• Journal of the Korean Home Economics Association
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• v.40 no.6
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• pp.69-83
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• 2002

This study examined the effects of demographic variables on buying behavior, and investigated buyers'perceived value and risk perception of the internet shopping mall. The sample was collected by a department store in Daegu, and it included 1,732 individuals using the Cyber Mall. Research methods used in this study were simple statistics, t-test and ANOVA. The buyers perceived values through the internet shopping mall were classified into five categories-price, time, convenience, intrinsic attributes, reliability and the risk perception also was classified such as the overall purchasing process, quality of products, exposure of the personal information, delivery system, refund and exchange. The major findings of this study were 1) most important categories affecting their buying behavior were the value of convenience and following values in order were time, price, reliability, intrinsic attributes. 2) the risk perception were overall purchasing behavior, quality of products, exposure of personal information, delivery, and refund & exchange in order. 3) age of buyers, buying experience on the internet shopping mall, and gender were the important factors affecting the buyers'perceived value and risk. 4) the study also, showed that according to the variety of products, buyers perceived the value and risk differently, for example, the price was the most important perceived value in case of food product. The implication of the study is to strategically suggest how to enhance the buyers'perceived value and diminish perceived risk of different products.

• The Korean Journal of Applied Statistics
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• v.25 no.5
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• pp.757-773
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• 2012

Traditional value at risk(S-VaR) has a difficulity in predicting the future risk of financial asset prices since S-VaR is a backward looking measure based on the historical data of the underlying asset prices. In order to resolve the deficiency of S-VaR, an economic value at risk(E-VaR) using the risk neutral probability distributions is suggested since E-VaR is a forward looking measure based on the option price data. In this study E-VaR is estimated by assuming the generalized gamma distribution(GGD) as risk neutral density function which is implied in the option. The estimated E-VaR with GGD was compared with E-VaR estimates under the Black-Scholes model, two-lognormal mixture distribution, generalized extreme value distribution and S-VaR estimates under the normal distribution and GARCH(1, 1) model, respectively. The option market data of the KOSPI 200 index are used in order to compare the performances of the above VaR estimates. The results of the empirical analysis show that GGD seems to have a tendency to estimate VaR conservatively; however, GGD is superior to other models in the overall sense.

• Journal of the Korea Safety Management & Science
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• v.13 no.3
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• pp.1-8
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• 2011

The overall goal of a safety based railroad system is either to eliminate hazards in designing or to minimize the possibility of it. In order to indicate system safety or low risk although it may not be possible to achieve zero risk conditions, first, it shall ensure that any disasters would occur due to system operation because the prescribed specifications are properly fulfilled and there are no failures of any kind. Second, the risk of faults or failures leading to a mishap must be eliminated or minimized by using fault-tolerance or fail-safe procedures. This paper will attempt to summarize the personal and social risk criterion at widely scattered points, presently used as a safety approach in all over EU, in order to establish the step by step procedures of the detailed standard for railway facilities. In addition, we present the new safety analysis method using the SIL-based evaluation standard and the Reachability Graph of the Petri Net.

• Convergence Security Journal
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• v.20 no.2
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• pp.15-28
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• 2020

Smart City is highly anticipated to solve the problems of existing cities and create new added value, but there is also increasing concern about security risks. The negative view of smart city according to security risk awareness is a problem that needs to be improved in order to activate the fourth industrial revolution technology and develop smart city. This study examined risk factors in smart cities based on perceived risk and user resistance theory, and empirically analyzed the relationship with resistance attitudes. According to the empirical analysis with 288 research samples, security, social, and physical risk factors directly affect smart city resistance, while financial, performance, and privacy risk have no significant effect. In addition, it was verified that the security risk can is an antecedent factor for other risk factors, and it was confirmed that it is required to separately discuss the security and privacy risk in the smart city environment. This study shows that it is necessary to prepare policy supports for social interactions as well as security and physical safety issues in order to activate smart city by discussing the risk factors that negatively affect smart city perception from the public's point of view.

• Perinatology
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• v.29 no.4
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• pp.159-164
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• 2018

Objective: To compare neonatal respiratory morbidity of twins according to birth order related to gestational age and mode of delivery. Methods: We performed the retrospective research of the medical records of 3,224 neonates (1,612 twin pairs) born in a single center from January 2011 to December 2015. Subjects were classified into four gestational age groups: very (<32 weeks), moderate (32-33 weeks), late (34-36 weeks) preterm, and term (${\geq}37weeks$) groups. We investigated clinical characteristics and respiratory morbidity according to birth order related to gestational age group and mode of delivery. Results: We found increased risk of respiratory morbidity in second-born twin than first-born twin (P=0.039). Second-born twin was associated with increased risk of respiratory distress syndrome (RDS) in late preterm group (odds ratio [OR] 2.8, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.30-5.95), and transient tachypnea of newborn in term group (OR 1.4, 95% CI 1.03-1.81). In vaginal delivery mode, there was no difference of respiratory morbidity between first and second-born twin in each group, but in cases of Cesarean delivery, second-born twin was related with a greater risk of RDS in late preterm group (OR 2.3, 95% CI 1.07-5.09). Birth order and Cesarean section independently increased the risk of RDS (adjusted OR [aOR] 1.69, 95% CI 1.12-2.54; aOR 2.14, 95% CI 1.25-3.66, respectively). Conclusion: Second-born twin and Cesarean delivery are associated with increased risk of RDS, especially in late preterm twins.

• Proceedings of the KSR Conference
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• 2008.06a
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• pp.796-805
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• 2008

Safety Management of Korean railway industry has been rapidly changed into a risk-based approach adopted by developed countries since Railway Safety Act 2004, Rolling Stock Risk Assessment Guidance and its following regulations came into force. The fundamental requirements for the risk-based safety management is to carry out a systematic hazard identification and quantified risk analyses including cost-benefit analyses, but there has been rare a serious discussion over risk acceptance criteria and value of life in order to be able to judge the results of risk analyses and carry out cost-benefit analyses. This study presents the results of a review of risk acceptance criteria and value of life which may be adoped to Korean railway industry through the analyses with comparison of risk accepatnce principles and risk accepatnce criteria which have been already applied to other countries or other railway operators.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Safety
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• v.17 no.3
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• pp.96-101
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• 2002

The object of risk assesment is to prevent the accident from arising. The main reason for risk assesment of construction work is to determine priority order of improvement plan about risky work. Formwork is a complicated process that determines the total duration of apartment construction, and occupies 10∼15% of total construction expense, and 17% of serious accidents occur during formwork. So, formwork occupies very importment roles in work sites, economical efficiency and safety. We need to identify the work type with a high risk of accidents, and to establish suitable safety counterplan and implement intensive safety management.

• Journal of Navigation and Port Research
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• v.28 no.9
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• pp.799-802
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• 2004

Evaluation of the quantitative risk of collision plays a key role in developing the expert system of navigation and collision avoidance. This study analysed thoroughly how to determine the threshold of avoidance sector as described in the new evaluation of collision risk, and suggested the collision risk obtained by the alteration of course and/or speed in order to pass clear qf each danger zone as the threshold of avoidance sector.

• Journal of environmental and Sanitary engineering
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• v.8 no.2
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• pp.11-24
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• 1993

Methodology for health risk assessment has been developed by governmental agencies and research institutions in the United States concerning environmental and industrial health such as Environmental Protection Agency, Pood and Drug Administration, and Occupational Safety and Health Administration. The basic concept, process, and scientific rational of the health risk assessment are discussed in order to introduce this field of research for future application to risk assessment and management in Korea. As environmental criteria for most of the environmental carcinogens and nonfarcinogens are set based on the quantitative risk assessment, this quantitative methodology should be emphasized and studied in Korean situation.

• Journal of the Korean Data and Information Science Society
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• v.20 no.5
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• pp.887-894
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• 2009

The two-stage minimum risk point estimation of mean, the probability of success in a sequence of Bernoulli trials, is considered for the case where loss is taken to be symmetrized relative squared error of estimation, plus a fixed cost per observation. First order asymptotic expansions are obtained for large sample properties of two-stage procedure. Monte Carlo simulation is carried out to obtain the expected sample size that minimizes the risk and to examine its finite sample behavior.