• Animal Bioscience
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• v.34 no.4
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• pp.613-620
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• 2021

Objective: This study aimed at studying the potential use of Flemingia (Flemingia macrophylla) as a protein source fodder to improve nutrients digestibility and ruminal fermentation efficiency in beef cattle. Methods: Four, Thai native beef cattle were randomly assigned in a 4×4 Latin square design. Four levels of Flemingia hay meal (FHM) were used to replace soybean meal (SBM) in the concentrate mixtures in four dietary treatments replacing levels at 0%, 30%, 60%, and 100% of SBM. Results: The experimental findings revealed that replacements did not effect on intake of rice straw, concentrate and total dry matter (DM) intake (p>0.05). However, the apparent digestibilities of DM, organic matter, crude protein, acid detergent fiber, and neutral detergent fiber were linearly increased up to 100% replacement levels. Moreover, the production of total volatile fatty acids, and propionate concentration were enhanced (p<0.05) whereas the concentration of acetate was reduced in all replacement groups. Consequently, the CH4 production was significantly lower when increasing levels of FHM for SBM (p<0.05). Furthermore, rumen bacterial population was additionally increased (p<0.05) while protozoal population was clearly decreased (p<0.05) in all replacement groups up to 100%. In addition, microbial nitrogen supply and efficiency of microbial nitrogen synthesis were enhanced (p<0.05), as affected by FHM replacements. Conclusion: The findings under this experiment suggest that 100% FHM replacement in concentrate mixture enhanced rumen fermentation efficiency, nutrients digestibilities, bacterial population, microbial protein synthesis, and subsequently reduced CH4 production in beef cattle fed on rice straw.

• Animal Bioscience
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• v.36 no.1
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• pp.84-97
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• 2023

Objective: One hundred hybrid male ducks (Mojosari×Alabio) were used to examine the efficacy of chicory supplementation as nutritional feed manipulation on production performance, and blood lipid profile of hybrid ducks. Methods: The ducks were tagged, weighed, and then allotted randomly to one of the four treatment diets using a completely randomized design. The experimental diets were: i) P0 (100% basal diets+0% chicory as control), ii) P1 (95% basal diets+5% chicory), iii) P2 (90% basal diets+10% chicory) and iv) P3 (85% basal diets+15% chicory). For each treatment group, there were 5 replicates of 5 birds each. All experimental diets were isonitrogenous and isocaloric using locally available ingredients. Results: Hybrid ducks with fed diets supplemented fresh chicory (5%, 10%, and 15%) showed increased feed intake and body weight gain, as well as feed conversion ratio to be smaller than those ducks fed diets without chicory supplementation (control). The ducks fed 10% chicory supplementation contained significantly (p<0.05) lower ash and higher organic matter contents of meat than those ducks fed other diets. The ducks fed 15% chicory supplementation showed the lowest crude protein and cholesterol content of meat among the treatment diets. Ducks fed chicory supplementation showed lower (p<0.05) blood cholesterol and triglyceride levels than those ducks fed without chicory supplementation, while dietary interventions had no major (p>0.05) influence on low-density lipoprotein and high-density lipoprotein levels in duck blood. Conclusion: In this study, 10% chicory supplementation showed the best results characterized by an increase in growth performance, carcass quality, small intestinal histomorphology, and lower cholesterol levels of meat.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Agriculture
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• v.32 no.4
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• pp.323-331
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• 2013

BACKGROUND: Liquid pig manure(LPM) is a useful resource if it is sufficiently fermented and utilized in the agriculture; it provides nutrients to soils, circulates organic materials and replaces chemical fertilizers(CF) with reasonable costs. Currently, there are not many trials in paddy field to continuously cultivate the crops in winter and summer season using LPM. METHODS AND RESULTS: When cultivating winter forage crops (Whole-crop-barley(WCB), Rye, Triticale, Italian ryegrass(IRG)) and summer feed corns in the rice field, CF was treated with $N-P_2O_5-K_2O$(winter forage crops: 120-100-100kg/ha, summer feed corn: 200-150-150 kg/ha), and subsequently, growth, yields, feed values and chemical properties of soil were investigated. LPM-applied areas in both winter and summer forage crops showed higher plant lengths and tillers than those of CF-applied areas, but the yield in CF-applied areas was higher than that of LPM-applied areas under continuous application of 2 years. Crude protein, neutral detergent fiber(NDF), acid detergent fiber(ADF) and total digestion nutrient(TDN) in feed values showed almost similar results between LPM and CF-applied areas. EC, organic matter, available phosphate and exchangeable cations of soils after the experiment increased in LPM applied areas, and especially, the contents of available phosphate and exchangeable sodium were high. CONCLUSION(S): Considering the above results, it was concluded that if LPM are properly utilized for continuous winter and summer cultivation of feed crops at paddy field, the cultivation costs could be decreased and be helpful to the stable production of domestic feeds.

• Journal of the Korea Organic Resources Recycling Association
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• v.11 no.1
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• pp.70-76
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• 2003

Continuous anaerobic hydrogen production with a mixed culture was investigated. With a sucrose concentration of 5g COD/L in the feed, hydrogen production exceeded $0.5mole\;H_2/mole\;hexose$ was found at the early stage, however it did not maintain longer than 9days. It was assumed that the failure was caused by insufficient active hydrogen producing bacteria in the reactor. Therefore, effects of pH control, repeated heat treatment and substrate concentration on sustainable continuous anaerobic hydrogen production was examined to find out operating conditions to sustainable hydrogen production. Decrease of hydrogen production was not overcome by only pH control at 5.3. Repeated heat treatment could recover hydrogen producing activity without any external inoculum supply. However, frequent heat treatment was needed because the treated sludge also showed the tendency in decrease of hydrogen production. With a sucrose concentration of 30g COD/L in the feed, hydrogen production maintained $1.0-1.4mole\;H_2/mole\;hexose$ in continuously stirred tank reactor and $0.2-0.3mole\;H_2/mole\;hexose$ in anaerobic sequencing batch reactor) for 24days. More than 90% of soluble organics in effluent was organic acids, in which n-butyrate was the most one.

• Korean Journal of Agricultural Science
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• v.43 no.3
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• pp.387-393
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• 2016

This study was conducted to determine the fermentative characteristics of wheat bran inoculated with a starter culture of direct-fed microbes as a microbial wheat bran (DMWB) feed additive. Wheat bran was prepared with 1% (w/w, 0.5% Lactobacillus plantarum and 0.5% of Saccharomyces cerevisiae) starter culture treatment (TW) or without starter culture as a control (CW). Those were fermented under anaerobic conditions at $30^{\circ}C$ incubation for 3 days. Samples were taken at 0, 1, 2, and 3 days to analyze chemical composition, microbial growth, pH, and organic acid content. Chemical composition was not significantly different between CW and TW (p > 0.05). In TW, the number of lactic acid bacteria and yeast increased during the 3 days of fermentation (p < 0.05) and the population of lactic acid bacteria was significantly higher than in CW (p < 0.05). After 3 days, the number of yeast in TW was $7.50{\pm}0.07log\;CFU/g$, however, no yeast was detected in CW (p < 0.05). The pH values of both wheat bran samples decreased during the 3 days of fermentation (p < 0.05), and TW showed significantly lower pH than CW after 3 days of fermentation (p < 0.05). Contents of lactic acid and acetic acid increased significantly at 3rd day of fermentation in TW. However, no organic acids were generated in CW during testing period. These results suggest that 3 days of fermentation at $37^{\circ}C$ incubation after the inoculation wheat bran with starter culture makes it possible to produce a direct-feed with a high population of lactic acid bacteria at more than $10^{11}CFU/g$.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• v.63 no.4
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• pp.790-798
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• 2021

The objective of this study was evaluation of pig behavior changes related to temperature, relative humidity, volatile organic compounds (VOCs), and illuminance. A total of 24 growing pigs ([Yorkshire × Landrace] × Duroc) were used in the experiment. A sensor was installed at a height of 0.5 m in the center of the pig house. In experiment 1, temperature was changed every four days to 18℃ (T1), 22℃ (T2), 26℃ (T3), and then 30℃ (T4). In experiment 2, relative humidity was adjusted to 45% (low humidity [LH]), 60% (middle humidity [MH]), and then 75% (high humidity [HH]) for four days. In experiment 3, after cleaning the pig house just before experiment, only minimal ventilation was provided. VOCs and pig behaviors were observed for 7 days without cleaning the pig house. In experiment 4, three light bulbs of 40 W (470 lumens / 45 lx; low illuminance [LI]), 75 W (1,055 lumens / 103 lx; middle illuminance [MI]), and 100 W (1,521 lumens / 146 lx; high illuminance [HI]) were used for four days each. Pig behavior analysis was performed for following criteria : Feed intake, Standing, Lying, Sitting, Drink water, Rooting, Posture transition (lying-standing), Posture transition (standing-lying), Wallowing, and Biting. In experiment 1, feed intake time was lower (p < 0.05) for the T3 than other treatment groups. Standing time was highest (p < 0.05) for the T1 and lowest (p < 0.05) for the T3. Lying time was shorter (p < 0.05) in T1 and T2 compared to T3 and T4. Drinking frequency was higher (p < 0.05) for the T4 than other treatment groups. In experiment 2, the frequency of rooting and wallowing increased (p < 0.05) with increasing humidity. LH showed the lowest (p < 0.05) rooting frequency and HH showed the highest (p < 0.05) rooting frequency. In experiment 3, VOCs concentration did not (p > 0.05) change pig behavior. In experiment 4, lying time was the longest (p < 0.05) at LI and shortest (p < 0.05) at HI. Therefore, pig behavior is heavily influenced by the environment, especially temperature and humidity. However, correlation between pig behavior to VOCs and illuminance seems to be needed more research.

• Animal Bioscience
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• v.35 no.6
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• pp.916-926
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• 2022

Objective: This study was conducted to evaluate the effects of medium chain triglycerides (MCT) with organic acids (OA) on growth performance, fecal score, blood profiles, intestinal morphology, and nutrient digestibility in weaning pigs. Methods: A total of 120 weaning pigs ([Yorkshire×Landrace]×Duroc) with an average body weight (BW) of 8.00±0.87 kg were assigned in five treatments considering sex and initial BW in 3 replications with 8 pigs per pen in a randomized complete block design. The experimental diets included a corn-soybean meal based basal diet with or without 0.1% or 0.2% MCT and 0.1% OA. The pigs were fed the diets for 5 weeks (phase 1, 0 to 2 weeks; phase 2, 3 to 5 weeks). A total of 15 barrows with an average BW of 12.48±0.37 kg were used to evaluate the nutrient digestibility by total collection method. The BW and feed intake were measured at the end of each phase. Blood samples and small intestine samples were collected at the end of each phase, too. Results: Supplementing 0.1% MCT with 0.1% OA showed greater BW for week 5 and average daily gain (ADG) for overall period than control diet. Supplementing 0.1% MCT increased (p<0.05) ADG and improved (p<0.05) gain:feed ratio for phase 1. Dietary MCT and OA did not affect the fecal score and blood concentration of cortisol, immunoglobulin G, tumor necrosis factor-α, interleukin-1β (IL-1β), IL-6, and IL-10 in weaning pigs. Pigs fed the diets with 0.1% MCT had greater (p<0.05) villus height of duodenum and ileum for phase 1. Also, pigs fed the diet with 0.1% OA showed greater (p<0.05) villus height and villus height to crypt depth ratio of duodenum for phase 2. There was no significant difference in nutrient digestibility and nitrogen retention of pigs. Conclusion: Addition of 0.1% MCT with 0.1% OA in weaning pig's diet improved growth performance partly by enhancing intestinal morphology in weaning pigs.

• Journal of environmental and Sanitary engineering
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• v.14 no.3
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• pp.130-138
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• 1999

The feasibility of municipal sewage sludge digestion was investigated by using thermophilic anaerobic sequencing batch reactor(ASBR). One-day settle time was enough for the high performance of solid-liquid separation. The conversion of semi-continuous mode to sequencing batch mode is easily achieved without any adverse effects, although the large amount of sludge equal to the volume ratio of 0.3~06 to reactor volume was added in the feed step of the start-up. The ASBRs had higher conversion capability of organics to biogas than the control reactor. Gas yields of the ASBRs were increased by the average of 50% over the control reactor across a range of hydraulic retention time(HRT)s from 10days to 5days. The thermophilic reactors showed higher gas production than mesophilic reactor. Removal efficiencies of organic matter exceeded 80% on the basis of supernatants, except that at the reactor. Solid-liquid separation was essential in the performance of the ASBR, especially, at the lower HFT. The ASBRs were highly efficient in the retention of activated biomass within the reactor. thus compensating for increased equivalent organic loading rate through increased solids retention times followed by the increased solids, while maintaining shorter HRTs.

• Environmental Engineering Research
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• v.20 no.3
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• pp.277-284
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• 2015

Experiments for highly concentrated contaminants in pig waste slurry were carried out for the feasibility test of a pilot-scale innovative process scheme of engaging autothermal thermophilic aerobic digestion (ATAD) and expended granular sludge bed (EGSB) followed by sequencing batch reactor (SBR) system. Contaminants in pig waste slurry such as organic substance, total nitrogen (TN), ammonia nitrogen and total phosphorus (TP) contents were successfully reduced in the system. Total volatile solids (TVS) and chemical oxygen demands (COD) for organic matter in the feed were 32.92 g/L and 42.55 g/L respectively, and they were reduced by about 98.7% and 99.2%, respectively in the system. The overall removal efficiencies for TN and ammonium nitrogen were found to be 98.1 and 98.5%, respectively. The overall removal efficiency for total phosphorus was also found to be 92.5%. Faecal coliform density was reduced to <$1.2{\times}10^4CFU/g$ total solids. Biogas and $CH_4$ were produced in the range of 0.39-0.85 and $0.25-0.62m^3/kg$ [VS removed], respectively. The biogas produced in the system comprised of $295{\pm}26ppm$ (v/v) [$H_2S$].

• Journal of the Korea Organic Resources Recycling Association
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• v.5 no.2
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• pp.57-64
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• 1997

This study was performed to investigate the characteristics of compost produced from the composting facility at Nanjido. The capacity of the facility is 10 ton/day. Feed material was food waste generated in Seoul. Moisture content of the compost product was 31% and conductivity was 2.6 mmhos/cm. The compost product met Korean quality standards and EC quality standards for VS and C/N ratio. In case of TOC and TKN, they were met with Japan quality standards. The water soluble-C/N ratio finally reached about 5 based on dry compost. The color of compost product was dark brown. The product had earthy smell. Heavy metal contents of the compost were below Korean quality standards by wet basis.