• Journal of the Korea Organic Resources Recycling Association
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• v.11 no.2
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• pp.97-109
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• 2003

This study was conducted to investigate use possibility on waste water sludges of water disposal plant as raw materials of organic compost at Fertilizer Official Regulation of Fertilizer Management Law in 2002. In heavy metal contents, some water service sludges were discovered a little over than the standard levels of raw material regulated in organic compost and most of them were not reached the levels. But they were difficult for using the raw materials of organic compost owing to shortage of the organic content. It was judged that the fiber and leather sludges were much in the heavy metal contents and they couldn't use as the raw materials of organic compost. There was afraid that a little heavy metal contents of cosmetic sludge were less than the levels, but it was possible to use selectively as a raw material.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.46 no.6
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• pp.487-493
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• 2013

The effects of long-term fertilization on soil biological properties and microbial community structure in the plough layer in a rice paddy soil in southern Korea were investigated in relation to the continuous application of chemical fertilizers (NPK), straw based compost (Compost), combination these two (NPK + Compost) for last 40 years. No fertilization plot (Control) was installed for comparison. Though fertilization significantly improved rice productivity over control, the long-term fertilization of NPK and compost combination was more effective on increasing rice productivity and soil nutrient status than single application of compost or chemical fertilizer. All fertilization treatments had shown significant improvement in soil microbial properties, however, continuous compost fertilization markedly increased soil enzyme and microbial activities as compared to sole chemical fertilization. Results of microbial community structure, evaluated by EL-FAME (ester-linked fatty acid methyl esters) method, revealed big difference among Control, NPK, and Compost. However, both Compost and Compost+NPK treatments belonged to the same cluster after statistical analysis. The combined application of chemical fertilizer and organic amendments could be more rational strategy to improve soil nutrient status and promote soil microbial communities than the single chemical fertilizer or compost application.

• Journal of Soil and Groundwater Environment
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• v.10 no.3
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• pp.52-63
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• 2005

Korea has recently implemented two m메or policies on organic wastes, including food wastes. One is the Volume-Based waste Fee System (VBWFS). which went effect nationwide in January 1995, and the other is a ban on the landfill of organic wastes, such as food wastes. organic sludge, and animal manure, in accordance with the Waste Management Act. These two policies have brought about remarkable positive effects, including the reduction of organic wastes at source, and the development of technology for recycling food wastes into feed and compost. However, they have caused obstacles to carry out the policy on food wastes, in areas of legal and technological infrastructures for recycling. Therefore, this study intends to find problems of policies for recycling food wastes, and to suggest ways to resolve them.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.21 no.4
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• pp.373-379
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• 1988

This experiment was carried out to investigate the effects of long-term applications of rice straw and compost on the physical and mechanical properties of paddy fields and the yearly variation of rice yield in Fluvio-Marine plain of Jeonbug series. Amounts of rice straw and compost applied in this experiment were 500kg/10a, 1,000kg/10a respectively, and the nitrogen levels were 0, 15 and 20kg/10a. This experiment were continued for 9 years from 1979 to 1987. The results are summarized as follows: 1. Clay and silt ratios were decreased but versa in sand ratio, by the long-term application of rice straw and compost. 2. Bulk density in the long-term application of organic matter was lower in surface soil of non-application than nitrogen application (15kg/10a) and in rice straw than compost. 3. Solid ratio went down, but liquid and gaseous ratio went up especially, by organic matter application liquid ratio were increased by compost and gaseous ratio were increased by in rice straw. 4. Aggregates of bigger than 2mm were increased by long-term application of organic matter, and the effects was better in rice straw than compost. Accumulative aggregate of 2mm was 66.5% in nitrogen of 15kg/ 10a with rice straw, which showed the increase of 9.1% in comparison with the non-application of nitrogen and organic matter. 5. Liquid limit, plastic limit and plastic index were high in order of rice straw, compost and control, and liquid index was lower in compost than in rice straw. 6. Cole value was higher in vertical than horizontal and highest in the application of rice straw with nitrogen of 15kg/10a. Cone and shearing resistance were lowest in the application of rice straw with nitrogen. In total vertical pressure friction was higher in the long-term application of organic matter than control. 7. The change of yield index was higher in the long-term application of compost than rice straw in non-nitrogen and it showed the yearly competitive variation between the long-term application of compost and rice straw in nitrogen of 10kg/10a. In nitrogen application of 20kg/10a, it was increased from 6th year by rice straw application.

• Proceedings of the Korean Environmental Health Society Conference
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• 2005.06a
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• pp.406-409
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• 2005

Since 2003, Korean government has restricted landfill application of organic waste, which shares approximately 56% of total waste sludge from municipal and industrial wastewater treatment plants. In addition, enforcement of the ocean disposal prohibition law is effective from 2005. Organic sludge was composted for the purpose of converting to organic fertilizer. After moisture content was regulated with bulking agents aerobic treatment performed. When composting was conducted, commercial and activated microbe materials, identified from soil were seeded in sewage sludge. Carbon dioxide production was increased sharply after 24 hours. Temperature and pH of compost reached to $66.2^{\circ}C$ and 8. Heavy metals were lower than their regulatory limits, which enable it to utilize as organic fertilizer.

• Korean Journal of Organic Agriculture
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• v.3 no.1
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• pp.87-97
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• 1994

In the edible parts of chinese cabbage, the NO-3 accumulation was higher in the outer leaves than in the inner leaves and it was higher in the leaf midrib than in the leaf blade. In Radish, it was higher in the aerial part of the root than in the underground part of root. NO-3 accumulation in edible parts of chinese cabbage of organic farming fertilized with compost 8t/10a was about 4 times higher than those of conventional farming with recommended mineral nitrogen; and was similar to those of conventional farming fertilized with twice the mineral nitrogen rate. But, NO-3 accumulation in radish of organic farming with 8t/10a compost was lower than those of conventional farming with recommended mineral nitrogen. It showed NO-3 content in the edible parts of vegetables should be considered one of several parpmeters to judge a real safety vegetable to be certified by government.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Agriculture
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• v.30 no.1
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• pp.16-23
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• 2011

BACKGROUND: This study was conducted to investigate the effects of different organic treatments and a chemical fertilizer on the soil chemical, physical, and microbial properties in an organic pear orchard. METHODS AND RESULTS: Control was referred as a NPK chemical fertilizer (15N-9P-10K) and organic treatments included compost containing with oil cake, compost containing with humic acid, and compost containing with chitin substance. All treatments applied at rates equivalent to 200 g N per tree per year under the tree canopy in March 30 of 2008 and 2009. Soil bulk density, solid phase, liquid phase, and penetration resistance were not significantly different among the treatments. Organic treatment plots had greater organic matter, total nitrogen, potassium, and magnesium concentrations compared to control, and the nutrient concentrations were not consistently affected by the organic treatments. Microbial biomass nitrogen and carbon, dehydrogenase, acid-phosphatase, and chitinase activities overall increased from March to August. Organic treatments, especially compost containing with oil cake or chitin aicd, increased the microbial variables compared to control. CONCLUSION(s): All the organic treatments consistently stimulated soil biological activity. The consistent treatment effect, however, did not occur on the soil mineral nutrition as the trees actively taken up the nutrients during a growing season, which would have diminished treatment effects. Long-term study required for evaluating soil physical properties in a pear orchard.

• Journal of the Korea Organic Resources Recycling Association
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• v.9 no.3
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• pp.88-92
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• 2001

This study was carried out to investigate about the effect of organic fertilizers(Pig manure fermentation compost; P, Organic fertilizer; B, F, Compost; D, and microorganism; M) on the growth and yield of the chinese cabbage and lactuca. At the standard applicated-amounts plot of organic fertilizer have appeared the best yield, but another the excess amount plot came into existence damage of fertilizer. However, according to the co-application of microorganism appeared certainly decreasing damage of fertilizers. Also at the same fertilizer and applicated-amounts plots were the higher than an-application of microorganism on the growth and yield. In conclusion, the excess application of organic fertilizer should be occurred fertilizer damages and increased on the growth and yield by use of microorganism.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.15 no.3
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• pp.199-206
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• 1982

A field experiment was conducted to compare the effects of compost and rice straw application on the growth of soybean, chemical properties and soil microorganism in newly reclaimed silty clay loamy upland soil. Application rates of the arganic materials were 750 Kg, 1,500 Kg and 3,000 Kg/10a in compost, and 340 Kg, 680 Kg and 1,360 Kg/10a in rice straw. The differences of N.P.K. application rates caused by the two different organic materials were balanced by chemical fertilizers of N.P.K. The results can be summarized as follows; 1. The yield of soybean was increased upon compost application, but no significant difference on yield was observed except luxuriant plant growth upon rice straw application. 2. There was highly possitive correlation between concentration of phosphorous, potassium in soybean plant at 71 days after planting and dry weight of grain vs. stem plus bean chaff of harvest plant in compost applied plots, but no correlation was found in rice straw applied plots. 3. In greneral, the soil water contents in organic material applied plots, expecially in plots of rice straw, were higher than in no organic material plots. However, at wilting point, the soil water content in organic material applied plot was lower compare to no organic material plot. 4. The weight of nodules per soybean plant was heavier notwithstanding the fewer number of soil bacteria and fungi in compost application plots than rice straw application plots.

• Journal of Mushroom
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• v.16 no.1
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• pp.39-44
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• 2018

We investigated the possibility of utilizing spent mushroom culture-medium as raw material to produce organic compost. Mushroom culture-medium contained 2.69% nitrogen, 41.07% carbon, and 0.99% phosphoric acid. Nitrogen and carbon content in rice bran were 3.08% and 47.34%, respectively. Nitrogen, carbon, and phosphoric acid content in mushroom Pleurotus eryngii were 3.41%, 34.63%, and 1.70%, respectively. Our study aimed to evaluate the degree of decay of compost produced from the substrate, used to culture King Oyster mushrooms by analyzing seed germination indexes in cucumber, radish, lettuce, and Chinese cabbage. Our results showed that compost from spent mushroom culture-medium completed the stabilization process in 4 to 6 weeks, as evaluated by the appropriate organic compost maturity point for the plantation.