• The Journal of the Korea Contents Association
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• v.11 no.5
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• pp.67-74
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• 2011

Collaborative recommendation is one of the most widely used methods of automated product recommendation in e-Commerce. For analyzing the customer's preference, traditional explicit ratings are less desirable than implicit ratings because it may impose an additional burden to the customers of e-commerce companies which deals with a number of products. Cardinal scales generally used for representing the preference intensity also ineffective owing to its increasing estimation errors. In this paper, we propose a new way of constructing the ordinal scale-based customer profile for collaborative recommendation. A Web usage mining technique and lexicographic consensus are employed. An experiment shows that the proposed method performs better than existing CF methodologies.

• Safety and Health at Work
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• v.11 no.1
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• pp.19-25
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• 2020

Background: Childbirth represents a significant transition for women, with physical and psychological sequelae. Reentry to the workplace during the postpartum period is understudied, with implications for maternal well-being and job-related outcomes. This study's aim was to examine selected pregnancy, childbirth, and return-to-work correlates of overall self-rated health within the first month of work reentry after maternity leave. Methods: Between December 2016 and January 2017, we surveyed women employed at a large, public Midwestern university who had given birth in the past five years (N = 249) to examine self-rated overall health in the first month of work reentry. Using ordinal logistic regression, we examined whether physical or psychological health problems during pregnancy, childbirth complications, length of maternity leave, and depression and anxiety at work reentry were related to overall health. Results: Women who experienced depression (odds ratio [OR] = 0.096 [95% confidence interval {CI} = 0.019 to 0.483, p = 0.004]) and anxiety (OR = 0.164, [95% CI = 0.042 to 0.635, p = 0.009]) nearly every day reported worse health at work reentry than those with no symptoms. Controlling for demographics and mental health, women who experienced medical problems during pregnancy (OR = 0.540 [95% CI = 0.311 to .935, p = 0.028]) were more likely to report poor health, while taking a longer maternity leave (OR = 14.552 [95% CI = 4.934 to 42.918, p < 0.001]) was associated with reporting better health at work reentry. Conclusion: Women who experience medical complications during pregnancy, return to the workplace too soon after birth, and experience mental health symptoms are vulnerable physically as they return to work.

• Journal of KIISE:Software and Applications
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• v.28 no.12
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• pp.910-920
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• 2001

We developed a SIFC(Slice-based Information Flow Graph) For modeling the information flow on program on the basis of the information flow of a data tokens on program slices. Then we defined a SCM(Slice-based Complexity Measure) for measuring the program complexity by measuring the complexity of information flow on SIFG, We showed that, according to Zuse's approach, it assumed ordinal scale based on atomic modifications on SIFG and that it was additive to binary operation MBSEQ and that it was not additive to binary operation MBALT but satisfied Weyuker's 9th axiom. Also based on comparison with the existing measures, we showed that SCM could measure not only the control and data flow in program but also the physical size of program.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Intelligent Systems
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• v.20 no.5
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• pp.701-709
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• 2010

This paper presents an efficient signature recognition method by using the hybrid similarity criterion, which is in inverse proportion to distance and in proportion to correlation between the images. The distance is applied to express the spacial property of image, and the correlation is also applied to express the statistical property. The proposed criterion provides the robust recognition to both the geometrical variations such as position, size, and rotation and the shape variation. The normalized cross-correlation(NCC), which is calculated by considering 4 directions based on the histogram of binary image, is applied to express rapidly and accurately the similarity between the images. The proposed method has been applied to the problem for recognizing the 20 truck images of 288*288 pixels and the 105(3 persons * 35 images) signature images of 256*256 pixels, respectively. The experimental results show that the proposed method has a superior recognition performance that appears the image characters well. Especially, the hybrid criterion of NCC and ordinal distance has a superior recognition performance to the hybrid criterion using city-block or Euclidean distance.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing
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• v.13 no.3
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• pp.106-118
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• 1983

The main purpose of this study is to systematically classify words indicating pain in terms of their ranks in each subclass. This study is a part of developing a Korean Pain Measurement Tool. This study didnot include exploration of each word's dimension such as sensory or affective. Eighty three Korean words tentatively classified in 19 subclasses in previous study were used for this study. At least three to six words were included in each subclass and the words were randomly placed in which each subject indicates their rank of pain degree. One hundred and fifty nursing students and one hundred clinical nurses were requested to indicate the rank of each word. One hundred and sixteen students and eighty three nurses completed the ratings for analysis. The data were collected from June 1983 to July 1983. The data using ordinal scale were analyzed by Friedman ANOVA to test significant difference between rank means. All of pain words indicated significant rank mean difference in all of 19 subclasses. Some of the words were either cancelled or replaced by other words, or rearranged for their ranks. Subclasses of which words were cancelled were 1) Simple stimulating pain, 2) Punctuate pressure, 3) peripheral nerve pain, 4) radiation pain, 5) punishment-related pain, and 6) suffering-related pain. Subclasses of which words were replaced or rearranged were 1) incisive pressure, 2) constrictive pressure, 3) dull pain, 4) tract pain, 5) digestion-related pain and 6) fear-related pain. Four subclasses such as traction pressure, thermal, cavity pressure, and fatigue- elated pain indicated significant differences among rank means in each subclasses and showed no visible overlaps of the ranks among means. Further research is needed using high level measurement of pain degree of each word and more sophisticated analysis of the pain degrees. Three pain words which would be related to chemical stimulation were newly explored and included as a new subclass. Through this study, the total number of subclasses increases from 19 to 20 and the total number of Korean words in the scale decreases from 83 to 80.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing
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• v.16 no.2
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• pp.13-28
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• 1986

The main purpose of th study was to evaluate he validity of Korean Pain Measurement Tool composed of pain terms. The specific purposes of this study were 1. to examine whether pain intensities of pain terms are congruent with those classified in three previous studies. 2. to evaluate the relative intensity of each term by panel of judges. 3. to explore the difference of ranks of pain terms according to the sex, education, and ages. One hundred and sixty normal individuals were selected by 2$\times$2$\times$4 sampling design. Sex (male, female), education (high school, college), and age (20s, 30s, 40s, 50s) were matched. Each individual was asked to rate the ranks of 3~8 pain terms in each subclass. The data measured by ordinal scale were transformed to the interval scale to compare with the pain intensities gained from the previous study. The pain ranks different from previous results were finally rearranged or cancelled through the consultation of 4 panel of judges and sunmed up to 91 pain terms in the scale. As a result, the ranks of pain terms within each of eleven subclasses among the twenty subclasses completely were congruent with the Previous pain ranks, while the ranks of nine subclasses were different from the previous pain ranks. In addition, there was significant relation between sex and pain ranks in skin punctuate pressure pain and cavity pressure. (sp : $\chi$$^2$=5.18 ø=0.26； cp : $\chi$$^2$=5.83 ø=0.24) In conclusion, seven terms from subclasses of inflammatory repeated pain, traction pressure pain, fatigue-related pain, fear-related pain, dull pain, and pulsation. related pain were cancelled. The ranks of four terms in subclasses of incisive Pressure pain and constrictive pressure pain were tentatively rearranged. Ranks of two terms in the tract pain were left as shown in the third study. As a result, six terms must be studied repeatedly for obtaining exact scores from ratio scale.

• Journal of the Korea Safety Management & Science
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• v.20 no.1
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• pp.41-55
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• 2018

For several decades, attribute classification methods using the asymmetrical relationship between an attribute performance and the satisfaction of that attribute have been explored by numerous researchers. In particular, the Kano model, which classifies quality attributes into 5 elements using simple questionnaire and two-dimensional evaluation table, has gained popularity: Attractive, One-dimensional, Must-be, Indifferent, and Reverse quality. As Kano's model is well accepted, many literatures have introduced categorization methods using the Kano's evaluation table at attribute level. However, they applied different terminologies and classification criteria and this causes confusion and misunderstanding. Therefore, a criterion for quality classification at attribute level is necessary. This study is aimed to suggest a new attribute classification method that sub-categorizes quality attributes using 5-point ordinal point and Kano's two-dimensional evaluation table through an extensive literature review. For this, the current study examines the intrinsic and extrinsic problems of the well-recognized Kano model that have been used for measuring customer satisfaction of products and services. For empirical study, the author conducted a comparative study between the results of Kano's model and the proposed method for an e-learning case (33 attributes). Results show that the proposed method is better in terms of ease of use and understanding of kano's results and this result will contribute to the further development of the attractive quality theory that enables to understand both the customers explicit and implicit needs.

• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
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• v.37 no.3
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• pp.232-237
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• 2004

Objectives : The study was designed to test if alcohol use and alcohol-related problems among adolescent females are related to their parents' level of alcohol problems. Methods : In 2001, a stratified sample of 2077 adolescent females, grades 10-11, from twelve female-only high schools located in a large metropolitan city in the Republic of Korea completed a questionnaire about alcohol use, parental attention, and parental alcohol consumption, and other risk and protective factors. Data were analyzed with chi-square and regression analyses. Results : Nearly 63% of the student drinkers had experienced at least one to two alcohol-related problems in their lives. Two-thirds of all 2077 students indicated that at least one of their parents had an alcohol-related problem and that approximately 29% had experienced several problems. Results of random effects ordinal logistic regression analyses suggest a dose-response relationship between parental and youth alcohol-related problems. Youth who report having parents with some and many alcohol problems were 30% (Odds Ratios [OR] = 1.30; 95% Confidence Interval [CI] = 1.10 - 1.53) and 55% (OR = 1.55; 95%CI = 1.23 - 1.95) more likely to experience alcohol-related problems than youth whose parents do not have alcohol problems, respectively, after statistically adjusting for important covariates. Conclusions : This study presents evidence that alcohol-related problems among adolescent female students is highly prevalent. Also, the study findings reveal a high percentage of parents with alcohol problems, as reported by students. This study presents evidence of what might be a hidden problem among adults and youths in the Republic of Korea that merits serious attention.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.12 no.7
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• pp.3072-3081
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• 2011

The purpose of this study was to investigate the association of blood pressures, hematological and blood biochemical properties according to the degree of obesity based on differential combinations of BMI in health checkup examinees. Study subjects were 3,731 adults of 20 years and over (2,312 males, 1,419 females), not recognized as taking medicines for or having cardiovascular diseases, who underwent health package check-up at the Korea Association of Health Promotion, Daejeon Branch from Jan. 2007 to Dec. 2009. As a results, the mean values of SBP, DBP, TG, TC, LDL-C, ALT, AST, GGT, ALP were significantly increased with higher level of BMI, but the HDL-C was significantly decreased with higher level of BMI. On correlation of BMI with various factors, the BMI was positively correlated with SBP, DBP, TG, TC, LDL-C and GGT, while the HDL-C was negatively correlated. Based on the result of ordinal logistic regression analysis, the risk ratio to the abnormal level of SBP, DBP, TG, ALT and GGT were significantly increased as BMI increased.

• Archives of Plastic Surgery
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• v.45 no.3
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• pp.207-213
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• 2018

This review article presents an assessment of trends in statistical methods and an evaluation of their appropriateness in articles published in the Archives of Plastic Surgery (APS) from 2012 to 2017. We reviewed 388 original articles published in APS between 2012 and 2017. We categorized the articles that used statistical methods according to the type of statistical method, the number of statistical methods, and the type of statistical software used. We checked whether there were errors in the description of statistical methods and results. A total of 230 articles (59.3%) published in APS between 2012 and 2017 used one or more statistical method. Within these articles, there were 261 applications of statistical methods with continuous or ordinal outcomes, and 139 applications of statistical methods with categorical outcome. The Pearson chi-square test (17.4%) and the Mann-Whitney U test (14.4%) were the most frequently used methods. Errors in describing statistical methods and results were found in 133 of the 230 articles (57.8%). Inadequate description of P-values was the most common error (39.1%). Among the 230 articles that used statistical methods, 71.7% provided details about the statistical software programs used for the analyses. SPSS was predominantly used in the articles that presented statistical analyses. We found that the use of statistical methods in APS has increased over the last 6 years. It seems that researchers have been paying more attention to the proper use of statistics in recent years. It is expected that these positive trends will continue in APS.