• 한국유기농업학회지
• /
• 제21권1호
• /
• pp.105-113
• /
• 2013

Antibacterial activity is an important feature for the development of antibiotics alternatives. Plant extract is considered as a promising alternative for organic farming. In this study, a total of 11 plants were extracted using ethanol to determine their antibacterial activities against to Staphylococcus aureus, Listeria monocytogens, Mannheimia haemolytica and Salmonella gallinarum. The synergistic interaction among plant extracts was also investigated. Plants used in this study were Carthamus nctoricus L. (pA), Poncirus trifollata Raf. (pB), Scutellaria balcalensis Georgi (pC) Prunus sargentii (pD), Cucurbita moschata $D_{UCH}$ Leaf (pE), Allium cepa L. peel (pF) Portulaca oleracea L. (pG), Xanthium strumarium L. (pH), Duchesnea chrysantha (pI), Cudrania tricuspidata (pJ) and Juniperus chinensis L. (pK). The pB and pA had the most broad antibacterial spectrum and the highest activity against to Staph. aureus among plant extract, respectively. In the synergistic interaction, the mixtures of pA and pC as well as pA and pF had batter antibacterial activity against to Staph. Aureus compared with other mixtures.

• 한국유기농업학회지
• /
• 제15권4호
• /
• pp.399-411
• /
• 2007

Korean organic farming has been well developed over the last two decades. It demonstrates that the number of certificated farm for organic agriculture and products have been drastically increased in recent year. However, the organic farmers have thought that organic farming rely only on organic fertilizer and they don't keep organic farming principle in which organic farmer should enhance biological activity and crop rotation. This study was to compare nutrient input, recommendation, cropping system and organic product circulation between the early $20^{th}$ century and beginning of the $21^{st}$ century. The population of Korea has increased 7.3 times more than that of a century ago but cultivated land has been decreased during 100 years. The rice production in 2002 was 4.2 times higher than that of production in 1912. The input of N, P and K in 1907 on the basis of King's suggestion was 95.6kg/ha, 15.9kg/ha and 3.0kg/ha, respectively. Nitrogen came from excreta (40%), green manure (55%) and compost (5%) in the early 20th century. On the other hand, organic farmer input organic resources such as wood chip (30.1%), compost (27.8%), rice straw (14%) and others (25%) these days. In terms of nutrient balance calculated nutrient and absorption by plants, organic rice farmer apply excessive nitrogen and phosphorus to the soil. They was used to put $7{\sim}10$ times more nitrogen than that of a century ago. Nutrient recommendation was similar in N and P between early 20th century and early $21^{st}$ century. Farmers in both century did not rotate crops in the field. Today, organic farmers engaged in more continuous cultivation than in early 20th century. Farmers in the early $20^{th}$ century produced locally, consumed locally the agricultural products, but organic farmers in the $21^{st}$ century produce the organic product in the local farmland and consumed in the large city and also a lot of foreign organic products have been imported in recent year.

• 한국축산식품학회지
• /
• 제37권2호
• /
• pp.264-273
• /
• 2017

The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of production systems and milk collection periods on the somatic cell count (SCC), some microbiological properties, total aerobic mesophilic bacteria (TAMB), coliform, Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus), yeast and mould) and antibiotic residue of milk; in Turkey. Milk samples were collected from 9 conventional farms and 9 organic farms during one year time, at six different months (December 2013 to October 2014), and all farms were selected from the same geographical locations. All organically managed farms had organic production certificates given by the Republic of Turkey Ministry of Food, Agriculture and Livestock. The count of TAMB, coliform, and coagulase positive S. aureus were affected by production systems at the level of p<0.01; yeast and mold, and somatic cell count (SCC) were affected at the level of p<0.05. But, differences according to months were statistically significant only on TAMB (p<0.01) and coliform (p<0.05) counts. The general means of TAMB, coliform and yeast and mould counts of the organic milk (OM) were significantly lower (p<0.05), while the general means of SCC and coagulase positive S. aureus count of the OM was significantly higher (p<0.05) compared to conventional milk (CM). Antibiotic residue was determined in one of the CM sample and in two of the OM samples. Our study is the first research that compared conventional and organic milk in Turkey. This study indicated that the microbiological quality of OM was the higher in terms of TAMB, coliform and yeast and mould, whereas was the lower in relation to SCC and coagulase positive S. aureus counts. But, the quality of both milk types should be improved.

• 한국축산식품학회지
• /
• 제37권4호
• /
• pp.552-560
• /
• 2017

This study aimed to evaluate the quality characteristics of Tteokgalbi with 1% (w/w) black rice bran only (T1), or with black rice bran and one of the following four types of organic acid: ascorbic acid (T2), citric acid (T3), tartaric acid (T4), or maleic acid (T5) as a substitute for caramel colorant. Tteokgalbi with only black rice bran showed the highest (p<0.05) values of moisture content and water holding capacity (WHC), while there were no significant differences in protein content, fat content, ash content, and thiobarbituric acid reactive substance (TBARS) values in treatments and controls (p>0.05). All the treated samples with any one of the four organic acids showed lower pH than controls (p<0.05). The lightness and redness of Tteokgalbi treated with any one of the four organic acids and black rice bran were higher than those of T1. The volatile basic nitrogen (VBN) values of T4 and T5 were higher than those of the other treatments (p<0.05). With regards to sensory characteristics, T1 and T2 showed overall acceptability similar to that of the controls (p>0.05). The results reported in this study show that Tteokgalbi with black rice bran and any one of the four organic acids listed above not only improved quality characteristics in cooking loss, WHC, lipid oxidation but also could successfully replace the synthetic caramel colorant. Overall, the most satisfactory results were obtained by adding black rice bran and ascorbic acid.

• 전기화학회지
• /
• 제16권3호
• /
• pp.123-128
• /
• 2013

유기물 첨가에 따른 CDI 모듈셀의 N, P 제거 특성을 위해 2000 ppm $NH_3$, $H_3PO_4$에 methanol, ethanol, iso-propanol, methoxy ethanol, glucose을 1, 2, 3 vol.%를 첨가해 용량 및 이온의 흡 탈착능을 관찰하였다. $NH_3$에서는 탄소수가 증가할수록 용량은 감소하는 경향을 나타내었으며, 용량은 methanol 3 vol.% 첨가 될 때 유기탄소 간섭 전보다 흡착은 16.4%, 탈착은 30.4%의 질소 제거율 증가를 나타내었다. $H_3PO_4$에서는 iso-propanol 2 vol.% 첨가 시에 유기탄소 간섭 전보다 흡착은 63%, 탈착은 54.7% 인산염의 제거율 증가를 확인하였다. 따라서 본 연구에서는 폐수 내의 유기물을 제거하지 않고 N, P 제거 효과와 운영비용을 감소할 수 있는 결과를 나타내었다.

• 유기물자원화
• /
• 제19권2호
• /
• pp.22-27
• /
• 2011

본 연구에서는 음식물류폐기물폐수와 양돈폐수를 특별히 전처리 하지 않고 3:7의 비율로 혼합하여 연속반응공정을 이용한 수소생산의 최적 인자를 도출하기 위해 연구를 수행하였다. 본 연구결과 수소발생량은 pH 5.5의 조건에서 가장 많이 발생하였으며, 이를 통해 음식물류폐기물과 양돈폐수의 혼합시의 수소생산의 최적 pH는 5.5 임을 확인하였다. HRT에 따른 수소발생량은 3일보다 4일의 경우에 높은 수소발생량을 보였으며, 이는 HRT값의 변화에 따라 수소발생미생물의 활성에 크게 관여하는 것으로 HRT역시 수소발생미생물에 중요한 인자로 작용한다고 판단된다. 유기물의 제거율은 운전 6일째에 최대 TS 52%, VS 71%, TSS 83%, VSS 89%의 제거율을 기록하였으며, 수소생산 공정을 통하여도 유기물의 제거가 가능함을 확인하였다.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
• /
• 제19권1호
• /
• pp.61-66
• /
• 2006

This experiment was conducted to evaluate the effects of different selenium (Se) products (inorganic, organic A, organic B) added at two supplemental dietary Se levels (0.1 and 0.3 mg/kg) on growth performance, nutrient digestibility and Se retention in growing-finishing pigs. A $3{\times}2$ factorial arrangement of treatments was used in a RCB design, with a non-Se-fortified basal diet serving as the negative control. A total of 56 crossbred pigs (28 male and 28 female pigs) initially weighing an average $28.45{\pm}0.53kg$ BW were allotted to each treatment with four pigs per pen on the basis of sex and weight. Two pigs per pen were selected and bled from the anterior vena cava at 3- weekly intervals to analyze Se concentration. In the growing phase (0-6 weeks), increased ADFI was observed when pigs were fed organic Se compared to those fed the control diet or inorganic Se treatment (p<0.05). Pigs fed inorganic Se had a great ADFI than pigs fed organic Se (p<0.05) in the late finishing phase (7-12 weeks), although there were no differences in whole period ADFI between organic or inorganic Se products. During 12 weeks of the whole experimental period, serum Se concentration increased linearly when dietary Se level increased regardless of Se products (p<0.05). Both dietary Se source (p<0.05) and Se level (p<0.01) influenced the Se concentration of various pig tissues at end of this experiment and Se content was the highest in the kidney. For the determination of nutrient digestibility, a metabolic trial was conducted in 3 replicates in randomized complete block (RCB) design. A total of 21 barrows ($50.21{\pm}0.62kg$ of average BW) were used in the metabolic study. Selenium supplementation had no effect on nutrient digestibility except for crude protein. Crude protein digestibility increased with dietary supplementation of organic Se (A) compared with other forms of Se products or control diet (p<0.05). Consequently, this experiment indicated that dietary Se products and levels had no effect on growth performance of pigs. Se concentration in tissues and serum was increased in proportion to dietary Se level, especially when organic Se was provided. Although pigs were fed organic forms of Se, bioavailability of organic forms varied among products, consequently bioactivity of organic products to the animals should be evaluated before practical application in animal feed.

• 한국해양학회지:바다
• /
• 제19권4호
• /
• pp.232-242
• /
• 2014

본 연구는 유해 와편모조류 Cochlodinium polykrikoides와 규조류 Skeletonema sp.의 용존 유기 영양염에 대한 이용 및 흡수능력을 통해서 종간 경쟁관계를 파악하였다. C. polykrikoides와 Skeletonema sp.는 용존 무기 질소와 무기인 이외에 다양한 용존 유기 질소와 유기 인을 이용하여 성장하였다. 이는 용존 무기 질소 또는 무기 인이 제한 영양염으로 작용하는 환경에서 중요한 생존전략으로 작용할 것이다. Urea와 glycerophospahte(glycero-P)의 흡수동력학 실험으로부터 도출된 반포화상수(Ks) 값은 C. polykrikoides가 Skeletonema sp.에 비해서 낮은 값을 보였다. 이는 Skeletonema sp.가 C. polykrikoides에 비해서 urea와 glycero-P와 같은 유기 영양염에 대한 친화성이 높음을 의미한다. 하지만 Skeletonema sp.가 유기 영양염에 대한 친화성이 높을지라도 C. polykrikoides가 ${\alpha}$ (${\rho}_{max}/Ks$) 값이 높아, 저농도의 영양염 조건(

• 한국유기농업학회지
• /
• 제21권2호
• /
• pp.207-217
• /
• 2013

본 실험에서는 2009년부터 2011년까지 월동 사료작물로 재배되는 총체밀과 트리트케일에 가축분뇨 시용과 콩과작물의 단, 혼파재배가 작물의 생산성과 사료가치를 평가하여 양질의 조사료 확보 및 단위면적당 유기 한우 사육 능력을 추정하고자 무비구, 유기질비료 시용구, 액상우분뇨 시용구, 액상우분뇨 50% 시용에 hairy vetch 혼파구 및 액상우분뇨 50% 시용에 forage pea 혼파구 등 5처리 3반복 난괴법으로 배치하여 실험이 실시되었다. 총체밀의 연간 건물수량은 처리구가 6.04~6.58톤/ha으로 무비구의 5.19톤/ha 보다 유의하게 높았으며(p<0.05), 조단백질 수량은 forage pea(0.60톤/ha)와 hairy vetch 혼파구(0.56톤/ha)가 무비구(0.37톤/ha)와 유기질비료 시용구(0.43톤/ha) 보다는 유의하게 높았다(p<0.05). 평균 조단백질과 TDN 함량 및 RFV는 콩과작물 혼파구가 다른 처리구보다 유의하게 높았다(p<0.05). 총체밀을 유기 한우 암소 450kg에 70% 급여 시에는 액상우분뇨 50%시용에 콩과작물을 혼파한 구에서 연간 약 ha 당 각각 3.4~3.5두로 유기질비료구(평균 2.9두) 및 무비구(평균 2.9두)보다 유의하게 높았다(p<0.05). 총체 트리트케일의 2년 평균 연간 건물수량도 시험구는 6.24~6.40톤/ha의 범위로 무비구의 5.12톤/ha로 유의하게 높았다(p<0.05), 조단백질과 TDN 수량은 시험구(각각 0.48~0.56과 4.03~4.12톤/ha)가 무비구(0.38과 3.3톤/ha)보다 유의하게 높았고(p<0.05), 평균 조단백질 함량도 콩과작물 혼파구와 액상우분뇨구가 다른 처리구보다 유의하게 높았다(p<0.05). 총체트리트케일로 유기한우 암소를 사육할 때에는 액상우분뇨 50%시용에 콩과작물을 혼파한 구에서 ha 당 연간 평균 3.3~3.4두를 사육할 수 있어 무처리구의 ha 당 평균 2.5두 보다 유의하게 높았다(p<0.05). 이상의 결과를 종합해 볼 때, 총체밀 혹은 트리트케일의 건물생산성은 유기질 비료보다는 액상우분뇨가 훨씬 효과적이고 액상우분뇨 50%시용과 함께 콩과 작물인 hairy vetch 혹은 forage pea 등을 혼파로 재배하는 것이 단파의 경우보다 단위면적당 수량과 단백질 함량 등의 사료가치를 높일 수 있어 유기 한우 사육 시에는 단백질공급원으로 이용되는 수입 곡류 등을 대체하는 효과까지도 기대할 수 있으리라 생각된다.

• KSBB Journal
• /
• 제23권4호
• /
• pp.340-344
• /
• 2008

CiP를 이용한 유기합성은 주로 유기용매와 완충용액을 섞어서 반응을 한다. 하지만 단순히 유기용매 상에서 효소의 활성도를 측정한 것이 아니라, 과산화수소가 있을 경우에 효소의 활성도를 측정한 결과는 예상과는 다르게 순수한 완충용액에서 보다 유기용매를 포함하고 있는 것이 더 높게 나타났다. 또한 유기용매의 비율을 증가가 될수록 효소의 활성도가 더 높게 나타났으며, 특히 2-propanol이 33%가 포함이 된 경우에는 순수한 완충용액보다 효소의 활성도가 크게 증가가 되는 것을 관찰을 할 수가 있었다. 이러한 효소의 활성도가 유기용매가 포함이 된 조건에서 높게 나는 이유는 유기용매가 CiP에 의해 생성된 반응성이 높은 라디칼을 포집을 하여서, CiP의 활성 부위인 heme의 파괴를 막는 것에 크게 기여하는 것으로 판단이 되었다.