• 유기물자원화
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• 제28권4호
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• pp.77-85
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• 2020

본 연구는 아주까리유박을 주원료로 제조하는 유기질비료의 대체자재 개발 목적으로 제조한 혼합유기질 발효비료의 양분공급 효과 검증을 위해 시용 후 배추의 생육 및 토양 특성을 혼합유박과 비교 분석하였다. 혼합유기질 발효비료는 미강, 주정박, 참깨박, 어분의 혼합비율을 달리하여 비료성분이 질소 5.0, 인산 2.6, 칼리 1.4%인 비료 2종(FA, FB)를 제조하였다. 본 시험은 무처리, 혼합유박, 혼합유기질 발효비료 처리구로 설정하였으며, 배추의 질소시비량(320 kg ha-1)을 기준으로 혼합유기질 발효비료 A와 B는 100%, 200% 수준, 혼합유박 100% 설정하여 시비하였다. 배추 생육 및 수량 조사결과, 혼합유기질 발효비료의 시용량이 증가하면 생육과 수량도 증가하였다. 혼합유기질 발효비료 처리와 혼합유박 100% 시용구의 생육은 처리간의 유의한 차이는 없었으며, 생산량은 FA 100% 처리구가 혼합유박과 대등한 수량을 보였다. 배추의 질소이용효율은 처리구에 따라 20~31% 이었으며, FA 100% 처리가 혼합유박과 대등한 질소흡수량과 이용효율을 보였다. 재배 후 토양 화학성은 pH, EC, 토양유기물 및 유효인산 함량은 처리간의 유의적인 차이는 없었으나, 치환성양이온 함량은 혼합유기질 발효비료 처리구가 높아졌다. 또한 토양의 세균 밀도는 무비구에 비해 비료 처리구가 높았으며, 혼합유기질 발효비료 시용량이 많을수록 증가하였다. 위의 결과를 통해 수입유박 대체자재로 혼합유기질 발효비료 FA가 혼합유박과 유사한 양분공급 효과가 있으며 경제적이고 친환경적인 양분관리를 위해 적정시비량 설정 연구가 추가적으로 필요할 것으로 사료된다.

• 한국토양비료학회지
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• 제44권3호
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• pp.473-478
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• 2011

A wide diversity of liquid fertilizers and composts produced from the livestock manure in Korea is commonly applied to agricultural lands as an alternative of chemical fertilizers. However, their effects on the crop production and environmental impacts are still vague. The current study was conducted to understand the effects of the pig manure-based liquid fertilizer on the growth of Zea mays L. and soil properties. Four different liquid fertilizers were treated to each cultivated upland plot located in Gyeong-gi province, Korea while no fertilizer (control A) and a chemical fertilizer (control B) were treated to separate plots for comparison. The liquid fertilizer treatment did not make a significant difference in the fresh weight of Zea mays L. compared to the controls. This is probably due to the nutrient residues carried over from the last year fertilization. Electric conductivity (EC) and organic matter contents in soils were increased right after the liquid fertilizer treatments compared to the controls. However, soil pH was maintained as the same as the level of control A. A long-term effect of the continuous treatment of the manure based liquid fertilizer will be carried out in the successive study.

• 한국환경과학회지
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• 제10권5호
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• pp.365-371
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• 2001

The optimum dosage of quicklime in producing organic fertilizer using livestock wastes vith a greater than 80% water content was analysed. After one day had elapsed to allow for the organic fentilizer to dry, the quicklime dosage and the composition of the organic fertilizer were analysed. Any from done to the organic fertilizer was also assessed. The amount of the quicklime required to stabilize livestock wastes was determined by water content of livestock wastes. For J farm(slurry style) of which livestock wastes have 94.6% of water concentration, less than 3% of total amount of livestock wastes, for H farm (scraper style) of which livestock wastes have 85% of water concentration, less then 4% of total livestock wastes and Y farm(traditional style) of which livestock wastes have 80% of water concentration, less then 5% of total livestock wastes. Generally, in order to pack the organic fertilizer, water containing quicklime0stabilized livestock wastes should be less than 35%. It takes 9 days to keep this water content for the wastes from H and Y farms(less than 85% in water content), and 12 days for the wastes from J (94.6% in water content). According to the classification standard for compost constitution by Higgins, the crude fertilizers from all 3 farms had high grade $K_2O$ and CaO, the middle grade T-N and middle or low grade $P_2O_5$. Stabilization by quicklime is known to inhibit bacterial decomposition of organic matter and the activity of pathogenic organisms. In this study, more then 99.99% of coliform group, fecal group and viable cell count were reduced. Our results indicate that livestock wastes of greater 80% water content could be used to produce organic fertilizer without the addition of a material for moisture control.

• 자원환경지질
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• 제38권6호
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• pp.657-662
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• 2005

Extractions fro fertilizer and soil samples were performed to yield the operationally defined fractions 'soluble' chromate (extractable with $NH_4NO_3$), 'exchangeable' chromate (extractable with phosphate buffer pH 7.2), and these results were compared with the data obtained by extractions with ammonium sulfate, borate buffer pH 7.2, saturated borax pH 9.6, and polyphosphate (Graham's salt). In order to maintain the pH of extractant solution about constant, the concentration of extractant buffer had to be raised to at least 0.5 M. The results strongly depended on the kind of extractant, and the solid: liquid ratio. For most of the samples investigated, the extraction efficiency increased in the order borate-sulfate-nitrate-phosphate. Whereas the recovery of $K_2CrO_4\;and\;CaCrO_4$ added to the samples of basic slags prior to the extraction was about complete, the recovery of added $PbCrO_4$ was highly variable. In soil extracts, the color reaction was interfered from co-extracted humics, which react with the chromate in weak acid solution during the time period necessary for color reaction (1 hour). However, this problem can be overcome by standard addition and subtraction of the color of the extractant solution. In soil extract of about pH < 7, organic material reduced chromate during the extraction period also, and standard addition of soluble chromate is recommended to prove recovery and the stability of chromate in the samples. In admixtures of soils and basic slags, results for hexavalent chromium were lower than from the mere basic slags. This effect was more pronounced in phosphate than in nitrate extracts. As a proficiency test, samples low in organic carbon from contaminated sites in Hungary were tested. The results from $NH_4NO_3$ extracts satisfactorily matched the results of the Hungarian labs obtained from $CalCl_2$ extractants.

• Applied Biological Chemistry
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• 제27권
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• pp.68-79
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• 1984

An increased population and rapidly expanding industrial development have led to enormous amounts of various domestic and industrial wastes. The proper disposal of ever-increasing wastes is a growing global problem. Land treatment is one of the rational approaches that are environmentally safe and economically practical. It has long been practised in many sites. Recycling of industrial wastes on agricultural land can provide better possible means for maintaining environmental quality and utilizing waste-resources. Even though industrial wastes are beneficial as soil amendment and fertilizer, they have some limitation on land application because of wide variability as well as physicochemical problem in their composition. A direct application of solid and liquid wastes on land is being practised in Korea and some experimental results are presented. The direct application of fermentation waste on rice resulted in a 6 percent yield increase. Another organic residue from glutamic acid fermentation is widely used not only as a direct application as a liquid fertilizer but also for a raw material of organic compound fertilizer. These wastes are much promising as sources of plant nutrients, since they have large amounts of nutrients, especially nitrogen with few toxic metals. On the other hand, fertilizers developed from inorganic industrial wastes include calcium silicate, calcium sulfate and ammonium sulfate. The calcium silicate fertilizer simply produced from slag, by-product of iron and steel manufacturing plant is one of the most successful example of the conversion of wastes to fertilizer and slag production capacity totals to over three million MT/year. About 200,000 MT of calcium silicate fertilizer is currently applied in the paddy rice every year. Calcium sulfate, a waste from the wet phosphoric acid process is to some extent used as a filler of compound fertilizers but quite large quantites are directly applied for the reclamation of tidal flat.

• Journal of Dairy Science and Biotechnology
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• 제32권2호
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• pp.71-76
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• 2014

The Netherlands produce more than 11 million tonnes of milk per year, and approximately 60% of the milk is exported. Dutch milk production is five times higher than that of Korea, even though Korea comprises a land area three times greater than the Netherlands. Upscaling and intensification have characterized the Dutch way of dairy farming since 1960, and adverse effects of the intensification of dairy farming became evident from the late 1970s and early 1980s onwards. The transition toward a more sustainable farming system is a central element of the Dutch agenda for the reconstruction of the livestock production sector. The environmental problems in Dutch dairy farming in the 1980s have led to the establishment of the experimental dairy farm "De Marke" which aims at improving the utilization of fertilizers and feeds, through minimizing nutrient requirements, maximizing the use of nutrients in organic manure and homegrown feeds, and through the targeted use of fertilizers and feeds. 85 cows at "De Marke" produce 720 tonnes of milk per year, using 55 ha of pasture in a sustainable manner. That means, 150,000 ha of pasture are required to produce 2 million tonnes of milk, which the current milk production of Korea. It is urgent to provide sufficient pasture for sustainable milk production in Korea, and primarily the transition to pasture of surplus rice paddies, resulting from of a decrease in rice consumption, should be considered.

• 아시안잔디학회지
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• 제5권1호
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• pp.47-53
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• 1991

A laboratory experiment was conducted in order to learn the effect of a number of organic matters on the ammonification and nitrification of urea, and the reaction of soil, applied to a loamy upland soil poor in orgnic matter(<1.5%, without plants 1.The ammonification of urea was most pronounced in one week period immediatly after fertilizer and water treated, after which a rapid decrease of it was followed showing no accumulation at the end of 3rd week. Owing to the accumlation of ammonium, pHs of treated soils were read 7.0 to 7.3 from 6.8~6.9. 2.Nitrification was also progressed rapidly in the first one week period so that the accumulation of NO$_3$-N surpassed that of ammonia during this period. After the 1st week the accumulation of N0$_3$-N was continuously increased showing the maximum at the end of 4 weeks following a sharp decrease at the end of 5th weeks. The accumulation of NO$_3$-N dropped soil pH from 6.8-7.0 to 6. 0-6.2,but the decrease of NO-N at the end of 5th weeks brought up soil pH to 6.4-6.6. again. 3.Amino acid fermentation byproduct rich in salt, paticularly chloride, slowed down the ammonification and nitrification of urea. 4.The application of organic matter diminished the acidifying effect of chemical fertilizers. The diminishing effect of soluble humic acid and amion acid fermentation byproduct showed greater than that of solid organic matter in this experiment, which might be own to the application of a rather small amount of water soluble organic matters. Rice straw powder among solid organic matters appeared to be the least in the diminishing effect above. It may be reasoned that these soluble organic matters decomposes rapidly so as to affect Soil pH, but solid organic matters, particularly the rice straw powder, form acidic humus.

• 한국유기농업학회지
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• 제18권1호
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• pp.83-92
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• 2010

미나리 유기재배 방법을 설정하기 위해 관행 재배구를 대조구로 하고 유용미생물제(effective microorganism), 액상규산염(silicate solution), 및 유기액상비료(organic liquid fertilizer)를 사용하여 재배하였다. 미나리 수확기에 조사한 토양 pH, EC, OM, 유효인산, 치환성 칼슘, 유효규산함량은 수확기에 감소하였고, 치환성칼륨과 마그네슘은 1, 2년차에는 수확기에 감소하였지만, 3년차에는 증가하였다. 대조구에 비해 액상규산염을 사용할 경우 pH, 유기물, 유효인산함량이 감소하였고, 유용미생물제는 치환성 Ca과 Mg, 유기액상비료는 EC와 치환성 Ca과 K가 감소하였다. 미나리에 함유되어 있는 다량원소 가운데 C, N, P, K, 및 S는 대조구보다 함유량이 많았고, Ca과 Mg은 대조구와 비슷하였다. 담배거세미나방과 역병은 모든 처리구에서 비슷한 수준으로 나타났고, 점무늬병은 대조구에서 나타났다. 생육시기별로 처리간에 엽록소 함량 차이는 없었지만, 액상규산염을 사용한 구의 초장은 60.2 cm, 수량 3,698 kg/10a로 가장 적었고, 유기액상비료를 사용한 경우 66.0 cm와 4,387 kg/10a로 가장 많았다.

• 환경영향평가
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• 제17권5호
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• pp.311-320
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• 2008

Reusing livestock manure have various advantages in securing soil organic resources, and since the costs needed for converting them into liquefied fertilizers are relatively moderate compared to normal treatment, such methods are necessary. In this study, the Recycling Capacity Assessment of Gyeonggi-do was carried out by comparing between the fertilizer demands for specific crops based on the cultivation areas and the amount of fertilizer resources that are generated from livestock manure. From this assessment, the possibility of obtaining resources by converting livestock manure into fertilizers were evaluated. The amount generated of Livestock Manure in Gyeonggi-do were evaluated by applying the emission units to the number of livestock manure. And from the amount generated of Livestock Manure, the amount of fertilizer produced from Livestock Manure were calculated by using the fertilizer a component rate. When considering the amount of fertilizer produced from Livestock Manure based on the type of livestock, N 6,626 ton/year, $P_2O_5$ 1,824 ton/year, $K_2O$ 4,480 ton/year were produced from milk cow manure, while N 5,247 ton/year, $P_2O_5$ 2,772 ton/year, $K_2O$ 2,879 ton/year, were produced from beef cattle manure. N 14,924 ton/year, $P_2O_5$ 7,205 ton/year, $K_2O$ 6,750 ton/year were produced from pigs and N 12,651 ton/year, $P_2O_5$ 4,458 ton/year, $K_2O$ 5,542 ton/year were produced by chickens. So the total amount of fertilizers that can be obtained from livestock manure were 3,668 ton/year Nitrogen, 16,259 ton/year phosphate and 19,651 ton/year kalium. And the total fertilizer demands in Gyeonggi-do were Nitrogen 27,200 ton/year, Phosphate 8,853 ton/year, and kalium 13,211 ton/year respectively. Nitrogen which had higher demands than production quantities were considered as limitation factors in crop growth. So the Recycling Capacity Assessment was carried out mainly based on Nitrogen. Since the Nitrogen quantities that can be provided by recycling livestock manure were 3,532 ton/year lesser than the Nitrogen demands, it is estimated that it would be desirable to convert livestock manure into resources. But in order to properly convert the entire livestock manure into organic resources, the seasonal situation that effects the nitrogen demands of crops along with the regional effects due to the industrial structures should be seriously analyzed. In addition, a system that can effectively produce and manage fertilizer should be established.

• 환경정책연구
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• 제6권1호
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• pp.61-81
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• 2007

농산물에 대한 시장수요는 가격탄력성이 작기 때문에 기술진보나 여타 생산성 향상요인에 의해 공급이 확대되면 시장가격이 크게 하락하고 농가의 이윤은 감소한다. 일반적인 경쟁시장 작동원리에 따르면 농업 부문에 투입된 부존자원은 다른 산업으로 조정될 것이다. 하지만 농업부문의 경우 다른 산업으로의 신축적인 자원조정(resource adjustment)이 이루어지지 않기 때문에 농산물의 과다 생산과 낮은 소득수준이 지속된다. 정부가 농업부문 보호를 위해 다양한 정책수단을 도입하는 근본적인 이유는 농업부문이 다른 산업에 비해 취약한 수익구조를 가지고 있어 경쟁시장에서는 식량안보라는 편익을 사회적으로 적절한 수준에서 제공하지 못하기 때문이다. 농업부문 보호를 위해 정부가 취하는 대표적인 정책은 가격지지정책과 소득보조정책이다. 직접지불제는 정부가 농가의 소득을 직접적으로 지지하는 보조금의 한 형태로 농산물의 가격과 교역조건에 직접적인 영향을 미치지 않아 WTO농업협정의 감축대상 보조금에서 제외되어 최근 새로운 농업보호 수단으로 운용되고 있다. 친환경직불제는 환경보전형 농업에 대한 직접지불제로 농약이나 화학비료를 사용하지 않고 생산하는 농가에 대해 일정 보조금을 지급하는 제도이다. 국내에서 1999년부터 시행되고 있는 친환경직불제는 유기농산물의 공급을 확대시키고 농업시장 개방에 대응한 농업부문의 경쟁력 제고방안을 제시하였다는 점에서 긍정적으로 평가되고 있다. 하지만 실제 공급되는 친환경농산물이 저농약이나 무농약농산물이라는 점과 유기질비료 사용을 적절하게 조절하지 못하고 있다는 점에서 '환경보전형 농업'인지에 대해서는 장담할 수 없는 실정이다. 현행 친환경직불제하에서 농약과 화학비료의 투입량이 감소하는 것은 명확하다. 하지만 유기질비료의 투입이 증가한다는 것도 명확하다. 따라서 농약과 화학비료의 감소에 따른 환경질 개선정도가 유기질비료 투입 증가에 의해 상쇄된다면 친환경직불제의 '친환경성'은 보장되지 않는다. 만약 비료에 대한 수요가 큰 농가를 중심으로 친환경농업이 이루어진다면 친환경직불제의 환경오염 저감잠재력은 더욱 취약해질 것이다. 본 논문은 친환경농업으로의 전환에 대한 유인을 정의하고 낮은 토양질의 농가들이 전환에 더 큰 유인을 갖게 됨을 보이고 있다.