• 한국진공학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국진공학회 2016년도 제50회 동계 정기학술대회 초록집
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• pp.416-416
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• 2016

Organic-inorganic metal halide perovskite solar cells have received attention because it has a number of advantages with excellent light harvesting, high carrier mobility, and facile solution processability and also recorded recently power conversion efficiency (PCEs) of over 20%. The major issue on perovskite solar cells have been reached the limit of small area laboratory scale devices produced using fabrication techniques such as spin coating and physical vapor deposition which are incompatible with low-cost and large area fabrication of perovskite solar cells using printing and coating techniques. To solution these problems, we have investigated the feasibility of achieving fully printable perovskite solar cells by the blade-coating technique. The blade-coating fabrication has been widely used to fabricate organic solar cells (OSCs) and is proven to be a simple, environment-friendly, and low-cost method for the solution-processed photovoltaic. Moreover, the film morphology control in the blade-coating method is much easier than the spray coating and roll-to-roll printing; high-quality photoactive layers with controllable thickness can be performed by using a precisely polished blade with low surface roughness and coating gap control between blade and coating substrate[1]. In order to fabricate perovskite devices with good efficiency, one of the main factors in printed electronic processing is the fabrication of thin films with controlled morphology, high surface coverage and minimum pinholes for high performance, printed thin film perovskite solar cells. Charge dissociation efficiency, charge transport and diffusion length of charge species are dependent on the crystallinity of the film [2]. We fabricated the printed perovskite solar cells with large area and flexible by the bar-coating. The morphology of printed film could be closely related with the condition of the bar-coating technique such as coating speed, concentration and amount of solution, drying condition, and suitable film thickness was also studied by using the optical analysis with SEM. Electrical performance of printed devices is gives hysteresis and efficiency distribution.

• 미생물학회지
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• 제19권2호
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• pp.63-77
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• 1981

The growth rate of yeast population (Saccharomyces uvarum) cultivated in the Knopp's modified medium (plus various carbon sources) appeared the highest value when the Knopp's minimal medium was treated to 1.5% with disaccharide such as maltose and sucrose. Also the treatment of lactose and raffinose resulted in polulation growth as to the population size in case of maltose and sucrose. However, the gorwth of yeast was not occurred at all when a polysaccharide, such as inulin, was added as carbon source. The growth from of yeast population in Knopp's modified medium are characterized by the fact that log phase continued 100hrs after inoculation and that stationary state phase appeared in general 250hrs after inoculation. Applying the various carbon sources to respiration substrate for yeast cell, the respiration rate of yeast showed the highest value in treatment of maltose and followed in order of raffinose, lactose, glucose, and sucrose. Determined the amount of poly-phosphate and turn over pathway of poly-phosphate according to culture phase of yeast, it is revealed that the yeast synthesized 3 types of poly phosphate (poly-P A,B, and C) and postulated that turn over pathway of poly-phosphate as follows ; Inorganic phosphate is converted into each kind of polyphosphates, and then one part of poly-P-C is converted into poly-P-B, the rest poly-p-C and poly-P-B are converted into poly-P-A. The synthesized poly-phosphate is considered to have a role as energy pool utilizing to synthesis of cellular organic materials. Of the 13 carbon sources used in this experiment, the useful carbon sources for biosynthesis of poly-phosphate and cellular organic materials are confirmed as disaccharide (maltose and sucrose) as well as glucose. Protein synthesis in yeast cell showed the two peaks on 6th and 8th day after inoculation ; nucleic acid on 2nd day (48hrs), carbohydrates on 2nd day (48hrs), and phospholipid on 2nd and 8th day after inoculation, respectively.

• 대한전기학회:학술대회논문집
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• 대한전기학회 2004년도 추계학술대회 논문집 전기물성,응용부문
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• pp.215-219
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• 2004

Metal-chelate derivatives have been investigated intensively as an emitting layer and recognize to have excellent electroluminescence(EL) properties. We synthesized new luminescent material, 1,4-dihydoxy-5,8-naphtaquinone $Aiq_3$ complex($Al_2Nq_4$) and investigated the electrical optical properties. OLED has potential candidates for information display with merits of thickness, low power and high efficiency. Although the OLED show a lot of advantages for information display, it has the limit of inorganic(metal)/ organic interface. In this study, the two methods are used to study the interface of metal/organic in OLED. First, we treated $O_2$ plasma on an ITO thin film by using RIE system, and analyzed the ingredient of ITO thin film according to change of the processing conditions. We used the RDS and the XPS for the ingredient analysis of the surface and bulk. We measured electrical resistivity using Four-Point-Probe and calculated sheet resistance, and ITO surface roughness was measured by using AFM. We fabricated OLED using substrate that was treated optimum ITO surface. Second, we used the buffer layer of CuPc to improve the characteristics of the interface and the hole injection in OLED. The result of the study for electrical and optical properties by using I V L T System(Flat Panel Display Analysis System), we confirmed that the electrical properties and the luminance properties were improved.

• 대한화학회지
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• 제57권5호
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• pp.547-553
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• 2013

전해연마를 한 지르코늄(Zr)을 가지고 $F^-$ 이온이 함유된 무기 전해질과 유기 전해질에서 2 단계 양극산화를 진행하여 산화 지르코늄($ZrO_2$) 나노 다공성 산화막을 제조하였다. 2 단계 양극산화를 진행하면서 무기 전해질에서보다 유기 전해질에서 만들어진 지르코늄 산화막이 보다 균일한 나노 다공성 산화막을 가지게 되었다. 나노 다공성 산화막의 크기와 구조는 FE-SEM(field emission scanning electron microscopy), XRD(X-ray diffraction), EDS(energy dispersive spectroscopy)를 이용하여 특성을 분석하였고 형광스펙트럼을 측정하여 $ZrO_2$ 나노 다공성 산화막의 형광성을 알아보았다.

• 한국진공학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국진공학회 2010년도 제39회 하계학술대회 초록집
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• pp.176-176
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• 2010

One of the critical issues for applications of flexible organic thin film transistors (OTFTs) for flexible electronic systems is the electrical stabilities of the OTFT devices, including variation of the current on/off ratio (Ion/Ioff), leakage current, threshold voltage, and hysteresis under repetitive mechanical deformation. In particular, repetitive mechanical deformation accelerates the degradation of device performance at the ambient environment. In this work, electrical stability of the pentacene organic thin film transistors (OTFTs) employing multi-stack hybrid encapsulation layers was investigated under mechanical cyclic bending. Flexible bottom-gated pentacene-based OTFTs fabricated on flexible polyimide substrate with poly-4-vinyl phenol (PVP) dielectric as a gate dielectric were encapsulated by the plasma-deposited organic layer and atomic-layer-deposited inorganic layer. For cyclic bending experiment of flexible OTFTs, the devices were cyclically bent up to 105 times with 5mm bending radius. In the most of the devices after 105 times of bending cycles, the off-current of the OTFT with no encapsulation layers was quickly increased due to increases in the conductivity of the pentacene caused by doping effects from $O_2$ and $H_2O$ in the atmosphere, which leads to decrease in the Ion/Ioff and increase in the hysteresis. With encapsulation layers, however, the electrical stabilities of the OTFTs were improved significantly. In particular, the OTFTs with multi-stack hybrid encapsulation layer showed the best electrical stabilities up to the bending cycles of $10^5$ times compared to the devices with single organic encapsulation layer. Changes in electrical properties of cyclically bent OTFTs with encapsulation layers will be discussed in detail.

• 접착 및 계면
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• 제21권4호
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• pp.143-155
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• 2020

Sol-Gel 공정을 통해서 제조되는 유-무기 하이브리드 화합물들은 방청 코팅, 방빙 코팅(Anticing), 자가 세정 코팅, 반사 방지 코팅 등과 같은 기능성 코팅 재료로 널리 사용되어져 왔다. 특히 소수성 코팅 표면을 제조하기 위해서는 코팅표면의 표면에너지가 낮고 코팅 표면의 조도를 제어가 요구된다. 표면에너지와 표면 조도를 조절하는 전형적인 공정은 in-situ fabrication 공정, 'Pre-fluorinating/Post-roughening', 'Pre-roughening/ Post-fluorinating이다. 본 연구에서는 in-situ fabrication 공정인 Particle-Binder 공정을 이용해서 소수성 코팅표면을 제조하였다. 3관능기 유기실란화합물과 불소 함유 유기실란 화합물과의 가수분해 및 축합반응을 통해 제조된 불소함유 유-무기 하이브리드를 바인더로 사용하여서 무기물 나노입자와 혼합하여 소수성 코팅액을 제조하고 유리 기재 위에 스핀코팅 후 열건조하여서 코팅막을 제조하였다. 바인더인 유-무기 하이브리드 화합물의 불소 함유 실란화합물의 첨가량, 첨가순서, 무기물 나노입자 첨가량에 따른 코팅막의 물성 변화를 조사하였다. 분석결과 불소 함량이 10 wt%인 유-무기 하이브리드 화합물(GPTi-HF10)을 바인더로 사용하여서 제조된 코팅막이 가장 소수성이 우수하였으며 수접촉각은 (107.52 ± 1.6°), 이 바인더와 무기물 나노입자의 무게비가 1:3인 경우(GPTi-HF10-MS 3.0)에 가장 높은 수접촉각(130.84±1.99°)을 나타내었다.

• 한국진공학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국진공학회 2016년도 제50회 동계 정기학술대회 초록집
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• pp.251-251
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• 2016

For several decades, industrial processes consume a huge amount of raw water for various objects that consequently results in the generation of large amounts of wastewater. Wastewaters are consisting of complex mixture of different inorganic and organic compounds and some of them can be toxic, hazardous and hard to degrade. These effluents are mainly treated by conventional technologies such are aerobic and anaerobic treatment and chemical coagulation. But, these processes are not suitable for eliminating all hazardous chemical compounds form wastewater and generate a large amount of toxic sludge. Therefore, other processes have been studied and applied together with these techniques to enhance purification results. These include photocatalysis, absorption, advanced oxidation processes, and ozonation, but also have their own drawbacks. In recent years, electrochemical techniques have received attention as wastewater treatment process that could be show higher purification results. Among them, boron doped diamond (BDD) attract attention as electrochemical electrode due to good chemical and electrochemical stability, long lifetime and wide potential window that necessary properties for anode electrode. So, there are many researches about high quality BDD on Nb, Ta, W and Si substrates, but, their application in effluents treatment is not suitable due to high cost of metal and low conductivity of Si. To solve these problems, Ti has been candidate as substrate in consideration of cost and property. But there are adhesion issues that must be overcome to apply Ti as BDD substrate. Al, Cu, Ti and Nb thin films were deposited on Ti substrate to improve adhesion between substrate and BDD thin film. In this paper, BDD films were deposited by hot filament chemical vapor deposition (HF-CVD) method. Prior to deposition, cleaning processes were conducted in acetone, ethanol, and isopropyl alcohol (IPA) using sonification machine for 7 min, respectively. And metal layer with the thickness of 200 nm were deposited by DC magnetron sputtering (DCMS). To analyze microstructure X-ray diffraction (XRD, Bruker gads) and field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM, Hitachi) were used. It is confirmed that metal layer was effective to adhesion property and improved electrode property. Electrochemical measurements were carried out in a three electrode electrochemical cell containing a 0.5 % H2SO4 in deionized water. As a result, it is confirmed that metal inter layer heavily effect on BDD property by improving adhesion property due to suppressing formation of titanium carbide.

• 한국산학기술학회논문지
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• 제16권1호
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• pp.888-894
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• 2015

무기 복합 입자는 독특한 물리 화학적 특성에 따라 다양한 산업 분야에 응용된다. 최근 마이카와 같은 판상 기질에 유 무기 물질을 코팅하여 광 산란, 굴절 및 투과 특성 등의 광학적 특성을 이용하는 연구가 활발히 진행되고 있다. 마이카는 높은 화학적 안정성, 내후성 및 무독성의 입자로 안료, 플라스틱, 페인트, 세라믹 등에 널리 적용되고 있다. 산화마그네슘은 높은 빛 투과율, 내식성, 무독성을 갖고 있어, 광학재료 및 고분자 첨가제 등으로 이용되고 있다. 마이카와 산화마그네슘의 광학적 특성을 이용하기 위하여 수산화마그네슘을 용해 재결정하여 마이카 표면에 코팅하였다. 전구체의 농도, pH 변화 등의 공정 변수를 조절하여 적합한 헤이즈 값을 갖는 입자를 합성하였다. 결과적으로 마이카 표면에 수산화마그네슘 층이 형성되고, 4시간 동안 $400^{\circ}C$에서 소성하면 산화마그네슘으로 변환된다. 본 연구에서는 pH와 수산화마그네슘의 첨가량 조절로 헤이즈 값을 쉽게 제어 할 수 있는 것을 보여주었다. 제조된 분체의 광학적 특성은 탁도계(Hazemeter)를 이용해 측정하였고, pH 9에서 가장 높은 값인 85.92%를 얻었다. 복합분체의 물리 화학적 특성은 XRD, SEM, EDS 및 PSA를 통해 확인하였다.

• 유기물자원화
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• 제28권3호
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• pp.27-36
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• 2020

본 연구는 수입유박 대체 자재 개발을 위해 국내 유기자원을 배합하여 발효하는 과정에서 무기성분과 미생물수의 변화를 조사하여 혼합발효 유기질비료의 특성을 구명하고, 제조된 혼합발효 유기질비료의 기존 혼합유박 대체 가능성을 검토하고자 상추 생육에 미치는 영향을 조사하였다. 국내 부산물 자원 미강, 주정박, 참깨박, 어분, 버섯폐배지 등 5종을 혼합비율별로 혼합하고 수분함량 30%, 밀봉조건에서 90일간 발효과정 중의 성분을 분석하여 기존 혼합유박 성분함량 기준에 적합한 혼합발효 유기질비료를 제조하였다. 발효 90일 동안 비료의 pH 변화는 적으며, 수분함량은 발효 60일까지는 34~35%로 유지되다가 90일차에 30~31%로 감소하였다. 총질소 함량은 발효기간 동안 큰 변화 없이 유지되었으나 총탄소 함량은 발효 21일차에 유의적인 차이를 나타냈다. 제조된 혼합발효 유기질비료의 비료성분 (질소, 인산, 칼륨) 함량이 8.7% 이상으로 유기질비료에 함유된 주성분의 최소량 기준에 적합한 것을 확인하였다. 유기질비료 발효과정 중 세균과 방선균의 밀도는 각각 60일, 30일차까지 증가하다 이후 변화가 적었으며 사상균은 증가하는 경향을 나타냈다. 제조된 혼합발효 유기질비료를 시용하여 온실에서 상추를 재배한 시험 결과, 표준 질소시비량 기준 100% 시용시 혼합유박 대비 생육 및 수량이 대등한 결과를 나타냈다. 따라서 지역 내 발생되는 부산물자원으로 제조된 혼합발효 유기질비료는 수입유박을 대체하여 양분관리 자재로 농가 활용이 가능하며 친환경농산물의 안정적 생산에 기여할 수 있을 것으로 기대된다.

• 한국진공학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국진공학회 2016년도 제50회 동계 정기학술대회 초록집
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• pp.388-388
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• 2016

Chemical mist deposition (CMD) of poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene):poly(styrene sulfonate) (PEDOT:PSS) was investigated with cavitation frequency f, solvent, flow rate of nitrogen, substrate temperature $T_s$, and substrate dc bias $V_s$ as variables for efficient PEDOT:PSS/crystalline (c-)Si heterojunction solar cells (Fig. 1). The high-speed camera and differential mobility analysis characterizations revealed that average size and flux of PEDOT:PSS mist depend on f, solvent, and $V_s$. The size distribution of mist particles including EG/DI water cosolvent is also shown at three different $V_s$ of 0, 1.5, and 5 kV for a f of 3 MHz (Fig. 2). The size distribution of EG/DI water mist without PEDOT:PSS is also shown at the bottom. A peak maximum shifted from 300-350 to 20-30 nm with a narrow band width of ~150 nm for PEDOT:PSS solution, whose maximum number density increased significantly up to 8000/cc with increasing $V_s$. On the other hand, for EG/water cosolvent mist alone, the peak maximum was observed at a 72.3 nm with a number density of ~700/cc and a band width of ~160 nm and it decreased markedly with increasing $V_s$. These findings were not observed for PEDOT:PSS/EG/DI water mist. In addition, the Mie scattering image of PEDOT:PSS mist under white bias light was not observed at $V_s$ above 5 kV, because the average size of mist became smaller. These results imply that most of solvent is solvated in PEDOT:PSS molecule and/or solvent is vaporized. Thus, higher f and $V_s$ generate preferentially fine mist particle with a narrower band width. Film deposition occurred when $V_s$ was impressed on positive to a c-Si substrate at a Ts of $30-40^{\circ}C$, whereas no deposition of films occurred on negative, implying that negatively charged mist mainly provide the film deposition. The uniform deposition of PEDOT:PSS films occurred on textured c-Si(100) substrate by adjusting $T_s$ and $V_s$. The adhesion of CMD PEDOT:PSS to c-Si enhanced by $V_s$ conspicuously compared to that of spin-coated film. The CMD PEDOT:PSS/c-Si solar cell devices on textured c-Si(100) exhibited a ${\eta}$ of 11.0% with the better uniformity of the solar cell parameters. Furthermore, ${\eta}$ increased to 12.5% with a $J_{sc}$ of $35.6mA/cm^2$, a $V_{oc}$ of 0.53 V, and a FF of 0.67 with an antireflection (AR) coating layer of 20-nm-thick CMD molybdenum oxide $MoO_x$ (n= 2.1) using negatively charged mist of 0.1 wt% 12 Molybdo (VI) phosphoric acid n-Hydrate) $H_3(PMo_{12}O_40){\cdot}nH_2O$ in methanol. CMD. These findings suggest that the CMD with negatively charged mist has a great potential for the uniform deposition of organic and inorganic on textured c-Si substrate by adjusting $T_s$ and $V_s$.