• Herbal Formula Science
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• v.28 no.2
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• pp.169-177
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• 2020

Objectives : This experiment was designed to assess the single oral toxicity of Ethanol Extract Inulae Flos (IF) ethanol extracts. IF is one of the important herbs to remove phlegmy which is the viscous turbid pathological product that can accumulate in the body, causing a variety of diseases. Nevertheless, there has been a lack of research on the pharmacology toxicity of IF. Methods : In this study, IF was orally administered to 5 weeks ICR mice as an oral dose of 2,000 or 3,000 or 5,000 mg/kg. The condition of the mice was observed for 14 days and their weights were measured every two days. Results : None of the mice died for 14 days. The abnormal clinical symptoms and anatomical signs of toxicity were not found in any treatment groups. The gain of net body weight was observed. There was also no significant difference in the organ weight. The serum biochemistry and hematological analysis showed a decrease in BUN, red blood cells, white blood cells and platelets although within the normal ranges. Conclusions : These results suggest that the 50% lethal dose of IF is more than 5,000 mg/kg. This could be thought that IF is a safe drug without acute toxicity and side effects. However, IF showed some weight loss and change in blood test, so it will need to be careful when using it for high doses.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.43 no.2
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• pp.95-100
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• 1998

Seedling establishment of soybean [Glycine mar (L.) Mer-rill] is an important factor for soybean production in the field. The objective of this study was to determine the distribution of chemical composition in the emerging organs during seedling development in soybeans. Three soybean cultivars (Hill, Paldalkong, and Jangyeobkong) were planted at the Research Farm of College of Natural Resources, Korea University, on May 26, June 5, and June 14. Protein, oil, sugar, and starch contents were measured in each organ at each developing stage. Mean dry weight of three soybean cultivars decreased until VE stage and increased after this stage. Protein content of whole seedling did not change significantly during the seedling growth stage, but the amount in cotyledons markedly decreased with each growth stage increment. About 88% of the cotyledon protein was translocated to the other parts of the seedling at the V2 stage. Oil content of cotyledons sharply decreased until the V1 stage. Sugar content of the seedling was not detected at VE stage and starch content of seedlings increased slightly at VE and VC stages. For the changes of each metabolic component, the amount for whole plants decreased until the V1 stage and started to increase after this stage. The results of this study provide evidence for the breakdown of carbohydrates and oil at the initial stage of seedling growth.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.10 no.2
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• pp.151-156
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• 1978

Ginseng jellies and candies were prepared by adding Ginseng extracts as final concentration of 0.5% and 1% for jellies and 0.7% for candies. Feeding experiments of the diets containing Ginseng extract were carried out for evaluation in respects of growth rate, feed efficiency ratio, organ weight change, hematocrit value, and blood cholesterol content by feeding rats for 6-week. The results of Ginseng supplemented diets were not significantly different from those for the control. Liver, spleen and kidney cells of Ginseng products feeding rats appeared no abnormalities to compare to the control rats.

• Toxicological Research
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• v.19 no.1
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• pp.51-66
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• 2003

This study was performed to evaluate single and repeated-dose toxicities of Bee Venom Extracts (F1, F3) in Spraque-Dawley. F1 was injected subcutaneously to rat at dose levels of 0, 0.0002, 0.002, 0.02 mg/kg/day for single-dose toxicity study and repeated-dose toxicity study. F3 was injected subcutaneously to rat at dose level of 0, 0.003, 0.03, 0.3 mg/kg/day for single-dose toxicity study and repeated-dose toxicity study. In both studies, there were no dose related changes in mortality, clinical sign, body weight change, food and water consumption, opthalmoscopy, organ weights, urine analysis, biochemical examination, and hematological findings of all animals treated with Bee Venom (F1, F3). Gross and histopathological findings revealed no evidence of specific toxicity related to Bee Venom (F1, F3). These results suggest that the subcutaneous NOEL (No Observed Effect Level) of Bee Venom (F1, F3) may be over F1 -0.02 mg/kg, F3-0.3 mg/kg.

• The Journal of Korean Medicine
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• v.24 no.3
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• pp.138-144
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• 2003

Objective : Though modern medicine has made various studies in cancer treatment, the results of the treatments are not satisfactory. Considering this, Oriental medicine can be a breakthrough in treatment of cancer, and therefore, its constant research eagerly needed. According to preceding studies, Hangamjedoktang (Kangaizhidu-tang) with Hagocho appeared to be statistically significant against cancer, and therefore to seek a better medication for cancer, Holotrichia which seemed to be effective against cancer was added to the formula, and herbs which showed an anti-tumor effect in preceding studies composed Hangamyagjaebang. The efficacy of both Hangamjedoktang with Holotrichia (HJJ) and Hangamyagjaebang (Kangaiyaocaijang) (HM) was compared. Methods : To examine the anti-cancer effect of HJJ and HM, inhibitory effect on solid tumor growth in mice induced by Sarcoma-180 (s-180), change of body and organ weight in tumor bearing mice and the activity of machrophages and lymphocytes in the spleen were examined. Results : 1. In the HJJ and HM treated groups, tumor growth was markedly decreased. 2. HJJ and HM increased the activity of ALP which is produced from the splenocytes transplanted with S-180. 3. HJJ and HM increased the ACP activity of the macrophages of the mice transplanted with S-180. Conclusion : These results suggest that HJJ and HM are good candidates for new drugs for cancer therapy.

• Environmental Analysis Health and Toxicology
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• v.13 no.1_2
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• pp.33-41
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• 1998

Chlorpyrifos, o,o diethyl-o-(3,5,6-trichloro-2-pyridyl) phosphorothioate, is a broad spectrum organophosphate insecticide. The use of chlorpyrifos has been increased more and more as pesticide. But the effects of chlorpyrifos on the immune alterations has not been yet observed. Therefore, we investigated the effects of chlorpyrifos on the immune alterations in CICA male mice. Chlorpyrifos was administered to mice by a single intraperitoneal injection for the purpose of observing acute effects. On the one hand to get the information on immunopathologic alterations we observed hematological values, counted total circulating leukocytes and assessed the ratio of lymphocytes and neutrophils from the peripheral blood, measured the ratio of organ/body weight and counted splenic cellularity in CBA male mice which treated chlorpyrifos intraperitoneally. But we could not find any significant immunopathologic alterations statistically by a single intraperitoneal injection. Also, the exposure of chlorpyrifos caused no significant change in the number of PFC/10$^6$ spleen cells at any three given doses. On the other hand a singte intraperitoneal injection of chlorpyrifos decreased the lymphocyte proliferation response slightly to ConA or LPS stimulation at a dose of 6 mg/kg b.w. Administrations of chlorpyrifos reduced mixed leukocyte response(MLR). MLR was decreased moderately at doses of 3mg/kg b.w. and 6mg/kg b.w. Therefore, all these findings suggest that chlorpyrifos may alter the immune functions acutely. especially by the changes of T lymphocyte activity.

• Journal of Food Hygiene and Safety
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• v.13 no.2
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• pp.87-93
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• 1998

The tannic acid (0.5 mg/ml, 1.0 mg/mi, 2.0 mg/ml) and/or cadmium (20 mg/kg) were administered by oral administration. The results were as follows: 1. There were adverse effects on the weight changes and water consumption. But, the extent of adverse changes were decreased by tannic acid administration. 2. Also, there were some significant changes in organ weight, especially relative liver weight and relative brain weight by cadmium administration, but Ta1.0 group was significant changes in relative liver weight, relative lung weight and relative thymus weight compared with control group. 3. In the hematological patterns of administered mice, there were significant changes between cadmium treated groups and control group. Hemoglobin contents, packed cell volume, platelet count and neutrophill count were significantly change compared with control group. These changes were not shown in tannic acid treated group. 4. There were serological enzymatic changes in the cadmium treated mouse. In the tannic acid treated group 0.5, 1.0, 2.0 mg/ml, ALT, AST, BUN and creatinine were recovered to the extent of control group. From the above results, the tannic acid has some possible alleviative effects of cadmium toxicity upto the 2.0 mg/ml/day of oral dose for 4 weeks. But we need further study of mechanism for toxicty alleviating action of tannic acid to the heavy metals like cadmium.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.33 no.2
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• pp.313-322
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• 2020

Objective: An experiment was conducted to investigate the response of laying hens fed corn distiller's dried grains with solubles (DDGS) that are naturally contaminated with deoxynivalenol (DON). Methods: One hundred and sixty 52-week-old Lohmann Brown Lite hens were randomly allotted to five dietary treatments with 8 replicates per treatment. The dietary treatments were formulated to provide a range of corn DDGS contaminated with DON from 0% to 20% (i.e., 5% scale of increment). All laying hens were subjected to the same management practices in a controlled environment. Body weight, feed intake and egg production were measured biweekly for the entire 8-week experiment. The egg quality was measured biweekly for 8 weeks. On weeks 4 and 8, visceral organ weights, blood metabolites, intestinal morphology, and blood cytokine concentrations were measured. Results: The inclusion of corn DDGS contaminated with DON in the diet did not alter (p>0.05) the body weight, feed intake, hen-day egg production, egg mass and feed efficiency of the laying hens. No difference was found (p>0.05) in the egg quality of hens that were fed the dietary treatments. Furthermore, hens that were fed a diet containing corn DDGS contaminated with DON showed no change (p>0.05) in the visceral organ weights, the blood metabolites, and the cytokine concentrations. The crypt depth increased (p<0.05) as the amount of corn DDGS contaminated with DON increased. Proportionately, the villus height to crypt depth ratio of the laying hens decreased (p<0.05) with the increasing level of corn DDGS contaminated with DON in the diet. Conclusion: The inclusion of corn DDGS contaminated with DON up to 20% in layer diets did not cause changes in egg production performance and egg quality, which indicates that DON is less toxic at the concentration of 1.00 mg DON/kg.

• Journal of Physiology & Pathology in Korean Medicine
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• v.30 no.3
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• pp.164-176
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• 2016

This study was perfomed to investigate the effects of Chunghyul-plus(CHP) on oxidative damage and hyperlipidemia in db/db mouse. After treatment with CHP, safety in cytotoxicity, heavy metal toxicity, production of reactive oxygen species(ROS), nitric oxide (N0) and proinflammatory cytokine IL-Ib, TNF-a, IL-6 in RAW 264.7 cells. Serum total cholesterol, LDL cholesterol, HDL cholesterol, triglyceride, insulin, GLP-1, glucose, food intake, body weight, organ weight, AST, ALT, ALP, BUN, creatine and histologic change of liver and aorta were measured in db/db mouse after oral administration of CHP. CHP showed safety in cytotoxicity and toxicity of liver and kidney for logn time administration. CHP increased the DPPH and ABTS radical scavenging activity. CHP showed significant inhibitory effect on reactive oxygen species (ROS), and showed inhibitory effect on nitiric oxide(NO) compared to control group. CHP decreased cytokine IL-6 production significantly, and decreased IL-1β and TNF-α compared to control group. CHP decreased body and organ weitht, intake food, and glucose levels compared to control group. CHP decreased total cholesterol and triglyceride significantly, and decreased LDL-cholesterol levels and increased HDL-cholesterol levels compared to control group. CHP decreased atherogenic index and cardiac risk factor significantly. CHP increased serum insulin and GLP-1 compared to control group. In histologic examination, lipophagy in the liver and aorta decreased in CHP treated mice and the cell was regular and boundary of vessel wall was clear compared to control group. These results suggest that CHP is effective in antioxidation activity and treatment and prevention of hyperlipidemia, atherosclerosis, diabetes, ischemic heart disease, stroke and other cardiocerebrovascular disease.

• Journal of Physiology & Pathology in Korean Medicine
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• v.27 no.5
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• pp.509-519
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• 2013

Through the study on judgment of Body form and settle Energy flow(立形定氣) before diagnose the patients, the results are as follows. The observation of the body form is to determine prosperity and deficiency of each internal organ. It is necessary to distinguish Body form loss(形脫) and Body form fullness(形充). Fat man(肥人), Thin man(瘦人), Creamy man(膏人), Muscular man(肉人), Small Fat man(脂人) are discriminated by fat distribution, fat content, and muscle mass. The observation of the body form means the observation of structure disorder, color change, develop part at body, head and face. The observation of the body form that is to determine prosperity and deficiency of each internal organ is from the limited knowledge of the anatomy. The observation of face color is considered by blood perfusion, blood oxygenation and accumulation of carotinoid, bilirubin and change of melanin in the facial skin. The prosperity and the deficiency of energy flow is considered by symptom combined with growth (<40 years) and aging (>40 years). The prosperity of energy flow includes the anger, anxious emotion and the deficiency of energy flow includes the fear, depressive emotion. The breathing type is expiratory exhalation like asthma patients in the prosperity of energy flow. The deficiency of energy flow is weakness to overcome the disease. The prosperity and the deficiency of energy flow are considered by body metabolic ratios (Basal metabolic Rate: BMR, Resting metabolic rate: RMR, Physical activity ratios: PASs). Development of subcutaneous fat is good in the person of prosperous energy flow. The person of prosperous energy flow is hard to overcome to heat weather than cold weather. The person of deficiency of energy flow has tendencies of low blood pressure, insufficiency of blood flow in the peripheral and being shocked. The person of deficiency of energy flow has tendencies of chronic fatigue syndrome or automatic nerve disorder. If the patient who has deficiency of energy flow has severe weight loss should be checked for the presence of disease. The observation of small and large of bone is to check the development and disorder of bone growth and aging. The observation of thickness and weakness of muscle is to check the development of muscle, particularly biceps, gastrocnemius, and rectus abdominal muscle. The observation of thickness and weakness of skin is to check the ability of regulating body temperature by sweating.