• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제14권4호
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• pp.540-547
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• 2001

An experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of environmentally friendly agents (yucca extract, mineral feed additive, acidifier, nonspecific immunostimulating anionic alkali solution) on the growth performance, nutrient digestibility, nutrient excretion and carcass characteristics in growing-finishing pigs. A total of 125 pigs were allotted into 5 treatments with 5 replications, 5 pigs per pen in a completely randomized block design. Dietary treatments consisted of 1) control: basal diet, 2) YE: basal diet+120 mg/kg of yucca extract, 3) MFA: basal diet+50 mg/kg of mineral feed additive, 4) NIS: basal diet+3% of NIS (nonspecific immunostimulating anionic alkali solution), and 5) Acidifier: basal diet+0.5% of acidifier (organic acid complex). During the growing phase of the feeding trial, There were no significant differences in average daily feed intake (ADFI) and feed conversion ratio (F/G) among treatments, but the Acidifier group showed higher average daily gain (ADG) than the MFA group (p<0.05). During the finishing phase, there were no significant differences in growth performance among treatments, however YE supplementation increased ADG and F/G by 3.1 and 6.15%, respectively, when compared to control group. Proximate nutrients (dry matter, DM; crude protein, CP; crude ash, CA; crude fat, CF; gross energy, GE; calcium, Ca and phosphorus, P) digestibility did not show any significant differences among the treatments. And there were no significant differences in DM, N and P excretion as well. The supplementation of environmentally friendly agents tended to increase carcass weight compared to control group. Pigs fed MFA showed significantly heavier (p<0.05) carcass weight than those fed control or Acidifier diets. Addition of these agents except for NIS to diet for growing-finishing pigs caused a similar feed cost/kg weight gain than control group. Therefore, present study suggested that the optimum environmentally friendly agent would be yucca extracts, considering the effects on growth performance, nutrient digestibility, nutrient excretion, carcass characteristics and feed cost in growing-finishing pigs.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제19권2호
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• pp.217-223
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• 2006

Fifty castrated crossbred ($Landrace{\times}Yorkshire$) pigs, weighing an average of $60.6{\pm}3.1kg$ were allotted to one of five treatments in a randomized block design to examine the effects of dietary inclusion of 0.1% L-carnitine (50 ppm carnitine), 0.1% selenium-enriched yeast (0.3 ppm selenium), 0.1% Jujube fruit or 0.1% Hwangto (Red clay) on pig performance and carcass quality. All diets were based on corn, wheat, soybean meal and wheat bran and were formulated to supply 13.8 MJ DE/kg. Dietary supplementation did not influence daily gain (p = 0.57), feed intake (p = 0.52), or feed conversion (p = 0.32). Digestibility of dry matter (p = 0.60), organic matter (p = 0.74), crude protein (p = 0.76), crude fibre (p = 0.70) and energy (p = 0.75) were also unaffected by inclusion of any of the additives. Tissue samples taken from the longissimus muscle showed that the levels of carnitine (p = 0.0001) and selenium (p = 0.0001) were significantly higher with dietary inclusion of carnitine or selenium-enriched yeast. Dietary treatment did not affect dressing percentage (p = 0.33), carcass lean yield (p = 0.99) or first, $10^{th}$ and last rib midline backfat depth (p = 0.45, 0.82 and 0.47, respectively). Dietary treatment also did not affect the percentages of tenderloin (p = 0.37), bacon (p = 0.36), fat and bone (p = 0.56), picnic shoulder (p = 0.25), skirt (p = 0.80), fresh ham (p = 0.31) or ribs (p = 0.79). However, pigs fed the diet containing Jujube fruit had a higher percentage of Boston butt than pigs fed the carnitine or selenium supplemented diets (p = 0.01). Pigs fed added Hwangto had a higher (p = 0.04) percentage of loin compared with pigs fed supplementary selenium or Jujube fruit. Loin muscle from pigs fed carnitine had a significantly lower Hunter colour value for L (whiteness, p = 0.004) and a higher value for $a^*$ (redness; p = 0.069). The overall results indicate that supplementation with L-carnitine and selenium-enriched yeast can produce pork containing higher levels of carnitine and selenium, which could provide health benefits for consumers of pork without detrimental effects on pig performance.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제23권6호
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• pp.762-771
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• 2010

Two experiments were conducted to determine i) the fermentation characteristics of catfish by-product (C) ensiled with rice bran (RB) or sugarcane molasses (M) in different ratios, and ii) the digestibility of the silages in growing pigs. In the ensiling experiment, there were three ratios of C, ensiled with RB or M, of 8:2, 7:3 and 6:4 (wet basis for C and air-dry basis for RB and M). The six treatments were CRB8:2, CRB7:3, CRB6:4, CM8:2, CM7:3 and CM6:4, with 3 replications per treatment and seven sampling times. The pH of CRB7:3 and CRB6:4 decreased (p<0.05) from the first week and stayed stable until 8 weeks of ensiling, but the pH did not decrease in CRB8:2. The pH of CM8:2, CM7:3 and CM6:4 decreased rapidly from the first week until week 8. Dry matter (DM) and crude protein (CP) contents were slightly lower when catfish by-product was ensiled with RB than with M. Ammonia content in all treatments increased (p<0.05) during ensiling. Lactic acid content in silages with molasses increased from the first week, with the highest value at week 4. However, the lactic acid content in CRB8:2 did not increase with time and had the lowest value of all treatments. Acetic acid proportions of total volatile fatty acids were low at day 0, with the highest value at day 7, decreasing slowly until 8 weeks. The butyric acid proportion was highest at day 0 and decreased up to week 8. The proportion of propionic acid increased during ensiling. The digestibility experiment had a 4${\times}$4 Latin-square design and included 4 castrated crossbreed (Yorkshire${\times}$Landrace) male pigs fed four diets. The basal diet (BD) included rice bran, broken rice and maize meal, and the other three diets included fish meal (FMD) or catfish by-product ensiled with rice bran (CRBD) or sugarcane molasses (CMD). The silages chosen were those which gave the best results in the ensiling experiment for each additive. The coefficient of total tract apparent digestibility (CTTAD) of DM and organic matter (OM) was not significantly different among treatments. The CTTAD of CP was not different among the silage diets, but was lower in BD (p<0.01). The CTTAD of ether extract (EE) was higher in the catfish by-product silage diets than in FMD and BD. There was no significant difference in the digestibility of DM, OM, CP and EE between the fish meal and the by-product silages. In conclusion, catfish by-product can be successfully preserved by ensiling. Moreover, the total tract apparent digestibility of OM, CP and EE in ensiled catfish by-product was comparable with that of fish meal.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제15권2호
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• pp.218-221
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• 2002

Whole forage sorghum (saccharatum) cultivar FS5 was harvested at the soft dough ($303{\pm}9g\;kg^{-1}$ DM) stage of maturity. The sorghum was chopped into approximately 20 mm pieces and ensiled under laboratory conditions in 1.5 L Weck glass jars. At ensiling, it was treated with two commercial silage inoculants: Pioneer 1188 (Inoculant A) and Eco-corn (Inoculant B). The inoculant A and B was applied at ca $2{\times}10^5$ or $2{\times}10^4$ colony forming units $g^{-1}$ DM., respectively. Silage with no additives served as a control. Three jars per treatment were opened on days 2, 4, 8, 15 and 60 post-ensiling to study fermentation dynamics. After 60 days of ensiling the silages were analyzed and subjected to an aerobic stability test lasting 5 days. Results showed that both inoculants caused a more rapid rate of pH decrease and a higher amount of lactic acid production. All the silages were well preserved and were stable upon exposure to air. Inoculants did not influence (p>0.05) the ash and total N contents, but tended to reduce acetic acid (p<0.05), butyric acid (p<0.01) and propionic acid (p<0.01) contents, and to increase the lactic acid content (p<0.01). The lower DM content of silages treated with Inoculant A agrees with the greater gas loss resulting from the DM loss, which was in good agreement with the higher yeast counts upon aerobic exposure. Silage treated with inoculant B had the highest DM (p<0.05) and lactic acid contents (p<0.01), and the lowest acetic acid content (p<0.05), which agrees with the rapid reduction of pH and smaller gas loss. Inoculant B reduced the ADF (p<0.01), ADL and NDF (p<0.05) contents, which also indicates smaller losses of organic soluble material. The control silages contained the highest levels of volatile fatty acids but no lactic acid, indicating secondary fermentation. It was concluded that both inoculants may improve the fermentation process, since silages from all treatments were stable upon aerobic exposure, noadvantage could be attributed to any of the inoculants used.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제17권4호
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• pp.497-503
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• 2004

The effect of adding carbohydrate-rich feedstuffs to sweet potato leaves (SPL) on silage quality was studied using a total of 180 laboratory silos. Silage quality was assessed by changes of pH, dry matter (DM), crude protein (CP) and ammonia nitrogen ($NH_{3}$-N). Pre-wilted SPL was mixed with cassava root meal (CRM), sweet potato root meal (SPM) or sugar cane molasses (Mo) at levels of 0, 30, 60 and 90 g $kg^{-1}$ (air-dry weight of additives to pre-wilted weight of SPL). Samples for assessing silage quality were collected after mixing the SPL with the additive and thereafter at 7, 14, 28 and 56 days of ensiling. There was a marked decrease in pH after 7 days and the pH remained low and stable until day 56. Addition of 60 and 90 g $kg^{-1}$ resulted in a lower pH (p<0.05) than the other treatments. The DM content of the silage increased (p<0.05) with increasing levels of additive, while there were no differences in DM with time of ensiling. The CP content of the silage decreased (p<0.05) with increasing levels of additive. The CP content did not change up to 28 days, but was lower (p<0.05) after 56 days in all treatments. The $NH_{3}$-N levels were increasing (p<0.05) with time of ensiling, and were lower (p<0.05) with additive levels of 60 g $kg^{-1}$ or higher. Also, the additive source affected the $NH_{3}$-N values, with the lowest values found for Mo. Castrated male pigs (Large White$\times$Mongcai) were used in 4$\times$4 Latin square design to study the total tract digestibility and nitrogen (N) utilisation of diets with inclusion of ensiled SPL. The diets were based on cassava root meal with inclusion of protein from either fish meal (C) or SPL ensiled with CRM (D1), SPL ensiled with SPM (D2) and SPL ensiled with Mo (D3). The digestibility of DM, organic matter (OM) and CP were higher (p<0.05), and the digestibility of crude fibre (CF) was lower (p<0.05), in diet C than in diets D1, D2 and D3. However, there were no differences (p>0.05) in digestibility of dietary components between diets D1, D2 and D3. Also, the excretion of N in faeces was higher (p<0.05) and the N retention was lower (p<0.05) in diets D1, D2 and D3 than in diet C. It can be concluded from the present experiments, that a good quality silage can be produced from pre-wilted SPL by addition of 60 g $kg^{-1}$ of either CRM, SPM or Mo. Diets with inclusion of 450 g ensiled SPL $kg^{-1}$ DM showed a high digestibility of dietary components and thus ensiled SPL should be considered as a potential feed resource for growing pigs.

• 한국식품과학회지
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• 제42권4호
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• pp.390-397
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• 2010

Residual solvents in foods are defined as organic volatile chemicals used or produced in manufacturing of extracts or additives, or functional foods. The solvents are not completely eliminated by practical manufacturing techniques and they also may become contaminated by solvents from packing, transportation or storage in warehouses. Because residual solvents have no nutritional value but may be hazardous to human health, there is a need to remove them from the final products or reduce their amounts to below acceptable levels. The purpose of this study was to develop and evaluate an analytical method for the screening of residual solvents in health functional foods. Furthermore, the aim of this study was to constitute a reasonable management system based on the current state of the market and case studies of foreign countries. Eleven volatile solvents such as MeOH, EtOH, trichloroethylene and hexane were separated depending on their column properties, temp. and time using Gas Chromatography (GC). After determining the GC conditions, a sample preparation method using HSS (Head Space Sampling) was developed. From the results, a method for analyzing residual solvents in health functional foods was developed considering matrix effect and interference from the sample obtained from the solution of solvents-free health functional foods spiked with 11 standards solutions. Validation test using the developed GC/HSS/MS (Mass Spectrometry) method was followed by tests for precision, accuracy, recovery, linearity and adequate sensitivity. Finally, examination of 104 samples grouped in suits was performed by the developed HSS/GC/MS for screening the solvents. The 11 solvents were isolated from health functional foods based on vapor pressure difference, and followed by separation within 15 minutes in a single run. The limt of detection (LOD), limit of quantification (LOQ), recovery and coefficient of variation (C.V.) of these compounds determined by the HSS/GC/MS were found to be 0.1 pg/mL, 0.1-125 pg/g, 51.0-104.6%, and less than 15%, respectively. Using the developed HSS/GC/MS method, residual solvent from 16 out of 104 health functional products were detected as a EtOH. This method therefore seems t o be a valuable extension ofanalytical method for the identification of residual solvents in health functional food.

• 공업화학
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• 제4권2호
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• pp.273-283
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• 1993

티타늄마드래스 소지에 $PbO_2$를 전착하는 과정에서 전해액에 여러 가지 산과 유기물질의 첨가는 $PbO_2$전착층의 물성에 큰 영향을 준다. XRD결과 ${\beta}-PbO_2$가 산성 전해액에서 전착되는 것을 확인하였다. 본 실험에서 사용된 첨가제 중 전해액에 sodium lauryl sulfate를 첨가할때 산소과전압이 가장 높은 $PbO_2$가 전착되었으며 polyethylene glycol을 첨가할때는 염소과전압이 가장 낮은 $PbO_2$가 전착되었다. $PbO_2$의 산소과전압과 염소과전압은 $PbO_2$를 전착하는 동안 행하는 교반에 크게 의존한다. SEM결과 전착하는 동안 교반하지 않고 전착한 $PbO_2$결정이 교반하여 전착한 $PbO_2$보다 더욱 크다는 것을 관찰하였다. 또한 산성전해액에서 $PbO_2$를 전착할 경우, $PbO_2$결정 크기가 클수록 산소과전압은 커지며 $PbO_2$결정 크기가 작을수록 염소과전압은 낮아졌다. $HClO_4$의 존재하에서 $PbO_2$를 전착할 경우 560g/1 $Pb(NO_3)_2$, $65{\sim}70^{\circ}C$, pH>1에서 최적의 전착전류효율을 나타내었다.

• 한국환경농학회지
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• 제10권1호
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• pp.77-83
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• 1991

Cd첨가량(添加量)과 Cd원(源)을 달리하여 조제(調製)한 사료(飼料)로 생쥐를 12주간(週間) 사육(飼育)한 후(後) 체중(體重)과 생쥐내 장기(臟器)의 무게에 따른 성장속도(成長速度)를 조사(調査)하고 생쥐의 장기(臟器)들 즉(卽), 신장(腎臟), 간(肝), 심장(心臟), 허파, 비장(脾臟) 및 전혈중(全血中)에 축적(蓄積)되는 Cd축적작용(蓄積作用)을 분석(分析)한 결과(結果)는 다음과 같다. 1. 사육시기(飼育時期) 9주(週)째에 생쥐의 체중증가(體重增加)는 Cd첨가수준(添加水準)에 따라 달라져서 사료중(飼料中)의 Cd을 많이 첨가(添加)하여 사육(飼育)하는 생쥐일수록 체중(體重)이 적어졌다. 2. 장기(臟器)의 무게는 Cd무첨가(無添加) 사료(飼料)로 사육(飼育)한 생쥐가 신장(腎臟), 간(肝), 심장(心臟), 비장(脾臟) 등(等)의 장기(臟器)의 종류(種類)에 관계(關係)없이 무거웠다. 그러나 Cd을 첨가(添加)하여 생육(生育)한 생쥐에서는 Cd첨가수준차이(添加水準差異)에 따른 장기(臟器)의 무게 차이(差異)를 인정(認定)하기 어려웠다. 3. 장기내(臟器內)에 Cd축적작용(蓄積作用)은 신장(腎臟)과 간(肝)에서 가장 높았고 심장(心臟)이 그 다음이었으며 축적농도(蓄積濃度)는 사료중(飼料中)의 Cd함량(含量)이 많을수록 높아지는 비례적(比例的) 관계(關係)를 나타내었다. 4. 사료중(飼料中) Cd농도(濃度)가 낮을수록 모든 장기(臟器) 및 혈액(血液)에 축적(蓄積)되는 비율(比率)이 높아짐을 알 수 있었다.

• 공업화학
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• 제19권5호
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• pp.574-581
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• 2008

폐 자동차 배기가스 정화용 촉매를 휘발성 유기화합물(VOCs) 처리 시스템에 재활용하기 위해 운전조건이 서로 다른 폐 자동차 촉매를 이용하여 촉매의 최적 재생 조건 및 VOCs 연소활성특성을 조사하였다. 폐 촉매의 최적 재생 조건을 찾기 위해 산세기가 서로 다른 5종류(질산($HNO_3$), 황산($H_2SO_4$), 옥살산($C_2H_2O_4$), 구연산($C_6H_8O_7$), 인산($H_3PO_4$))의 산을 이용하여 재생 처리하였으며, 질소 흡착등온선, XRD와 ICP를 이용하여 폐 촉매와 재생 처리한 촉매의 물리화학적 특성을 비교하였다. 폐 자동차 촉매의 피독물질과 백금족 금속(PGMs)의 상대적 함유율은 촉매의 위치에 따라 달랐으며, 주요 피독물질은 윤활유 오일첨가제와 엔진 및 배출가스 파이프에 함유된 물질이었다. 그리고 폐 자동차 촉매는 산수용액 전처리 후 백금족 금속의 상대적 함유율, BET 비표면적 및 평균기공크기가 폐 촉매에 비해 증가하였다. 폐 촉매와 재생 처리한 촉매의 VOCs 연소활성 실험 결과 폐 촉매가 VOCs 처리에 충분히 이용될 수 있다는 가능성을 보여 주었으며, $HNO_3$와 $C_2H_2O_4$ 전처리를 한 촉매의 반응활성이 가장 우수하였다. 그리고 전처리한 촉매의 반응활성은 산처리로 인한 피독 오염물질의 제거율 및 조직 특성 변화 보다는 백금족 금속인 백금(Pt)의 함유율에 더 큰 영향을 받았다.

• 환경생물
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• 제26권2호
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• pp.102-108
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• 2008

방오도료로 많이 쓰인 유기주석화합물은 일반생물에게 미치는 독성이 매우 강하고 또한 내분비계 장애물질임이 밝혀지면서 이를 대체할 화합물들의 개발이 요구되고 있다. 그 가운데 이런 목적으로 만들어진 화합물인 Sea-Nine 211을 사용하여 이것이 해양생물 특히 저서생물인 패류에게 얼마나 영향을 미치는지를 살펴보고자 북방대합(P. sachalinensis)에게 강제 주사하여 생존율과 중장선의 미크로좀 중 I상 약물대사효소의 변화를 4일째가지 조사하였으며, 또한 비교를 위해 tributyltin chloride (TBTC)의 주사실험을 병행하였다. 생존율에서는 sham구나 Sea-Nine 211 실험구(5, 25 및 50 mg kg$^{-1}$)모두 생존하였으나 TBTC(1, 2 및 5 mg kg$^{-1}$) 실험구의 생존율은 4일째에 각각 70%, 30% 및 0%였다. 한편, 약물대사효소계 중 I상효소인 CYP는 Sea-Nine 211주사 후 시간이 지나면서 유도되었지만, TBTC는 반대로 저해되는 경향을 보였다. 그리고 P450R 활성은 Sea-Nine 211 실험구에서 시간 경과와 더불어 약간 증가하는 추세를 보였지만 sham구와는 유의적인 차이가 없었으나, TBTC실험구는 주사농도와 비례하면서 저해되었다. b5R활성도 마찬가지로 Sea-Nine 211 실험구는 큰 변화가 없었으나, TBTC실험 구에서는 유의적으로 저해되는 경향을 관찰할 수가 있었다. 이처럼 비주석계 방오도료 화합물인 Sea-Nine 211은 북방대합에 대한 독성이 TBTC에 비해 크게 낮았으며, 약물대사효소계에 미치는 영향도 TBTC는 저해하는데 반해서 P450R이나 b5R에는 별다른 변화를 일으키지 않았으나 CYP는 유도하였다.