• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Veterinary Clinics Conference
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• 2009.04a
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• pp.303-303
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• 2009

• Journal of Veterinary Clinics
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• v.26 no.6
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• pp.647-649
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• 2009

An orchiopexy was performed in an 18-month old adult English bulldog with bilateral cryptorchidism. One month postoperatively, the dog was twice-treated with GnRH (50 ug/kg) at an interval of 2 weeks. Semen was collected and evaluated before and after surgery. Fertility was determined by artificial insemination. No spermatozoa were observed before orchiopexy and 2 months postoperatively. However, 6 live sperm were detected 4 months postoperatively and normal sperm characteristics (except sperm concentration) were present 7 months postoperatively. A female bulldog, inseminated with the semen from the bulldog 8 months postoperatively, delivered 6 offsprings. Spermatogenesis and spermatozoa with fertilizing capacity were recovered by postpubertal orchiopexy and GnRH therapy in a bilateral cryptorchid dog.

• Advances in pediatric surgery
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• v.14 no.1
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• pp.58-66
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• 2008

Untreated cryptorchidism contributes to infertility and may play a role in increasing the risk of malignancy. The appropriate time of operation was considered before school age in 1970s, 2 years of age in 1980s, and between 1 and 2 years of age from 1990s to present time. Orchiopexy is the most common operation for congenital urological problem of children. We analyze our experience of orchiopexies to evaluate the results and to identify the role of the pediatric surgeon. We reviewed the medical records of 91 patients who underwent orchiopexy from January 1996 to December 2007. The patient age at orchiopexy were as follows: 48 cases (52.7 %) under 2 years of age, 24 cases (26.4 %) between 3 and 5 years, 16 cases (17.6 %) between 6 and 10 years, and 3 cases (3.3 %) over 11 years. Location of testes was preperitoneum in all 91 cases. There were 84 unilateral and 7 bilateral cases. Among the unilateral cases, the undescended testes were on right side in 54 cases and on the left side in 30 cases. The surgical procedure employed in all cases was trans-inguinal orchiopexies. Seventy-nine patients had excellent results. There were 12 complications; 5 cases of wound infection and 7 cases of temporary incomplete descent. Seven cases of incomplete descent have become normal from 3 to 6 months after orchiopexy. According to our results, 43 cases (47.3 %) underwent orchiopexies over 2 years of age. In conclusion, orchiopexies were successful in most cases of cryptorchidism in terms of testicular position and growth. We suggest that pediatric surgeons should educate their primary care physicians and parents concerning the potential complications of cryptorchidism and the appropriate time of operation.

• Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
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• v.63 no.11
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• pp.415-421
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• 2020

Cryptorchidism or undescended testis is the single most common genitourinary disease in male neonates. In most cases, the testes will descend spontaneously by 3 months of age. If the testes do not descend by 6 months of age, the probability of spontaneous descent thereafter is low. About 1%-2% of boys older than 6 months have undescended testes after their early postnatal descent. In some cases, a testis vanishes in the abdomen or reascends after birth which was present in the scrotum at birth. An inguinal undescended testis is sometimes mistaken for an inguinal hernia. A surgical specialist referral is recommended if descent does not occur by 6 months, undescended testis is newly diagnosed after 6 months of age, or testicular torsion is suspected. International guidelines do not recommend ultrasonography or other diagnostic imaging because they cannot add diagnostic accuracy or change treatment. Routine hormonal therapy is not recommended for undescended testis due to a lack of evidence. Orchiopexy is recommended between 6 and 18 months at the latest to protect the fertility potential and decrease the risk of malignant changes. Patients with unilateral undescended testis have an infertility rate of up to 10%. This rate is even higher in patients with bilateral undescended testes, with intra-abdominal undescended testis, or who underwent delayed orchiopexy. Patients with undescended testis have a threefold increased risk of testicular cancer later in life compared to the general population. Self-examination after puberty is recommended to facilitate early cancer detection. A timely referral to a surgical specialist and timely surgical correction are the most important factors for decreasing infertility and testicular cancer rates.

• The Korean Journal of Pain
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• v.9 no.1
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• pp.145-150
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• 1996

The purpose of this study was to evaluate and compare the effectiveness of ilioinguinal-hypogastric nerve blocks(IHNB) and caudal block in producing post-orchiopexy and post-heniorrhaphy analgesia in children. Forty consenting healthy children, ages 3~10yr, were randomly assigned to receive caudal bupitvacaine (0.125%, 0.5ml/kg), or IHNB bupivacaine (0.25%, 0.3 ml/kg). Blocks were performed following the induction of general anesthesia, be fore the operation. Pre-anesthetic medication in form of atropine 0.01 mg/kg, droperidol 0.05 mg/kg were given intramuscularly one hour before induction to 40 children. Children were induced with thiopental sodium 5 mg/kg and succinylcholine 1 mg/kg intravenously. Anesthesia was maintained with oxygen-nitrous oxide ($FiO_2$ 0.3) and ethrane. When the patients stabilized after induction. IHNB was done in the supine position and caudal block was done in the lateral position. The local anaesthetic was injected after negative aspiration. Postoperative pain was assessed with face pain rating scale (RPRS) at rest on discharge of recovery room, and 5 hours after discharge of recovery room, and the "red and white" visual analogue scale (VAS) at rest and mobilization from supine to sitting position on discharge of recovery room, and 5 hours after discharge of recovery room. Post-operative recovery was quiet and comfortable, without side effect. Relief of ain was complete in both IHNB group and caudal group. Surgeons, parents and recovery room personnel were satisfied. There were no surgical or anesthetic complications. In our study, the postpoerative pain scores were similar in both IHNB group and caudal group. IN conclusion, we found that both IHNB and caudal blocks before the start of surgery for orchiopexy & herniorrhaphy are safe and effective in controlling the postoperative pain of children.

• Journal of Chest Surgery
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• v.33 no.5
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• pp.419-421
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• 2000

Noonan syndrome is characterized by typical facies, congenital heart defect, and some clinical features similar to Turner syndrome, but with normal chromosomes. The most commonly associated cardiac defects are pulmonary valvular stenosis and strial septal defect. We experienced a case of Nonan syndrome associated with pulmonay valve stenosis with double-chambered right ventricle and atrial septal defect and cryptorchidism. Pulmonary valvotomy was done through transannular incision. Hypertrophied muscle bundles were excised. Atrial septal defect was closed directly. RVOT was reconstructed with pericardial transannular patch. Orchiopexy was performed simultaneously without any problem.

• Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
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• v.53 no.9
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• pp.852-854
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• 2010

Testicular torsion is rare in newborn infants. However, its frequency has increased, most of which are reported in full-term infants. We diagnosed and treated testicular torsion in an extremely low birth weight infant (ELBWI). A $2{\times}2cm$ red mass was palpable in the left groin of a 24-week-old, 745 g, male newborn at 23 days of age. Left testicular torsion was diagnosed, and emergent orchiopexy was performed. Careful physical examination is needed in cases suspicious of testicular torsion in ELBWIs with cryptorchidism. Moreover, early diagnosis and emergent exploration are necessary to prevent complications such as the risk of anorchia.

• Advances in pediatric surgery
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• v.15 no.1
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• pp.44-51
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• 2009

This study is a retrospective analysis of 1244 cases of the inguinal hernia in children under the age of fifteen years who were operated at the department of pediatric surgery, Inje University Busan Paik Hospital from March, 1997 to February, 2007. The ratio of male to female was 3.6:1. The type of hernia was indirect in all of the cases. The hernia was on the right side in 656 cases (53.9 %), left side in 467 cases (37.5 %), and bilateral in 121 cases (9.7 %). The hernia presented most frequently in infants under age 12 months; 364 cases (29.2 %). Fifty-nine cases (21.7 %) were in female and 305 cases (31.3 %) in male. There were 428 cases (33.6 %) in 1-3 years age group, 295 cases (23.7 %) in 4-6 years, 112 cases (9.0 %) in 7-9 years, 39 cases (3.1 %) in 10-12 years and 16 (1.2 %) in 13-15 years. The content of hernia sac was small bowel (59 %), omentum (31 %) in males and the ovary and tube (54 %) and small bowel (26 %) in female. The incidence of combined operation at the time was 3.2 %, and consisting of orchiopexy (67.5 %), frenulotomy (12.5 %), appendectomy (10 %), circumcision (5 %), and fistulotomy (5%). The incidence of combined disease was 2.8 % and consisting of undescended testis, Hirschsprung's disease, idiopathic hypertrophic pyloric stenosis, imperforate anus, and congenital heart disease. After unilateral inguinal hernia repairs, contralateral hernias developed in 34 patients. The laterality of the primary site of hernias were left in 19 cases (55.8 %), and right 15 cases (44.1 %). The 936 cases (75.2 %) were operated under general anesthesia; Mask bagging 663 cases (53.2 %), endotrachea intubation 257 cases (20.6 %), and laryngeal mask 16 cases (1.2 %). The remainder 308 cases (24.7 %) were operated under regional caudal anesthesia.

• Childhood Kidney Diseases
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• v.16 no.2
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• pp.115-120
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• 2012

Purpose: We aimed to evaluate the efficacy of Octyl-2-cyanoacrylate (Dermabond$^{TM}$) as a topical skin adhesive for pediatric urologic open surgery. Methods: From August 2010 to August 2011, we retrospectively evaluated pediatric patients who underwent urologic open surgery at our institution. A total of 128 pediatric patients with 210 incisions used Dermabond$^{TM}$ for skin closure. Results: We divided the 128 patients into 3 groups according to type of surgery. Group 1 underwent hydrocelectomy (55 cases, 41.3%), Group 2 underwent orchiopexy (43 cases, 32.3%), Group 3 underwent penoplasty (35 cases, 26.4%). One hundred and twenty eight patients who underwent 133 surgeries in total, with a total of 210 incisions visited our outpatient department postoperatively, and a total of 5 wound complications (2.3%) occurred, but were simple inflammations and no dehiscence was observed. When analyzed according to groups, no wound problems occurred in Group 1 (0/55, 0%), one occurred in Group 2 (1/43, 2.3%) and four cases occurred in Group 3 (4/35, 11.4%) respectively. When re-analyzed according to wound locations, one occurred in an inguinal wound (1/120, 0.83%), none occurred in scrotal wounds (0/55, 0%), and four occurred in penile wounds (4/35, 11.4%). In Group 3, the incidence of penile wounds was significantly increased compared to other groups (P=0.008). All 5 wound problems were inflammatory and healed at an average of 13.8 days (13-15 days) with antibiotic ointment application only. Conclusion: Dermabond$^{TM}$ is feasible and safe topical skin adhesive alternative to standard skin suture in pediatric urologic surgery. However, further research about its efficacy and safety could be valuable in the future.