• Journal of Dental Rehabilitation and Applied Science
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• v.24 no.1
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• pp.29-40
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• 2008

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the prevalence of symptoms and signs of temporomandibular joint dysfunction (TMD) and malocclusion in 10-12 year old children and to determine if a relationship exists between symptoms and signs of TMD and malocclusion. The subjects were composed of 465 school children (233 boys and 232 girls). Each subject was evaluated with simplified questionnaire and clinical examination to measure symptoms and signs of TMD and malocclusion. The results showed an elevated prevalence of headache (34.6%), which were more frequent in girls than boys. The most common cardinal sign of TMD was clicking (32.9%), which increased with age. TMJ lateral tenderness was present in 18.1% of the subjects and had a tendency to increase with age. Masseter muscle tenderness was found to be sensitive in 15.1%of the subjects and had a tendency to increase with age. Restriction of mandibular mobilitywas present in 30.3% of the subjects and had a tendency to increase with age. There was no significant difference in the prevalence of TMD signs between sex. The occlusal status showed Class I malocclusion in 73.3%, Class III in 12.9%,Class II division 1 in 11%, Class II division 2 in 2.8%. There was no significant difference in malocclusion traits between sex. There was statistically significant relationship between TMD signs and symptoms and class II division 1 and Class III malocclusion(p<0.05). The results indicate that the prevalence of TMD symptoms and signs in children is high, and the evaluation of TMD in children seems to be important.

• Journal of Oral Medicine and Pain
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• v.30 no.4
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• pp.411-426
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• 2005

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of occlusal condition and clenching level on the mandibular torque rotational movement. For this study, healthy 14 men without any symptoms and signs of temporomandibular disorders were selected. Mandibular torque rotational movement was observed in each circumstance of combination of three occlusal conditions such as natural dentition, with wafer of 3.6 mm thickness, and wafer with resin stop of 14 mm thickness total during hard biting of bite stick at maximum voluntary contraction(MVC) and 50% of MVC level of surface EMG activity of masseter muscle. Electromyographic activity and mandibular torque rotational movement were observed using BioEMG and BioEGN in $BioPak^{(R)}$ system. Each biting movement in each circumstance was composed of clenching one time and hard biting of wooden stick two times. The observed items were opening distance, velocity and amount of torque rotational movement in mandibular movement, and the data were statistically processed with $SPSS^{(R)}$ windows (ver.10.0). The results of this study were as follows: 1. There were no differences in the mandibular movement distance between those value in both biting sides, and between those in both clenching forces, but the mandibular velocity showed a different results by clenching force. For the amount of torque rotational movement, there were no difference in the value of the frontal plane but some significant difference was in the value of the horizontal plane by biting side. 2. The mandibular movement distance and the mandibular velocity in both planes were higher by maximum voluntary contraction than those by half maximum voluntary contraction, and amount of torque rotational movement in the horizontal plane was also increased by maximum voluntary contraction. 3. The opening distance in both planes were decreased with the increase of vertical dimension of occlusion, namely, by the occlusal appliances, and this pattern was also showed in the mandibular velocity in case of hard biting by maximum voluntary contraction. However, the amount of torque rotational movement were not different by the increase of vertical dimension of occlusion. 4. The value of angle and distance of the torque rotational movement in the hard biting of wooden stick were generally higher than those in the clenching without wooden stick in both planes without regard to occlusal conditions and/or clenching forces.

• Journal of Oral Medicine and Pain
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• v.34 no.1
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• pp.63-79
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• 2009

While previous epidemiological studies on temporomandibular disorders (TMD) have been based on a given health center or population sample, no study has been performed on general population of Korea, especially concerning about treatment pattern such as clinician’s specialty involved in TMD treatment, types and amount of prescription medication and cost. This study aimed to investigate magnitude of health visits and treatment patterns for Korean patients with TMD through the computerized database of Health Insurance Review and Assessment Service (HIRAS). Inclusion criteria were all patients registered on the HIRAS database over 3 years' period from 2003 to 2005 and the medical records of patients with TMD as a main diagnosis were extracted. Information collected was as follows; distribution related to gender, age and region and type of hospital the patients visited, treatment duration, clinicians' specialty involved in treatment, cost, types of prescription medication and surgical treatment. The results of this study indicated that 0.15% of the population yearly sought TMD treatment, presenting with increase of incidence over the three years. Most of TMD patients were women (99.8%) and the biggest age group was second and third decades and decreased with age. Seoul and Kyeonggi province presented with higher incidence of TMD compared to the other regions of Korea, which seems to be related with magnitude of population. 56% of TMD patients visited primary care sector and the numbers of treatment visits was the highest in dental clinic (38.4%), followed by orthopedics (28%) and ENT (13.6%) clinics in order. Duration of prescription medication was the longest for anti-inflammatory analgesics, followed by antipsychotic drugs and muscle relaxants. Inpatient care related to TMD was primarily performed in dental hospital compared to medical hospital. Medical database of HIRAS provided comprehensive and vast information on epidemiologic characteristics and treatment patterns for patients seeking TMD treatment, which can be more reliable data to expect medical demand for TMD in condition that accurate diagnosis and standardized treatment is delivered in clinical settings.

• Journal of Dental Rehabilitation and Applied Science
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• v.31 no.2
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• pp.86-95
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• 2015

Purpose: The aim of the study was to evaluate the subjective symptoms and clinical signs through the TMD-questionnaire, clinical examination and radiography against the many instrumental performers and to investigate the association between playing instruments and TMDs. Materials and Methods: A total of 803 instrumental performers received TMD-related questionnaire and evaluations of prevalence and disease distribution were performed. Among those who reported at least one symptom of TMD, 70 volunteers visited in clinic then received clinical examination and radiography for diagnosis and evaluations of prevalence and disease distribution were performed. 70 subjects were divided into three groups as woodwind, brass wind, string. Comparative analysis of disease distribution was performed. Results: Among 803 instrumental performers, 610 people (75.97%) were reported to one or more symptoms of TMD. The most frequent symptom was click (29.68%).70 subjects underwent a clinical examination and radiography survey results, the most frequent symptom was a click (29.75%). Most commonly diagnosed disease was a myofacial pain (30.53%).Comparison of the three groups, a significant difference was not observed in the clinical sign. But among subject symptom, muscle pains howed significant differences in accordance with the Group (P = 0.024). During the 70 people who underwent clinical examination, 66 people (94.3%) showed moderate to severe attrition, mild to severe tongue ridging, mild to severe cheek ridging assigns of parafunction. Conclusion: Instrumental performers showed a high prevalence of TMD and the most of the musicians with temporomandibular disorder had bruxism or clenching habits.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• v.45 no.4
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• pp.723-735
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• 1998

Background : Vitamin C has been reported to have a role in the decrease of airway hyperresponsiveness in animal models. This data is based on some metabolic actions of vitamin C, such as promotion of histamine degradation, producing more $PGE_2$ than $PGF_{2\alpha}$ in cyclooxygenase pathway, decrease of smooth muscle contraction, and acting as reducing agent of oxidant. It has been also known that heavy smokers have lower blood levels of vitamin C than nonsmokers and this deficiency in heavy smokers have been explained by several mechanisms, such as increased oxidation by oxidants and free radicals, increased biosynthesis of catecholamine and serotonin released by nicotine, and inadequate dietary intake. In this study, We attempted to assess effect of vitamin C on bronchial hyperresponsiveness in heavy smokers who have bronchial hyperresponsiveness and role of vitamin C on bronchial hyperresponsiveness. Method: To assess acute effect of vitamin C on airway hyperresponsiveness, blood sample for vitamin C level and spirometry, methacholine challenge test were done in 17 smokers and 8 nonsmokers, and one hour after oral administration of vitamin C 3 g, blood sample for vitamin C level and spirometry, methacholine challenge test were repeated. To assess chronic effect of vitamin C on airway hyperresponsiveness, after daily administration of vitamin C 1 g for one week in 17 smokers, blood sample for vitamin C level and spirometry, methacholine challenge test were done. To assess role of vitamin C, after oral administration of vitamin C 3 g plus indomethacin 100 mg in 12 of 15 smokers who were reactive to methacholine challenge test, spirometry and methacholine challenge test were done and after oral intake of indomethacin 100 mg in 12 smokers who were reactive to methacholine challenge test, spirometry and methacholine challenge test were repeated. Result: There were no significant differences in whole blood vitamin C levels between smokers($1.17{\pm}0.22$ mg/dL) and nonsmcikers($1.14{\pm}0.19$ mg/dL) (p>0.05). Fifteen of the 17 smokers(88.2%) were reactive to methacholine challenge test and 10 of the 15 smokers who were reactive to methacholine challenge test were less than 8 mg/dL in $PC_{20}FEV-2$, and 7 of the 8 nonsmokers(87.5%) were nonreactive to methacholine challenge test There were significant decrease in bronchial responsiveness after oral administration of vitamin C 3 g in 13 of the 15 smokers who were reactive to methacholine challenge test This significant decrease persisted with maintenance daily administration of 1 g for one week. $PC_{20}FEV-2$ were not correlated to vitamin C levels in smokers. After oral administration of indomethacin 100 mg, significant reduction of bronchial responsiveness that occured after oral administration of vitamin C 3 g in smokers were attenuated. Conclusion: Although there were no significant differences in whole blood vitamin C levels between smokers and nonsmokers. heavy smokers have significant increase in bronchial responsiveness than nonsmokers. This bronchial hyperresponsiveness of heavy smokers can be attenuated by vitamin C supplement. Disappearance of vitamin C effect by indomethacin supplement may suggest that vitamin C exert its effect via alteration of arachidonic acid metabolism.

• Journal of Korean Medicine for Obesity Research
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• v.16 no.1
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• pp.27-35
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• 2016

Objectives: This study investigated the effects of water extract of Coix lacrymajobi var. mayuen on obesity and its associated factors in high fat diet (HFD) induced obese mice. Methods: Male C5BL/6 mice were randomly assigned to 4 groups, normal group (chow diet), a HFD, HFD with water extract of Coix lacrymajobi var. mayuen 100 mg/kg (W-Coix), and HFD with phentermine 5 mg/kg (Phen) as positive control. Body weight, food intake, fasting blood glucose were checked every week and then organs, blood serums were collected after 16 weeks of treatment. Results: Body weight and adipocyte size were significantly lesser in W-Coix than in HFD group; however energy efficiency in W-Coix were not different with HFD. The oral glucose tolerance test, serum glucose and insulin were significantly decreased in W-Coix, also lipid accumulations in liver tissue and lipid levels (total cholesterol, high density lipoprotein-cholesterol) were improved with W-Coix treatment. However skeletal muscle loss with HFD was not changed in W-Coix compared with HFD group. Conclusions: The W-Coix treatment decreased body weight, adipocyte size and it is associated with improved glucose and lipid metabolism. Further studies are needed to know the mechanism of antiobesity in W-Coix.

• Journal of Dental Rehabilitation and Applied Science
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• v.17 no.3
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• pp.145-154
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• 2001

In the past, many dentist were interested mainly in the mechanical aspects such as tooth preparation and retainer types for making dental restoration. But, these days, the concept of restorative treatment emphasizes the importarce of gnatic system and masticatory muscles in addition to oral cavity. So, the current considerations for the fixed prosthodontic treatment include the stabilization of temporomandibular joint and neuromuscualr system and the relationship of periodontal ligament and occlusion. To achieve the above objectives, occlusal splint has been used as one of the mouth preparations for restorative treatment. The objectives of occlusal splint are as follows; 1. To use as preliminary application for periodontal-occlusal treatment 2. To provide proper vertical dimension 3. To control abnormal habits and parafunction 4. To treat the temporomandibular disease and myofascial pain 5. To establish the new therapeutic position In some cases, the patients had improper vertical dimension and occlusal interferences caused by prostheses reconstucted using centric relation recorded without considering the health of TMJ and manticatory muscle. And these prosthesis act as primary source that cause pathologic phenomenon in periodontal ligament, muscles and TMJ. Physiologically, in order to make the treatment occlusion guided by proper centric relation method, the method should be guided after the use of occlusal splint for some period. The main objective of prosthetic treatment is to maintain the function and health of stomatognathic system. So, one of the most important things that have to be performed by clinicians is a clinical ability to do the correct diagnosis and treatment planning based on the stomatognatic function and occlusion.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing
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• v.26 no.4
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• pp.903-916
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• 1996

The purpose of this study was to discover practical health problems which hemodialysis clients experienced so as to present basic data for development of a health assessment tool. The research subjects were 70 clients receiving hemodialysis in Seoul and Inchon from Mar. 1996 to Sep. 1996. Data were collected by researcher's informal indepth interview and nurses' open ended question. Content analysis was applied to collect similar contents and common experiences in order to derivate concepts and categories for better understanding of hemodialysis clients' experiences. As a result, 9 categories derivated to identify the health problems of clients receiving hemodialysis were as follows : 1) They experienced 'the decreased digestive function' which contained the changed appetite, nausea, vomiting, constipation and diarrhea. 2) They experienced 'the decreased respiratory and circulatory function' which contained dyspnea, changed blood pressure, tingling sensation and the fear of aggrevated vascular condition. 3) They experienced 'the aggrevated oral condition' which contained dry mouth and destruction of teeth and their soft tissue. 4) They experienced 'the decreased sensory function' which contained visual disturbances, sensation difficulty, and hearing loss. 5) They experienced 'the aggrevated skin condition' which contained dark brown skin color, dry skin (and hyperpigmentatic freckle, seborrheric keratosis, scale), itching sense, and alopethia. 6) They experienced 'the decreased urinary reproductive function' which contained anuria or oliguria, dysmenorrhea, sterility and decreased libido. 7) They experienced 'the restricted activity' which contained decreased activity, muscle cramp and stiffness of joint. 8) They experienced 'the changed mental status' which contained memory disturbance, decreased cognition, disorientation, neurosis and psychosis. 9) They experienced 'the aggrevated general condition' which contained kyphosis, weight loss, fatigue, sleep disturbance, bleeding tendency, inflammation, generalized edema and foul oder of uremia.

• CELLMED
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• v.2 no.3
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• pp.25.1-25.6
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• 2012

The aim of the present study was to evaluate the possible roles of hyperforin against hyperglycemia, hyperlipidemia and oxidative stress in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. Diabetes was induced by a single intraperitoneal injection of streptozotocin (65 mg/kg). Biochemical parameters were measured following hyperforin treatment (10 mg/kg, i.p.) for 7 days. Hyperforin treatment significantly reversed the elevations in plasma glucose, triglycerides, total cholesterol and LDL-cholesterol. Hyperforin also reversed the declines in plasma HDL-cholesterol and liver glycogen, but did not reverse the change in plasma insulin levels when compared to the diabetic control rats. Hyperforin treatment also reversed the oxidative stress induced by streptozotocin. Moreover, the effect of the hyperforin on peripheral glucose utilization in normal rats was evaluated by an oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT). Hyperforin treatment significantly increased (p < 0.05) the glucose tolerance compared to the vehicle in OGTT. The antihyperglycemic, antihyperlipidemic and antioxidant activities of hyperforin (10 mg/kg, i.p.) were comparable qualitatively to glibenclamide (1 mg/kg, p.o.). In conclusion, we report for the first time through an in vivo study that hyperforin is potentially valuable for the treatment of diabetes and its associated hyperlipidemia and oxidative stress by enhancing the glucose utilization by peripheral tissues such as muscle and adipose tissues.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• v.35 no.3
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• pp.308-314
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• 2011

In the present study, we investigate anti-diabetic effect of pectinase-processed ginseng radix (GINST) in high fat diet-fed ICR mice. The ICR mice were divided into three groups: regular diet group, high fat diet control group (HFD), and GINSTtreated group. To induce hyperglycemia, mice were fed a high fat diet for 10 weeks, and mice were administered with 300 mg/kg of GINST once a day for 5 weeks. Oral glucose tolerance test revealed that GINST improved glucose tolerance after glucose challenge. Compared to the HFD control group, fasting blood glucose and insulin levels were decreased by 57.8% (p<0.05) and 30.9% (p<0.01) in GINST-treated group, respectively. With decreased plasma glucose and insulin levels, the insulin resistance index of the GINST-treated group was reduced by 68.1% (p<0.01) compared to the HFD control group. Pancreas of GINST-treated mice preserved a morphological integrity of islets and consequently having more insulin contents. In addition, GINST up-regulated the levels of phosphorylated AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) and its target molecule, glucose transporter 4 (GLUT4) protein expression in the skeletal muscle. Our results suggest that GINST ameliorates a hyperglycemia through activation of AMPK/GLUT4 signaling pathway, and has a therapeutic potential for type 2 diabetes.