• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.35 no.2
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• pp.93-104
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• 2002

A field survey and experiment was conducted from 1996 to 1998 to develop rational technology for turfgrass vegetation of runway side of Incheon International Airport on the reclaimed tidal land in Young-Jong Island. Backfill of the experimental site was finished on August 1995. The experimental site was 8 ha located in the middle of the construction place for the main parking lot in front of the terminal building construction. The experimental field was drained by main open ditch, and divided three main plots, no subsurface tile drain, subsurface tile drain spacing with 22.5m, and with 45 m, respectively. The 17 sub plots were designed to test the effect of soil covering with red earth loam by 5 cm and 20 cm depth, application of chemical compound fertilizers and livestock manures, dressing of artifical soils and hydrophylic soil conditioners. The tested turfgrasses were three transplanting indigenous turfgrasses, Zoysia koreana, Zoysia sinica and Zoysia japonica, and two hydroseeding mixed exotic turgrasses, cool type I(tall fescue 30%, kentucky blue grass 40%, perenial ryegrass 30%), and cool type II(tall fescue 40%, perenial ryegrass 20%, fine fescue 20%, alkaligrass 20%). The soil backfilled with dredged seasand was sand textured with high salt concentration and low fertility. The soil showed high pH, low organic matter and low available phophate contents. The percolation rate was fast with high hydraulic conductivity. Desalinization was fast after installation of the main open drainage system. No subsurface tile drainage effect was found showing little difference in turfgrass growth. The covering and visual growth of turfgrasses were the best in the 20-cm soil covering with compound fertilizer treatment. The covering and visual growth of turfgrasses were satisfactory in the 5 cm soil covering with compound fertilizer treatment and with livestock manure treatments. The hydrophillic soil conditioner treatments were effective but expensive at present. The coverage and visual quality of turfgrasses were good for Zoysia koreana and Zoysia japonica. The coverages of turfgrasses by the hydroseeding with the mixed exotic turfgrasses were less than transplanting of native turfgrasses. In conclusion, for the runway side vegetation purposes, the subsurface tile drainage might not necessary as main open ditch drainage be sufficient due to fast percolation rate of the backfilled dredged seasand. The 5 cm soil covering with red earth might be sufficient for the runway side, but the 20 cm soil covering might be necessary for the runway side where high density of turfgrass coverage was necessary to protect from the airplance air blow.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.13 no.1
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• pp.49-57
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• 1993

The main experiment related to this report was undertaken to assess the effects of two rates of $Ca(OH)_2$ (0, 250 kg/10a only at establishment) and five rates of N-$P_{2}O_{5}$-$K_2O$ (0-0-0, 0-10-10, 6-15-15, 12-20-20, 24-25-20 kg/10a/year) on the pasture establishment, on forage yield and quality, vegetation etc. After this 10-year main experiment, this pasture had been used to assess the effects of the above treatments on the soil characteristics in oversown hilly pasture of a grass-clover sward. This 1st part is concerned with the soil properties of pH-value. OM, T-N, avail. $P_{2}O_{5}$ and $P_{2}O_{5}$ absorption coefficient, and lime requirement by the soil depth. 1. The pH of the topsoil(0~l5 cm) was lowered from pH 5.12 of before the experiment to 4.90 of when $Ca(OH)_2$ was applied and to 4.68 of when $Ca(OH)_2$ was not applied. The pH decrease was more evident with the increase of NPK application rate and in the upper part of the top soil(0.0~7.5 cm). The additional application of lime was necessary in all the experiment blocks due to the strong acidity of the soil, and the amounts of lime requirement were increased with increased application rates of NPK and soil depth. 2. The contents of organic matter and T-N were increased in all the blocks by the establishment of the hilly pasture, and were higher in $Ca(OH)_2$ applied blocks than non-applied blocks. The contents were inversely correlated with the soil depth. No correlation was observed between the contents and the application rates of NPK. 3. The content of available $P_{2}O_{5}$-$K_2O$, was increased with the increased application of P, especially in the upper part of top soil. The content in the upper part(0.0~7.5 cm) was about twice of that in the lower part(7.5~15.0 cm). Since the contents of available $P_{2}O_{5}$$P_{2}O_{5}$/10a/year were applied, respectively), it is necessary to decrease the application rate of $P_{2}O_{5}$, gradually. The $P_{2}O_{5}$ absorption coefficient in topsoil (0.0~15.0 cm) was more or less higher when no lime and less $P_{2}O_{5}$, was applied. No correlation was observed in subsoil. 4. Further studies on the methods, rates, time of additional application of lime, and on the methods of decreased apllication of $P_{2}O_{5}$ should be performed for better management of oversown hilly pasture.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Agriculture
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• v.18 no.4
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• pp.372-377
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• 1999

Objective of this research was to draw the basic criteria of the compost maturity evaluation, by assessing the stability of chemical and physical properties of the bark and piggery manure byproduct composts during the composting. Colors of the mature composts were black and dark brown for the bark and piggery manure by-product composts, respectively. Good earthy odor was detected for both by-product composts after approximately 40 days composting, by which odors of the original raw materials were disappeared. pH and EC of the mature bark: compost were stabilized at 6.5 and 1dS/m, respectively. The respective values for the piggery compost were stabilized at 7.2 and 6dS/m. Organic matter contents were decreased with time to be stabilized at about 60% at the end of composting. During composting, total N contents of the bark and piggery composts were maintained at $1.1{\sim}1.5%$, and $1.5{\sim}2.2%$, respectively. For both fertilizers, $NH_4-N$ contents were increased at the initial stage bur. decreased after the middle stages of decomposition, resulting in the increase of $NO_3-N$ contents. Total inorganic N contents were increased with time. C/N ratios of both mature composts were stabilized at $25{\sim}27$. CEC of the bark compost was increased logarithmically with time and that of mature compost was 87cmol(+)/㎏. CEC of the piggery manure compost was hyperbolic function with rime and reached at 70cmol(+)/㎏ at the mature stage. Crude fiber analysis indicated that relative contents of lignin were increased with composting by compensating for the decreases of cellulose and hemicellulose contents.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.22 no.3
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• pp.197-204
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• 1989

To evaluate the effect of soil improvement on the chemical properties and corn silage yield, this experiment was carried out in the newly-reclaimed sloped land. Corn (Suwon 19) was cultivated under the six different treatments including integrated improvement plot at Songjeong loam, 20 percent slope, from 1985 to 1987 and various soil chemical properties and silage yield were investigated. pH of topsoil was above 5.0 except for control and phosphate plot, but lime and integrated improvement plots were above 5.0 in subsoil. The contents of organic matter of topsoil were above 2.0% except control and subsoiling plot. Except control, the range of cation exchange capacity was 7.4-7.8 me/100g in topsoil, 7.0-7.7 me/100g in subsoil. Soil bacteria density of root zone was the highest in integrated improvement than the other treatments, and it was higher at the harvesting stage than the heading stage. Mean density of microorganism was $61.3{\times}10^5$ in bacteria, $21.5{\times}10^4$ in fungi and actinomycetes was B/F ratio was 28.5 and B/A ratio was 2.9. Vertical root distribution of total and 10cm depth below was more in the integrated improvement and subsoi ling plot than the other plots. Total nitrogen (T-N) content was higher in integrated improvement plot, and phosphate content of leaves was higher in compost and integrated improvement plot, but stem and grain were not different. Potassium content of the plant was higher in integra ted improvement plot. Correlation between dry matter yield and T-N was more significant than the other elements. And the contents of phosphate, calcium and magnesium were significant at 5%, but potassium was not.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.42 no.spc
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• pp.57-61
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• 2009

To clarify the impact of the rice-duck farming system on the regional environment and the surrounding, a case study was carried out at Hongdong Reservoir valley of Hongdong-myeon and Janggok-myeon, Hongseong-gun, Chungcheongnam-do where the density of livestock grazing is the highest and rice cultivation with the rice-duck farming system is extensively practiced. The soil characteristics and water qualities at paddy fields were compared between two rice cultivation methods of rice-duck farming system and conventional farming system. The organic matters and available phosphate contents in soil of paddy fields where the rice-duck farming system was practiced were higher than those of paddy fields where conventional farming system was practiced. However, the available phosphate content was lower than the optimum for rice cultivation and the mean concentration of paddy soil in Korea. The surface water quality of the paddy field with the rice-duck farming system was practiced had higher EC (137 %), $COD_{Cr}$ (220 %), T-N (172 %), and T-P (226 %) contents than that with the conventional farming system was practiced. Especially, $COD_{Cr}$ and T-P were more than 2 times higher, which tells that the possibility of water pollution by drainage water of paddy field is higher in the paddy fields with the rice-duck farming system practiced than in those with the conventional farming practiced. The higher contents of T-P and $COD_{Cr}$ in surface water at the paddy field of rice-duck farming system practiced were directly caused by soil particles in the muddy water. Consequently, it is necessary to thoroughly manage the irrigation and drainage system of rice-duck farming system practiced to prevent outflow of surface water from paddy and pollution of surrounding water system.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Agriculture
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• v.28 no.1
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• pp.9-14
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• 2009

Applying livestock manure compost to soil can enhance soil fertility and crop productivity. However, little information is available on the effect of continuous application of manure compost on crop growth in Korea. The object of this study was to investigate the residual and continuous application effect of chicken manure compost on chinese cabbage yield and soil chemical properties. The experiment was conducted in the pot ($0.5\;m^2$) without bottom buried in the soil and set up in a completely randomized design with three replication. The treatment consists of chemical fertilizer with nitrogen (NPK, $N-P_{2}O_{5}-K_{2}O$ 320-78-198 kg/ha) and without nitrogen (PK, $N-P_{2}O_{5}-K_{2}O$ 0-78-198 kg/ha), and chicken manure compost at a rate corresponding to 320 (COM1) and 640 (COM2) kg N/ha. This experiment was carried out for three cropping seasons with chinese cabbage. Chemical fertilizer, NPK and PK, was applied every cropping season. In the first cropping season, compost was applied in nine pots (COM-A). In the second cropping season, compost was applied in the six pots of COM-A (COM-AA) and in three pots of COM-A compost was not applied (COM-AN). In next cropping season, compost was applied in the three pots of COM-AA (COM-AAA) and in the other three pots of COM-AA compost was not applied (COM-AAN). COM-AN pots remained without compost application in the third cropping season (COM-ANN). Yields of chinese cabbage of COM1-AAA and COM2-AAA were reached 78 and 96% as compared with NPK, and nitrogen utilization rate was about 85% (COM1-AAA) and 97% (COM2-AAA) as compared with NPK Residual N uptake rates during the second and third cropping season after compost application at the first cropping season were 49.7 (COM1-AN) and 35.6% (COM1-ANN) in COM1, and 56.9 (COM2-AN) and 37.4% (COM2-ANN) in COM2 compared with NPK treatment After three cropping seasons, soil pH and contents of available phosphorus, exchangeable potassium and soil organic matter were increased with continuous application of chicken manure compost.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.41 no.5
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• pp.354-361
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• 2008

In this study, we analyzed nutrient cycling structure of a small farm (cattle of 100 heads and arable lands of 2.5 ha) in Jeonnam province to investigate the effects of nutrients input by the addition of bedding materials (sawdust and rice hull) and nutrients loss before the application to the soils (the period during manure storage in the feedlot and composting process) on nutrient cycling structure. Sawdust and rice hull added as bedding materials increased N by 1.6% and 14.2% and $P_2O_5$ by 3.1% and 27.4%, respectively, relative to the amount of nutrients produced by excretion. This result suggests that the addition of nutrients via bedding materials should be considered for better estimation of nutrient balance. The most significant characteristics of the nutrient cycling structure was loss of mass and nutrients during the storage (21 days) and composting period (90 days). During this period, 78.4% of N and 9.5% of $P_2O_5$ was lost from sawdust compost; meanwhile, the percentages of loss for rice hull compost were 81.6% and 10.3%, respectively. A lower percentage of nutrients loss in sawdust compost than that in rice hull compost was attributed to the relatively slow decomposition rate of organic materials in the sawdust compost which has higher C/N ratio and lignin contents. Therefore, it was concluded that estimation of nutrient balance should be conducted based on nutrient contents in the final compost being applied to the lands rather than the amount of nutrients contained in the livestock excretion. In addition, the effects of bedding materials on nutrient losses should be also taken into account.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• v.47 no.4
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• pp.537-546
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• 2005

An experiment was conducted to determine the effect of supplementation of chlortetracycline (CTC,110ppm), copper sulfate(Cu, 125ppm) and two levels of probiotics(Prob I, 0.04%, Prob II, 0.1%), Bacillus licheniformis and Bacillus subtilis) on growth performance, nutrient digestibility and manure characteristics in growing pigs. A total of 50 pigs that averaged 20.78$\pm$0.35kg BW and 50$\pm$2.3d age were allocated in a randomized block design with two pigs per pen and 5 pens per treatment. Pigs and feeders were weighed 10-days interval for the 40-d trials to determine ADG, ADFI and feed:gain ratio(F:G). Average daily gain, feed intake, feed/gain and nutrient digestibility were not improved(P>0.10) by the supplementation of CTC, Cu and two levels of probiotics. There were significant(P<0.05) Cu effects on digestibility of crude protein, and probiotics effects on digestibilities on organic matter, crude protein and energy between first 20 days and subsequent 20 days. Fecal concentrations of copper were highly increased(P<0.001) by the copper supplementation. Total bacteria and coliform counts were not altered by the supplementation of CTC, Cu and two levels of probiotics. Ammonia emission from slurry, measured during first 3 weeks, was reduced (P<0.001) in pigs fed diet with 125 ppm copper from copper sulfate. Results indicate that CTC, Cu and Probiotics supplementation had a little or not positive effect on grower pig performance under sound environmental conditions. Further studies may be warranted to investigate the effects of dietary copper-either reduced or in combination with dietary ammonia control agents-on the ammonia emission characteristics of swine manure.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• v.47 no.4
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• pp.565-572
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• 2005

An experiment was conducted to determine the effect of supplementation of insoluble dietary fiber (Vitacel®) on growth performance and nutrient digestibility in weanling pigs. A total of 96 pigs that averaged 6.49$\pm$0.52kg BW and 23$\pm$2.1d age were allocated in a randomized block design with two pigs per pen and 12 pens per treatment. Pigs and feeders were weighed 10-days interval for the 40-d trials to determine ADG, ADFI and feed:gain ratio(F:G). Pigs were fed one of four diets:1) Control diet (C) 2) C+0.3% insoluble dietary fiber(IDF) 3) C+0.6% IDF and 4) c+0.9% IDF. For the determination of fecal nutrients digestibility, pigs were fed diets(diet 2) with 1% Celite-545(Fluka) as a marker and feces were collected on $9^{th}$ day and $18^{th}$ day after feeding diet 2. During the whole experimental period, pigs fed diet with 0.3% IDF have significantly higher ADG than other dietary treatment groups(P<0.05). ADG of pigs fed diet with 0.6% IDF was higher than that of pigs fed control diet(P<0.05). However, there was no significant difference in ADG between control group and 0.9% IDF group(P>0.05). ADFI of pigs fed diet with 0.3% IDF was significantly higher than any other dietary treatment groups(P<0.05). There was no significant difference in ADFI among control group, 0.6% and 0.9% IDF supplementation groups (P>0.05). Digestibilities of organic matter, crude protein, crude fiber and energy were significantly higher in 0.3% IDF supplementation group than any other dietary groups. However, there was no difference in over all nutrient digestibilities between 0.6% and 0.9% IDF group. Feeding diets more than 0.6% IDF did not affect the rest of the nutrients digestibilities except for ADF digestibility compared to control diet. Dietary supplementation level of IDF showed a significant quadratic effect on performance improvement of piglets. This response of growth performance to IDF supplementation is, as expected, in agreement with that of nutrient digestibility. Our results showed that IDF supplementation to diet for weaned piglets might be beneficial in terms of growth and nutrient digestibility. However, there should be more study on the relationship between level of IDF supplementation and piglet response as well as the exact mode of action of IDF in weaned piglets.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.37 no.6
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• pp.784-791
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• 2008

A new sake fermented using a mixture of Aspergillus sp., Rhizopus sp. and yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) containing allbanggae was developed in this study. The effects of the allbanggae contents ($0{\sim}50%$) in the sake on the qualitative and sensory properties and flavor components were investigated. The fermentation with allbanggae, especially in sake containing 10% allbanggae, showed the highest level of alcohol ($15.3{\sim}16.4%$), whereas the amount of alcohol decreased with increasing allbanggae contents. Amino acidity in sake containing 10% and 20% allbanggae indicated the highest levels ($0.90{\sim}1.20%$). In addition, it was observed that the sake containing 10% allbanggae showed the smallest level of reducing sugars, which were increased with increasing allbanggae ratio. Furthermore, various organic acids in the sake were detected such as citric, succinic, malic and acetic acids, among which the acetic acid showed the highest amount ($160.3{\pm}8.0{\sim}253.3{\pm}20.3mg/100mL$). The major amino acids detected in the sakes were alanine, proline, histidine, phenylalanine, lysine and glutamic acid. The sake containing 20% allbanggae indicated the highest amino acids amount among the allbanggae ratios. Based on these results, it was concluded that the sake containing 20% allbanggae could be successfully commercialized.