seed ranged from 11.8% to 39.3% depending on the concentration of icariin as well as different ethanol concentration, extraction temperature and time condition. Among different extraction temperatures and time, the highest extraction yield of 39.3% was obtained at 70% ethanol for 3 hour at $50^{\circ}C$ in the sample containing the 0.596% icariin (KE9412). In the meantime, the strongest free radical scavenging effect $(RC_{50})$ with $18.9{\mu}g/mL$ in the KE9412 sample was observed in 70% ethanol extract of Epimedium koreanum Nakai extracted for 7 hour at $70^{\circ}C$, while $RC_{50}$ with $35.2{\mu}g/mL$ was observed in the KE9405 (0.20% icariin content) sample at same condition. Also, antioxidant activity of ethanol extracts of Epimedium koreanum Nakai increased as icariin concentration increased. Among each fraction obtained from organic solvents, butanol fraction was found to have the strongest $RC_{50}\;(39.2{\mu}g/mL)$ and followed by ethylacetate $(49.0{\mu}g/mL)$, water $(118.8{\mu}g/mL)$, ethylacetate $(119.8{\mu}g/mL)$, and chloroform fraction $(138.5{\mu}g/mL)$ respectively.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.33 no.5
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• pp.507-513
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• 2001

An effective extraction methods of a garlic were investigated in order to improve the functional properties of the extracts. The solid yield, electron donating ability (EDA), nitrite-scavenging effects (NSE), peroxide value (POV) and total thiosulfinates contents of garlic extracts were determined. In order to improve the functional properties of extracts prepared with several organic solvents and acids, concentration and pH adjustment of the selected solvent and addition of acids and salts to solvents were also examined. Among the solvents tested, the methanol and ethanol extracts were found to be the most effective on the base of functionality and solid yields. The highest EDA, NSE and thiosulfinate value were obtained with 50% ethanol. The pH control of solvent and addition of citric acid, NaCl and phosphates to 50% ethanol did not affect on the functionality of the extracts. Therefore the optimal solvent for the best functional properties of garlic extract was 50% ethanol.

• KSBB Journal
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• v.24 no.5
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• pp.446-452
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• 2009

Oleyl alcohol, butyl butyrate, and two different ionic liquids were evaluated for the extraction of butanol from culture broth without toxic effect to cells. The tested solvents showed more than 50% extraction efficiency, and oleyl alcohol was chosen as the best extractant for butanol among the used extractants with a partition coefficient of 2.89. When oleyl alcohol was used as an extractant, more than 80% of butanol was extracted in the wide range of butanol concentrations (1-20 g/L) and pH values (pH 4-5.5). In extractive fermentation using oleyl alcohol only, there was 11% more butanol production and glucose consumption when compared to that without extractive fermentation, implicating a reduced inhibitory effect of butanol due to butanol removal to the oleyl alcohol phase. In addition, oleyl alcohol did not inhibit cell growth, while a mixture of oleyl alcohol and butyl butyrate with the volume ratio of 9:1~7:3 inhibited either butanol production or cell growth significantly due to the toxicity of butyl butyrate to cells. In conclusion, oleyl alcohol can be used as an efficient and non-toxic solvent for extractive fermentation for butanol production.

• Food Science and Preservation
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• v.11 no.4
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• pp.455-460
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• 2004

This study was conducted to determine the yield, free radical scavengering effect and total phenol contents of various solvent fractions on the crude and defatted grape seed extract during storage. The optimal condition for the extraction yield, free radical scavengering effect and total phenol contents was $90\%$ ethanol for 6 hour at $70^{\circ}C$. The extraction yield for crude and defatted grape seed at optimal condition was $8.9\%\;and\;9.16\%$, respectively. Also, the strongest free radical scavengering effect with $41.52\;{\mu}g/mL$ was observed in $95\%$ ethanol of defatted grape seed extracted for 6 hour at $70^{\circ}C$. Similar result was observed in total phenol contents of defatted grape seed. The ethyl acetate fraction obtained from ethanol extract of defatted grape seed showed the strongest RC50($12.35\;{\mu}g/mL$) compared to other organic fractions. Free radical scavengering effect of crude and defatted grape seed extracts treated with alkali condition(pH 10) was reduced compared to that of acidic condition(pH 2) during storage far 1 month at $50^{\circ}C$. Overall, more stronger free radical scavengering effect and higher total phenol contents in defatted grape seed extracts was observed than that of crude grape seed.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.32 no.1
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• pp.115-118
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• 2003

This study was conducted to determine optimal extraction condition and free radical scavenging effect of ethanol extracts of Campell Early grape seeds and skins at different temperatures, and of organic solvent fractionated from ethanol extracts of grape seeds and skins. The free radical scavenging effect was tested using 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) method and expressed as dose required for a 50% reduction of DPPH radical (RC$_{50}$). The extraction yields were increased with increasing the extraction temperature but it was not related with ethanol concentrations. The ethanol extract of grape seeds obtained at 5$0^{\circ}C$ showed the more stronger RC$_{50}$ (16.8 $\mu\textrm{g}$/mL) than those of both 3$0^{\circ}C$ and 78$^{\circ}C$. The ethylacetate fraction obtained from ethanol extract of grape seed showed the strongest RC$_{50}$ (15.4 $\mu\textrm{g}$/mL). Overall, both ethanol extracts and their fractions of grape seeds showed significantly stronger free radical scavenging effect than those of skin extracts.racts.

• Korean Chemical Engineering Research
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• v.51 no.4
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• pp.482-486
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• 2013

Recently, biohydrocarbons are gathering an interest as a new bioenergy due to the versatile applicability. In the present work, a process is proposed for the recovery of lipids from Recombinant E. coli MG1655 which provides longer chain fatty acids. After the growth of the recombinant E. coli, the cells were disrupted by high pressure homogenizer for obtaining intracellular lipids and the resulting solutions were centrifuged and extracted. For the efficient cell disruption with high pressure homogenizer, the pressure higher than 5,000 psi was required. In addition, under the conditions of applied pressure 5,000 to 20,000 psi, 1~3 pass homogenizing was enough for the more than 90% cell disruption. As organic solvents for extraction of lipid, hexane/isopropyl alcohol and ethyl acetate/ethanol systems showed excellent extracting power. With these solvent systems, the 60% lipid could be recovered. Moreover it was found that the extracted lipids contained long-chain fatty acids such as $C_{12}$, $C_{14}$, $C_{16}$ and $C_{18}$.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.34 no.6
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• pp.393-398
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• 2024

The purpose of this study was to verify the antifungal properties of various herbal medicines belonging to the Ranunculaceae family and to find an extraction method effective in inhibiting fungal growth. When antifungal activity was measured in a liquid medium with extracts obtained by either hot water extraction or organic solvent extraction of the herbal medicines Clematis apiifolia, Coptis chinensis, and Pusatilla chinensis, effective results were obtained from the chloroform extract. In addition, fungal growth inhibition experiments were performed on unicellular fungi, Candida albicans, Candida tropicalis, and Candida lusitaniae, and on filamentous fungi, such as Pythium ultimum, Aspergillus fumigatus, and Fusarium oxysporum, using disk diffusion experiments on solid media. It was confirmed that P. chinensis extract has excellent antifungal properties against Candida spp. and C. apiifolia extract against filamentous mold. Finally, GC-MS analysis was performed to explore the useful antifungal substances present in the extract. As a result of the study, thurbergenone from C. apiifolia and 16-hydroxycleroda-3, 13(14)-dien-15, 16-olide (16-HCDO) from C. chinensis were confirmed as antifungal candidates. In conclusion, it was confirmed that C. apiifolia, C. chinensis, and P. chinensis have antifungal activity against various fungi, and in GC-MS analysis, all herbal medicines were confirmed to have different antifungal candidates. These results indicate that the Ranunculaceae family has evolved in several directions for fungal resistance traits.